Speculatores

Speculatores
Explorator a cavallo
Descrizione generale
AttivaEtà repubblicana e imperiale
NazioneCiviltà romana
Tipotruppe scelte dell'esercito romano
Guarnigione/QGCastrum
DecorazioniDona militaria
Voci su unità militari presenti su Wikipedia

Gli speculatores e gli exploratores erano squadre di esploratori e ricognitori dell'esercito romano, molto spesso a cavallo.[1] Potevano operare sia di giorno, sia di notte.[2]

Sia nei campi delle legioni[3] che in quelli dei pretoriani,[4] gli speculatores erano inizialmente solo dei ricognitori, ma in seguito divennero guardie del corpo anche degli Imperatori,[5] messaggeri e a volte carnefici. Erano organizzati sotto un centurio e un optio.[6]

Agli exploratores veniva invece chiesto di osservare i movimenti nemici sul campo, potendo essere organizzati in unità ausiliarie come i numeri (es. il Numerus Germanicianorum exploratorum[7]), le coorti equitate (la Cohors VIII Batavorum equitata milliaria exploratorum[8]) o le ali di cavalleria.[9] Entrambi i ruoli richiedevano in qualche caso l'uso di abiti borghesi, per cui si potevano considerare anche spie (Occulta speculator/speculatrix).

Seguivano lo stesso Imperatore durante le campagne militari, organizzati sotto il comando di un centurio speculatorum Augustorum,[10] nell'ambito della guardia pretoriana.

In un certo senso, con un po' di approssimazione, gli speculatores si occupavano della 'sicurezza interna', e gli exploratores della 'sicurezza esterna'. L'impero romano utilizzò per lungo tempo specifiche unità per lo spionaggio, tra cui i famosi frumentarii istituiti da Adriano (ma più verosimilmente da Augusto che fece costruire anche il castra peregrina che li ospitava a Roma) utilizzati anche per prevenire le rivolte interne. V'erano, infine, i beneficiarii che spesso collaboravano con gli speculatores.[11]

Note

  1. ^ AE 1984, 99, AE 1989, 134.
  2. ^ Flavio Vegezio Renato, Epitoma rei militaris, 6.
  3. ^ AE 1956, 75 speculator della legio IV Macedonica; AE 1986, 587 speculator della legio II Adiutrix; AE 1991, 267 della legio III Gallica; AE 1991, 268 della legio VII Gemina; AE 2001, 1645 della legio X Gemina.
  4. ^ AE 1931, 91, AE 1973, 68, AE 1976, 18, AE 2001, 243, CIL VI, 2453.
  5. ^ CIL VI, 2755 (p 3835); AE 1895, 124.
  6. ^ AE 1902, 218.
  7. ^ AE 1972, 487.
  8. ^ AE 2005, 1149 e AE 2005, 1150.
  9. ^ CIL VIII, 9906 (p 2056), CIL VIII, 9907 (p 2065).
  10. ^ CIL III, 5223, AE 1995, 259.
  11. ^ AE 1967, 577, AE 1967, 575.

Bibliografia

Fonti primarie
Fonti storiografiche moderne
  • G. Cascarino, L'esercito romano. Armamento e organizzazione, Vol. I - Dalle origini alla fine della repubblica, Rimini 2007.
  • G. Cascarino, L'esercito romano. Armamento e organizzazione, Vol. II - Da Augusto ai Severi, Rimini 2008.
  • G. Cascarino & C. Sansilvestri, L'esercito romano. Armamento e organizzazione, Vol. III - Dal III secolo alla fine dell'Impero d'Occidente, Rimini 2009.
  • A.K.Goldsworthy, Storia completa dell'esercito romano, Modena 2007. ISBN 978-88-7940-306-1
  • Y. Le Bohec, L'esercito romano da Augusto alla fine del III secolo, Roma 1992, VII ristampa 2008.
  • Y. Le Bohec, Armi e guerrieri di Roma antica. Da Diocleziano alla caduta dell'impero, Roma 2008. ISBN 978-88-430-4677-5
  • G. Webster, The Roman Imperial Army, Londra - Oklahoma 1998.
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