Panthera pardus spelaea

Come leggere il tassoboxProgetto:Forme di vita/Come leggere il tassobox
Come leggere il tassobox
Leopardo delle caverne
Stato di conservazione
Estinto[1]
Classificazione scientifica
DominioEukaryota
RegnoAnimalia
PhylumChordata
SubphylumVertebrata
ClasseMammalia
OrdineCarnivora
SottordineFeliformia
FamigliaFelidae
SottofamigliaPantherinae
GenerePanthera
SpeciePanthera pardus
SottospecieP. p. spelaea
Leopardo delle caverne raffigurato nella Grotta Chauvet.

Il leopardo delle caverne (Panthera pardus spelaea) è una sottospecie estinta di leopardo (Panthera pardus) diffusa in Eurasia nel Pleistocene. I reperti fossili più recenti datano a circa 30.000 anni fa. L'animale non doveva differire quanto a dimensioni da un moderno leopardo e presentava, si suppone, una pelliccia simile nel colore a quella di un attuale leopardo delle nevi o di un leopardo persiano[2].

Cacciava le grandi prede di allora (cavalli di Przewalski, cervi nobili, renne, cervi giganti, camosci, stambecchi, cinghiali, caprioli) e forse i piccoli dei pachidermi (rinoceronte lanoso, bisonte delle steppe, bisonte europeo, mammut lanoso, bue muschiato). Era in competizione con i grandi predatori dell'epoca: il leone delle caverne, la iena delle caverne, il lupo grigio e l'uomo di Neanderthal. Non sappiamo però se portava le sue prede sugli alberi (come fanno le sottospecie di leopardo odierne) o se difendeva attivamente il pasto.

Tassonomia

La sottospecie fu inizialmente descritta come Felis pardus spelaea da Emil Bächler in 1936.[3]

Molte ossa fossili datate dal Pleistocene inferiore, al medio e al superiore, sono stati descritte e inizialmente attribuite a differenti sottospecie di leopardo:

  • P. p. antiqua[4]
  • P. p. begoueni[5]
  • P. p. sickenbergi[6]
  • P. p. vraonensis[7]

Attualmente vengono tutte considerate come sinonimi junior di P. p. spelaea.

Reperti del Pleistocene

Frammenti ossei di P. p. spelaea sono stati trovati in Svizzera, Italia, Spagna, Germani, Gran Bretagna, Polonia e Grecia.[3][8][9][10][11]

I fossili più antichi sono datati al Pleistocene inferiore e stimati risalire a circa 600.000 anni fa. Sono stati trovati nella Grotte du Vallonnet, in Francia, e nelle vicinanze del paesino di Mauer in Germania.[8]

Lo scheletro più completo di P. p. spelaea proviene dalla grotta di Vjetrenica, nella parte meridionale della Bosnia e Erzegovina, dove sono stati trovati quattro leopardi fossili. Sono datati alla fine del Pleistocene superiore, circa 37.000-29.000 anni fa. Una raffigurazione di leopardo delle caverne trovata nella grotta Chauvet, nel sud della Francia, è datata tra 37.500 e 25.000 anni fa.

Il leopardo delle caverne scomparve nella maggior parte dell'Europa circa 24.000 anni fa, appena prima dell'Ultimo massimo glaciale. In Germania invece sembra essere sopravvissuto fino all'inizio della glaciazione weichseliana.[2]

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Panthera pardus spelaea, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ a b Diedrich, C. G., Late Pleistocene leopards across Europe – northernmost European German population, highest elevated records in the Swiss Alps, complete skeletons in the Bosnia Herzegowina Dinarids and comparison to the Ice Age cave art, in Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 76, 2013, pp. 167–193, DOI:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.009.
  3. ^ a b Bächler, E., Das Wildkirchli: eine Monographie, St. Gallen, H. Tschudy, 1936, p. 254.
  4. ^ Cuvier, G., Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles ou l'on retablit les caractères de plusieurs animaux dont les revolutions du globe ont détruit les espèces, Paris, Dufour et E. d'Ocagne, 1835.
  5. ^ Fraipont, C., Crane de Panthère ou de Lynx géant provenent de la caverne de Trois-Frères (Ariège), in Revue d'Anthropologie, vol. 33, 1923, p. 42.
  6. ^ Schütt, Von G., Panthera pardus sickenbergi n. subsp. Aus den Mauerer Sanden, in Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, 1969, pp. 299–310.
  7. ^ Nagel, D., Panthera pardus vraonensis n. ssp., a new leopard from the Pleistocene of Vraona/Greece, in Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte, vol. 1999, n. 3, 1999, pp. 129–150, DOI:10.1127/njgpm/1999/1999/129.
  8. ^ a b E. Ghezzo e L. Rook, The remarkable Panthera pardus (Felidae, Mammalia) record from Equi (Massa, Italy): taphonomy, morphology, and paleoecology, in Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 110, 2015, pp. 131–151, DOI:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.12.020.
  9. ^ V. Sauqué, R. Rabal-Garcés, C. Sola-Almagro e G. Cuenca-Bescós, Bone Accumulation by Leopards in the Late Pleistocene in the Moncayo Massif (Zaragoza, NE Spain), in PLOS ONE, vol. 9, n. 3, 2014, pp. e92144, Bibcode:2014PLoSO...992144S, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0092144, PMC 3958443, PMID 24642667.
  10. ^ A. Marciszak, M.T. Krajcarz, M. Krajcarz e K. Stefaniak, The first record of leopard Panthera pardus LINNAEUS, 1758 from the Pleistocene of Poland, in Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia - Series A: Vertebrata, vol. 54, 1–2, 2011, pp. 39–46, DOI:10.3409/azc.54a_1-2.39-46.
  11. ^ Ε. Τsoukala, Α. Bartsiokas, Κ. Chatzοpoulou e G. Lazaridis, Quaternary mammalian remains from the Kitseli Pothole (Alea, Nemea, Peloponnese), in Επιστημονική Επετηρίδα του Τμήματος Γεωλογίας, vol. 98, 2006, pp. 273–284.
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