Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Garibaldi
Garibaldi árið 1866.
Fæddur4. júlí 1807
Nice, Frakklandi
Dáinn2. júní 1882 (74 ára)
Caprera, Ítalíu
StörfHermaður, byltingarmaður, stjórnmálamaður
MakiAnita Garibaldi
Francesca Armosino
Börn8
Undirskrift

Giuseppe Garibaldi, fæddur undir nafninu Joseph Marie Garibaldi þann 4. júlí 1807 í Nice og látinn þann 2. júní 1882 í Caprera, var ítalskur herforingi, stjórnmálamaður og þjóðernissinni. Ásamt Camillo Cavour, Viktor Emmanúel 2. og Giuseppe Mazzini er hann talinn einn stofnfeðra Ítalíu sem nútímaríkis.

Garibaldi er ein mikilvægasta persónan sem kom að sameiningu Ítalíu og leiddi persónulega fjölmargar herferðir sem gerðu kleift að sameina Ítalíu sem eitt ríki. Hann reyndi oftast að fara fram í umboði viðurkennds stjórnmálaafls til þess að vera ekki útmálaður sem byltingarmaður. Hann var útnefndur hershöfðingi bráðabirgðastjórnar Mílanó árið 1848, hershöfðingi rómverska lýðveldisins stuttlífa árið 1849 og vann í nafni Viktors Emmanúels 2. þegar hann leiddi her til að leggja undir sig Konungsríki Sikileyjanna tveggja.

Garibaldi var þekktur sem „hetja heimanna tveggja“ vegna hernaðaraðgerða sinna bæði í Evrópu og í Suður-Ameríku sem færðu honum mikla frægð bæði í Ítalíu og erlendis. Hann átti frægð sína að þakka afar jákvæðri umfjöllun sem hann fékk meðal fjölmiðla og rómantískra rithöfunda. Frægustu rithöfundar tímabilsins, sérstaklega í Frakklandi, þar á meðal Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas og George Sand, vottuðu honum aðdáun sína. Bretland og Bandaríkin komu Garibaldi oft til aðstoðar og veittu honum bæði fjár- og hernaðaraðstoð á erfiðustu köflum sjálfstæðisbaráttunnar.

Garibaldi var harður lýðveldissinni en þó fær um að miðla málum og viðurkenndi því konungsvald Viktors Emmanúels í því skyni að Ítalía gæti sameinast. Þúsundmannaleiðangurinn svokallaði var hápunktur baráttu Garibaldi, en þá hernam hann suðurhluta Appenínaskaga í nafni Viktors Emmanúels og gerði hann að konungi Ítalíu. Um þetta var Garibaldi ólíkur Mazzini, læriföður sínum, sem neitaði að selja tryggð sína konungsfjölskyldunni. Garibaldi lét í lægri hlut í síðustu orrustum ítölsku sameiningarstríðanna sem hann tók þátt í og því eftirlét ítalska konungsvaldið öðrum að hertaka Róm.

Garibaldi er og var goðsagnakennd persóna sem átti þó einnig sína gagnrýnendur; sérstalega úr klerkastéttinni og meðal andstæðinga lýðveldishyggju og sósíalisma.

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