Sukrosa

Sukrosa
Skeletal formula of sucrose
Ball-and-stick model of sucrose
Nama
Nama IUPAC
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
Nama lain
Gula; Sakarosa; α-D-glukopiranosil-(1→2)-β-D-fruktofuranosida; β-D-fruktofuranosil-(2→1)-α-D-glukopiranosida; β-(2S,3S,4S,5R)-fruktofuranosil-α-(1R,2R,3S,4S,5R)-glucopyranoside; α-(1R,2R,3S,4S,5R)-glukopiranosil-β-(2S,3S,4S,5R)-fruktofuranosida
Penanda
Model 3D (JSmol)
3DMet {{{3DMet}}}
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
DrugBank
Nomor EC
Nomor RTECS {{{value}}}
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C12H22O11/c13-1-4-6(16)8(18)9(19)11(21-4)23-12(3-15)10(20)7(17)5(2-14)22-12/h4-11,13-20H,1-3H2/t4-,5-,6-,7-,8+,9-,10+,11-,12+/m1/s1 YaY
    Key: CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N YaY
  • InChI=1/C12H22O11/c13-1-4-6(16)8(18)9(19)11(21-4)23-12(3-15)10(20)7(17)5(2-14)22-12/h4-11,13-20H,1-3H2/t4-,5-,6-,7-,8+,9-,10+,11-,12+/m1/s1
  • O1[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O[C@@]2(O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H]2O)CO)CO
Sifat
C12H22O11
Massa molar 342.30 g/mol
Penampilan padatan putih
Densitas 1.587 g/cm3, padat
Titik lebur 186 °C decomp.
2000 g/L (25 °C)
log P −3.76
Struktur
Monoklinik
P21
Senyawa terkait
Kecuali dinyatakan lain, data di atas berlaku pada suhu dan tekanan standar (25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
YaY verifikasi (apa ini YaYN ?)
Referensi

Sukrosa atau sakarosa merupakan suatu disakarida yang dibentuk dari monomer-monomernya yang berupa unit glukosa dan fruktosa, dengan rumus molekul C12H22O11.[2] Senyawa ini dikenal sebagai sumber nutrisi serta dibentuk oleh tumbuhan, tidak oleh organisme lain seperti hewan Penambahan sukrosa dalam media berfungsi sebagai sumber karbon.[2] Sukrosa atau gula dapur diperoleh dari gula tebu atau gula beet.[2] Unit glukosa dan fruktosa diikat oleh jembatan asetal oksigen dengan orientasi alpha.[2] Struktur ini mudah dikenali karena mengandung enam cincin glukosa dan lima cincin fruktosa.[2] Proses fermentasi sukrosa melibatkan mikroorganisme yang dapat memperoleh energi dari substrat sukrosa dengan melepaskan karbondioksida dan produk samping berupa senyawaan alkohol.[3] Penggunaan ragi (yeast) ini dalam proses fermentasi diduga merupakan proses tertua dalam bioteknologi dan sering disebut dengan zymotechnology.[3] Sukrosa diproduksi sekitar 150 juta ton setiap tahunnya.[4]

Ciri-ciri fisik dan kimia

Struktur α-D-glukopiranosil-(1→2)-β-D-fruktofuranosida

Pada sukrosa, glukosa dan fruktosa terhubung melalui ikatan antara karbon pertama (C1) pada subunit glukosa dengan karbon kedua (C2) milik fruktosa. Ikatan ini disebut dengan ikatan glikosida.

Degradasi panas dan oksidatif

Kelarutan sukrosa dalam air berdasarkan temperatur tertentu
T (°C) S (g/ml)
50 2.59
55 2.73
60 2.89
65 3.06
70 3.25
75 3.46
80 3.69
85 3.94
90 4.20

Sukrosa akan meleleh pada suhu 186 °C (367 °F) dan membentuk karamel. Seperti karbohidrat lainnya, sukrosa jika terbakar akan menghasilkan karbon dioksida dan air. Contohnya, untuk bahan bakar motor roket amatir, sukrosa digunakan sebagai bahan bakar dengan dicampurkan bersama dengan kalium nitrat untuk oksidatornya.[butuh rujukan]

48 KNO3 + 5 C12H22O11 → 24 K2CO3 + 24 N2 + 55 H2O + 36 CO2

Sukrosa dicampur dengan asam klorat, akan menghasilkan karbon dioksida, air, dan asam klorida:

8 HClO3 + C12H22O11 → 11 H2O + 12 CO2 + 8 HCl

Sukrosa dapat didehidrasi dengan asam sulfat untuk membentuk padatan karbon murni berwarna hitam:

H2SO4(katalis) + C12H22O11 → 12 C + 11 H2O + panas dan H2O + SO3 sebagai hasil panas

Hidrolisis

Hidrolisis akan memecah ikatan glikosida, dan mengubah sukrosa menjadi glukosa dan fruktosa. Meskipun begitu, proses hidrolisis sukrosa berjalan amat lambat sehingga bisa memakan waktu bertahun-tahun. Proses ini bisa dipercepat berlipat-lipat dengan adanya enzim sukrase.[5] Hidrolisis juga dapat dipercepat dengan asam, misalnya dengan kalium bitartrat atau jus lemon, keduanya asam lemah. Demikian juga, keasaman lambung mengubah sukrosa menjadi glukosa dan fruktosa selama proses pencernaan dalam tubuh.

Lihat juga

Referensi

  1. ^ Sucrose, International Chemical Safety Card 1507 (dalam bahasa Inggris), Geneva: International Programme on Chemical Safety, November 2003 
  2. ^ a b c d e (Inggris) Ophardt CE. 2003. Sucrose [terhubung berkala]. http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/546sucrose.html [1 Nov 2009].
  3. ^ a b (Inggris) Nguyen DN, Ton NMN, Le VVM. 2009. Optimization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilization in bacterial cellulose by ‘adsorption-incubation’ method. Int Food Res J 16 : 59-64.
  4. ^ Hubert Schiweck, Margaret Clarke, Günter Pollach Sugar" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2007, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a25_345.pub2
  5. ^ "Sucrase", Encyclopædia Britannica Online

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