James Rufus Agee (/ˈeɪdʒiː/ AY-jee; 27 ga Nuwamba, 1909 - 16 ga Mayu, 1955) ɗan littafin Amurka ne, ɗan jarida, mawaƙi, marubuci kuma mai sukar fim. A cikin shekarun 1940, yana rubutu ga Time, yana ɗaya daga cikin masu sukar fim mafi tasiri a Amurka. Littafin tarihin kansa, A Death in the Family (1957), ya lashe Kyautar Pulitzer ta 1958. An kuma san Agee a matsayin marubucin littafin Let Us Now Praise Famous Men kuma a matsayin marubuciyar fina-finai na gargajiya The African Queen da The Night of the Hunter .
Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Agee a Knoxville, Tennessee, ga Hugh James Agee da Laura Whitman Tyler, a Highland Avenue da 15th Street, wanda aka sake masa suna James Agee Street, a cikin abin da ke yanzu unguwar Fort Sanders. Lokacin da Agee ke da shekaru shida, mahaifinsa ya mutu a hatsarin mota. Tun yana da shekaru bakwai, Agee da ƙanwarsa, Emma, sun sami ilimi a makarantun kwana da yawa. Mafi shahararren waɗannan yana kusa da gidan mahaifiyarsa na rani mil biyu daga Sewanee, Tennessee. Makarantar Saint Andrews don Mountain Boys ta gudana ne ta hanyar Order of the Holy Cross da ke da alaƙa da Ikilisiyar Episcopal.[1] A can ne Agee ta dindindin abokantaka da Episcopal firist Father James Harold Flye, wani tarihi malamin a St. Andrew's, da matarsa, Grace Eleanor Houghton, suka fara a 1919.[2] A matsayinsa na babban aboki da kuma mai ba da shawara ga Agee, Flye ya yi rubutu da shi a kan wallafe-wallafen da sauran batutuwa ta hanyar rayuwa kuma ya zama mai amincewa da gwagwarmayar rai ta Agee. Ya buga wasikun bayan mutuwar Agee. The New York Times Book Review da ake kira The Letters of James Agee to Father Flye (1962) "wanda aka kwatanta da muhimmancin Fitzgerald's 'The Crackup' da wasikun Thomas Wolfe a matsayin hoto na mai zane a cikin yanayin Amurka na zamani. "[3]
James Agee Park a cikin unguwar Fort Sanders na Knoxville, Tennessee . Knoxville ita ce gidan Agee tun yana yaro da kuma wurin da ya rubuta littafinsa A Death in the Family .Mutuwa a cikin Iyali.
Mahaifiyar Agee ta auri St. Andrew's bursar Father Erskine Wright a 1924, kuma biyun suka koma Rockland, Maine.[4] Agee ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Knoxville a shekarar makaranta ta 1924-25, sannan ya yi tafiya tare da Flye zuwa Turai a lokacin rani, lokacin da Agee ke da shekaru 16. A lokacin da suka dawo, Agee ya koma makarantar kwana a New Hampshire, ya shiga aji na 1928 a Phillips Exeter Academy. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya fara rubutu tare da Dwight Macdonald .
A Phillips Exeter, Agee ya kasance shugaban The Lantern Club kuma editan Monthly, inda aka buga gajerun labaru na farko, wasan kwaikwayo, shayari da labarai. Duk da kusan wuce yawancin darussan makarantar sakandare, an shigar da Agee a Kwalejin Harvard ta 1932, inda ya zauna a Thayer Hall da Eliot House. A Harvard, Agee ya ɗauki darussan da Robert Hillyer da I. A. Richards suka koyar; abokin karatunsa a cikin waɗannan shine mawaki da mai sukar Robert Fitzgerald na gaba, wanda daga baya ya yi aiki tare da shi a Time.[4] Agee ya kasance babban edita na Harvard Advocate kuma ya gabatar da waƙar aji a farkonsa.
Ayyuka
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Time Inc. ta hayar Agee a matsayin mai ba da rahoto, kuma ta koma Birnin New York, inda ta rubuta wa mujallar Fortune daga 1932 zuwa 1937, kodayake an fi saninsa da sukar fim din da ya yi a Time da The Nation. A shekara ta 1934, ya buga waƙarsa guda ɗaya, Permit Me Voyage, tare da gabatarwar Archibald MacLeish.
A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1936, Agee ya kwashe makonni takwas a kan aiki don Fortune tare da mai daukar hoto Walker Evans, yana zaune tsakanin masu aikin gona a Alabama. Fortune bai buga labarinsa ba, amma Agee ya juya kayan cikin littafinsa na 1941 Let Us Now Praise Famous Men . Ya sayar da kwafin 600 kawai kafin ya kasance. Wani rubutun hannu daga wannan aikin da aka gano a shekara ta 2003, mai taken Cotton Tenants, an yi imanin cewa rubutun da aka gabatar wa editocin Fortune. Rubutun kalmomi 30,000, tare da hotuna na Walker Evans, an buga shi a matsayin littafi a watan Yunin 2013. John Jeremiah Sullivan ya rubuta, "Wannan ba kawai farkon, wani ɓangare na Famous Men ba ne, a wasu kalmomi, ba kawai wani littafi daban ba ne; Agee ne daban, wani Agee da ba a sani ba. Kyakkyawan sa ya kamata ya inganta sunansa. " Babban bambanci tsakanin ayyukan shine amfani da sunayen asali a cikin Cotton Tenants; Agee ya ba da sunayen almara ga batutuwan Famous men don kare asalin su.[5]
Agee ya bar Fortune a 1937 yayin da yake aiki a kan littafi, sannan, a 1939, ya ɗauki aikin bita na littafi a Time, wani Lokaci yana nazarin littattafai shida a kowane mako; tare, shi da abokinsa Whittaker Chambers sun gudu "bayan littafin" don Time. A shekara ta 1941, ya zama mai sukar fim na Time.[6] Daga 1942 zuwa 1948, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sukar fim na The Nation . [7] Agee ya kasance zakara mai karfi na fim din Charlie Chaplin wanda ba a yarda da shi ba a lokacin Monsieur Verdoux (1947), tun lokacin da aka gane shi a matsayin classic. Ya kasance babban mai sha'awar Henry V da Hamlet na Laurence Olivier, musamman Henry V . [8] Ya kuma kasance babban zakara na D. W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation, wanda ya yaba da shi sosai saboda sababbin salo da ƙwarewa ba tare da yin sharhi game da bikin Ku Klux Klan ba. Agee on Film (1958) ya tattara rubuce-rubucensa na wannan lokacin. Marubutan uku sun lissafa shi a matsayin daya daga cikin littattafan da suka shafi fim mafi kyau da aka rubuta a cikin zaben 2010 da Cibiyar Fim ta Burtaniya ta yi.[9]
A shekara ta 1948, Agee ya bar aikinsa ya zama marubuci mai zaman kansa. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansa shine labarin da aka karɓa sosai ga Life Magazine game da masu wasan kwaikwayo na fim Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton, Harold Lloyd da Harry Langdon . An yaba da labarin don farfado da aikin Keaton. A matsayinsa na mai zaman kansa a cikin shekarun 1950, Agee ya ci gaba da rubuta labaran mujallu yayin da yake aiki a kan rubutun fim; ya haɓaka abota da mai daukar hoto Helen Levitt . [10]
Rubuce-rubuce
A cikin 1947 da 1948, Agee ya rubuta wani rubutun da ba a lakafta shi ba ga Charlie Chaplin, inda Tramp ya tsira daga kisan nukiliya; bayan mutuwarsa mai taken The Tramp's New World, an buga rubutun a cikin 2005. Shirin da Agee ya rubuta don shirin fim na 1948 The Quiet One shine gudummawarsa ta farko ga fim din da aka kammala kuma aka saki.[11]
Ayyukan Agee a matsayin marubucin fim ya ragu saboda maye. Duk da haka, yana daya daga cikin marubutan da aka ba da kyauta a cikin fina-finai biyu da aka fi girmamawa a cikin shekarun 1950: Sarauniyar Afirka (1951) da The Night of the Hunter (1955).
Gudummawar da ya bayar ga Hunter tana cike da gardama. Wasu masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin cewa darektan fim din, Charles Laughton ne ya rubuta rubutun da aka buga. Rahotanni cewa ba a yi amfani da rubutun Agee na Hunter ba an tabbatar da shi ƙarya ne ta hanyar gano rubutun farko na 2004, wanda kodayake shafuka 293 a tsawon, ya ƙunshi al'amuran da yawa da aka haɗa a cikin fim ɗin da Laughton ya ba da umarni. Laughton ya yi kama da ya shirya manyan sassan rubutun saboda ya yi tsayi sosai.[12] Duk da yake har yanzu ba a buga shi ba, malaman sun karanta rubutun farko, musamman Jeffrey Couchman na Jami'ar Columbia. Ya yaba wa Agee a cikin rubutun, "Credit Where Credit Is Due". Har ila yau, rahotanni na ƙarya ne cewa an kori Agee daga fim din. Laughton ya sabunta kwangilar Agee kuma ya umarce shi da ya yanke rubutun a rabi, wanda Agee ya yi. Daga baya, a bayyane yake a buƙatar Robert Mitchum, Agee ya ziyarci saiti don warware rikici tsakanin tauraron da Laughton. Wasiƙu da takardu a cikin tarihin wakilin Agee Paul Kohner suna ɗauke da wannan; marubucin tarihin Laughton Simon Callow ne ya rubuta su, wanda littafin BFI game da The Night of the Hunter ya sa wannan ɓangaren rikodin madaidaiciya. [ana buƙatar hujja]Couchman, marubucin littafin 2009 game da The Night of the Hunter, ya rubuta cewa fim din Agee zai kasance fim ne game da sa'o'i shida, don haka Laughton ya yanke kuma ya gyara wani bangare mai yawa.[13]
Rayuwa ta mutum
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Harvard, ya auri Olivia Saunders (wanda aka fi sani da "Via") a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 1933; sun sake aure a 1938. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya auri Alma Mailman. Sun sake aure a shekara ta 1941, kuma Alma ta koma Mexico tare da ɗansu mai shekara guda Joel don zama tare da ɗan siyasan Kwaminisanci kuma marubuci Bodo Uhse . Agee ya fara zama a ƙauyen Greenwich tare da Mia Fritsch, wanda ya auri a 1946. Suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Julia (1946-2016, wanda aka sani a duk rayuwarsu da Deedee) da Andrea, da ɗa, John .
Mutuwa
A shekara ta 1951 a Santa Barbara, Agee, mai shan giya mai tsanani kuma mai shan sigari, ya kamu da ciwon zuciya; a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1955, yana cikin Manhattan lokacin da ya kamu da mummunan ciwon zuciya a cikin taksi a kan hanyar zuwa ga nadin likita. An binne shi a wani gona da yake da shi a Hillsdale, New York, dukiyar da ke hannun zuriyar Agee.[14]
Kyauta
A lokacin rayuwarsa, Agee ya ji daɗin karɓar karɓar jama'a. Tun bayan mutuwarsa, sunansa na wallafe-wallafen ya karu. A shekara ta 1957, an buga littafinsa A Death in the Family (wanda ya danganta da abubuwan da suka faru game da mutuwar mahaifinsa) bayan mutuwarsa kuma a shekara ta 1958 ya lashe kyautar Pulitzer don fiction. A cikin shekara ta 2007, Michael Lofaro ya buga wani sabon littafin ta amfani da rubuce-rubucen Agee na asali. An shirya aikin Agee sosai kafin a buga shi ta asali ta hanyar mai wallafa David McDowell.
An tattara sake dubawa da rubutun Agee a cikin kundin Agee a kan Fim. Akwai wasu jayayya game da girman sa hannu a rubuce-rubucen The Night of the Hunter . [15]
Bari Mu Yanzu Yabe Famous Men ya girma ya zama babban aikin Agee. Ignored on its original publication in 1941, the book has since been placed among the greatest literary works of the 20th century by the New York School of Journalism and the New York Public Library.[ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Shi ne wahayi ga wasan kwaikwayo na Aaron Copland The Tender Land . David Simon, ɗan jarida kuma mai kirkirar shahararren jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin The Wire, ya yaba da littafin tare da tasiri a farkon aikinsa da kuma rinjayar aikin jarida.[16]
Mawallafin Samuel Barber ya kafa sassan "Bayanan Elysium" daga Permit Me Voyage zuwa kiɗa, ya kirkiro waƙar da ta dogara da "Sure On This Shining Night". Bugu da kari, ya saita rubutu daga sashin "Knoxville" na A Death in the Family a cikin aikinsa na soprano da ƙungiyar mawaƙa mai taken Knoxville: Summer of 1915. "Sure On This Shining Night" an kuma saita shi zuwa kiɗa ta mawaƙa René Clausen, Z. Randall Stroope, da Morten Lauridsen.
A ƙarshen 1979, mai shirya fina-finai Ross Spears ya gabatar da fim dinsa AGEE: Yarima Mai Girma na Harshen Ingilishi, wanda daga baya aka zaba shi don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Bayani kuma an ba shi Blue Ribbon a bikin Fim na Amurka na 1980. AGEE ta ƙunshi abokan James Agee guda huɗu - Dwight Macdonald, Robert Fitzgerald, Robert Saudek, da John Huston - da kuma mata uku da James Agee ya auri. Bugu da kari, Uba James Harold Flye ya kasance mai yin hira da shi. Shugaba Jimmy Carter yayi magana game da littafin da ya fi so, Bari Mu Yanzu Yabon Famous Men .
The Man Who Lives Here Is Loony, wasan kwaikwayo guda ɗaya na marubucin waƙoƙi da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Knoxville RB Morris, yana faruwa a cikin wani ɗakin New York a cikin dare ɗaya a rayuwar Agee. An yi wasan ne a wuraren da ke kusa da Knoxville, da kuma Cornelia Street Cafe a Greenwich Village . [17]
Bayanan littattafai
1934 Ka ba ni izinin tafiya, a cikin Yale Series of Younger PoetsYale Series na Matasa Waƙoƙi
1935 Knoxville: Lokacin bazara na 1915, waka daga baya Samuel Barber ya saita waƙoƙi.
1941 Bari Mu Yanzu Yabe Sanannun Maza: Iyalai Uku Masu Gida, Houghton Mifflin
1948 Sabon Duniya na Tramp, rubutun ga Charlie Chaplin
1951 The Morning Watch, Houghton Mifflin
1951 Sarauniyar Afirka, rubutun daga littafin CS Forester
1952 Face to Face (The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky segment), rubutun daga labarin Stephen Crane
1955 The Night of the Hunter, rubutun daga littafin Davis Grubb
1957 Mutuwa a cikin Iyali (bayan mutuwa; daidaitawa na mataki: Duk Hanyar Gida)
1958 Agee a cikin FimTsofaffi a cikin Fim
1960 Agee a cikin Fim II
1962 Wasiƙu na James Agee zuwa ga Uba Flye
1972 The Collected Short Prose na James AgeeƘididdigar Ƙididdigatattun James Agee
2001 Bari Mu Yanzu Yabe Famous Men (sabon fitowar)
2013 Masu haya na auduga: Iyalai Uku, Gidan Melville
