Son nom provient de la ville d'Elliot, désormais nommée Khowa, au Cap-Oriental, et le stratotype se situe au col de Barkly, à neuf kilomètres au nord de la ville[1],[2],[3].
Références : Rubidge 2005[4], Selden et Nudds 2011[5].
La formation d'Elliot forme une discordance au-dessus de la formation de Molteno ; elle sous-tend la formation de Clarens. Du fait de la couleur rougeâtre de ses roches, elle est familièrement appelée Red Beds dans les écrits anciens.
Elle est principalement constituée de mudstones et de siltites qui peuvent être organisées en fines couche (laminées). La structure interne des mudstones n'est souvent pas visible. On trouve des nodules calcaires dans les couches de mudstone, qui sont plus nombreux dans la zone supérieure (UEF). La couleur des mudstones va du gris pourpré dans la zone inférieure (LEF) au rouge brique des paléosols plus matures de la zone supérieure (UEF). On y trouve, de manière localisée, des conglomérats de galets, dont des roches détritiques de bassin intérieur, des galets en quartzite, des nodules pédogéniques ; on trouve aussi des os fossiles, mais uniquement dans l'UEF. Les parties inférieure et supérieure contiennent toutes les deux des grès mais ces derniers diffèrent quant à leur géométrie interne. Ceux de la LEF contiennent principalement des dépôts dans des canaux d'accrétion latéraux, qui contiennent des couches transversales creuses, peu inclinées voire planes, formant des stratifications entrecroisées. Des couches horizontales de laminage croisé sont aussi présentes. Dans la partie supérieure, les couches de grès sont issues d'une origine unique et reflète principalement la géométrie des canaux d'accrétion et présente une apparence plus tabulaire. La structure sédimentaire des grès de l'UEF est plane, avec une stratification entrecroisée à angle faible, et une lamination horizontale et ondulée.
La partie inférieure s'est déposée dans un environnement fluvio-lacustre, où les rivières étaient des cours d'eau permanent et formaient des méandres, comme le montre la présence d'accrétions latérales. Cet environnement change ensuite, les dépôts de la partie supérieure montrant l'existence de lits de rivières, de plaines durablement inondées (ce qui correspond aux paléosols matures) et d'épisode plus violents d'inondations plus ponctuelles conduisant aux conglomérats et aux nodules, dans un environnement globalement plus sec[6],[7],[8],[9].
Des découvertes plus récentes de fossiles de vertébrés, près de la ville de Qhemegha, dans la province sud-africaine du Cap-Oriental, ont fourni du matériel fossile d'un pseudosuchienpopsauroïde. Les mudstones de la LEF contiennent parfois du bois pétrifié, des fossiles de plantes, de crustacés, de tortues et de poissons, tandis que les grès de l'UEF présentent diverses traces fossiles. Ainsi trouve-t-on des pistes fossiles d'empreintes de pas de dinosaures ornithischiens dans le district de Leribe, près de Mafeteng, et dans le district de Mohale's Hoek, au Lesotho. Une telle piste, sans doute due à un Pentasaurus, se trouve dans les collines de Morobong Hill dans le district de Mohale's Hoek[40],[41],[42],[43].
↑(en) Emese M. Bordy, P. John Hancox et Bruce S. Rubidge, « Fluvial style variations in the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic Elliot formation, main Karoo Basin, South Africa », Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol. 38, no 4, , p. 383–400 (DOI10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2004.02.004, Bibcode2004JAfES..38..383B)
↑(en) Emese Bordy, John P. Hancox et Bruce S. Rubidge, « A description of the sedimentology and palaeontology of the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic Elliot Formation in Lesotho », Palaeontologia Africana, no 40, , p. 37–57
↑(en) E.M. Bordy et P. Eriksson, « Lithostratigraphy of the Elliot Formation (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa », South African Journal of Geology, vol. 118, no 3, , p. 311–316 (ISSN1012-0750, DOI10.2113/gssajg.118.3.311)
↑(en) B.S. Rubidge, « Re-uniting lost continents. Fossil reptiles from the ancient Karoo and their wanderlust », South African Journal of Geology, vol. 108, no 1, , p. 135–172 (DOI10.2113/108.1.135, lire en ligne)
↑(en) P. Selden et J. Nudds, « Karoo », dans Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems, Manson Publishing, , 2e éd. (ISBN9781840761603, lire en ligne), p. 104–122
↑(en) Anthony Tankard, Herman Welsink, Peter Aukes, Robert Newton et Edgar Stettler, « Tectonic evolution of the Cape and Karoo basins of South Africa », Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 26, no 8, , p. 1379–1412 (DOI10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.01.022)
↑(en) « Meander channel, point bar, crevasse splay and aeolian deposits from the Elliot Formation in Barkly Pass, North-eastern Cape », South African Journal of Geology, vol. 83, no 1, (lire en ligne)
↑(en) E.M. Bordy et P. Eriksson, « Lithostratigraphy of the Elliot Formation (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa », South African Journal of Geology, vol. 118, no 3, , p. 311–316 (DOI10.2113/gssajg.118.3.311)
↑(en) Lara Sciscio, Michiel De Kock, Emese Bordy et Fabien Knoll, « Magnetostratigraphy across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary in the main Karoo Basin », Gondwana Research, vol. 51, , p. 177–192 (DOI10.1016/j.gr.2017.07.009, Bibcode2017GondR..51..177S)
↑(en) J. Attridge, A. W. Crompton et Farish A. Jenkins, « The Southern African Liassic prosauropod Massospondylus discovered in North America », Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 5, no 2, , p. 128–132 (DOI10.1080/02724634.1985.10011850)
↑(en) P. Eriksson et E. M. Bordy, « Lithostratigraphy of the Elliot Formation (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa », South African Journal of Geology, vol. 118, no 3, , p. 311–316 (DOI10.2113/gssajg.118.3.311)
↑(en) R. M.H. Smith et R. Swart, « Changing Fluvial Environments and Vertebrate Taphonomy in Response to Climatic Drying in a Mid-Triassic Rift Valley Fill: The Omingonde Formation (Karoo Supergroup) of Central Namibia », PALAIOS, vol. 17, no 3, , p. 249–267 (DOI10.1669/0883-1351(2002)017<0249:CFEAVT>2.0.CO;2, Bibcode2002Palai..17..249S)
↑(en) Fernando Abdala et Roger M. H. Smith, « A Middle Triassic cynodont fauna from Namibia and its implications for the biogeography of Gondwana », Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 29, no 3, , p. 837–851 (DOI10.1671/039.029.0303)
↑(en) A. D. Walker, « A revision of Sphenosuchus acutus Haughton, a crocodylomorph reptile from the Elliot Formation (late Triassic or early Jurassic) of South Africa », Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, vol. 330, no 1256, , p. 1–120 (DOI10.1098/rstb.1990.0185)
↑(en) Maurice E. Tucker et Michael J. Benton, « Triassic environments, climates and reptile evolution », Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 40, no 4, , p. 361–379 (DOI10.1016/0031-0182(82)90034-7)
↑(en) H.D. Sues, R.R. Reisz, S. Hinic et M.A. Raath, « On the skull of Massospondylus carinatus Owen, 1854 (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Elliot and Clarens formations (Lower Jurassic) of South Africa », Annals of Carnegie Museum, vol. 73, no 4, , p. 239–257
↑(en) Anusuya Chinsamy, « Bone histology and growth trajectory of the prosauropod dinosaur Massospondylus carinatus Owen », Modern Geology, vol. 18, no 3, , p. 319-329 (lire en ligne)
↑(en) Peter M. Galton et Jacques Heerden, « Anatomy of the prosauropod dinosaurBlikanasaurus cromptoni (Upper Triassic, South Africa), with notes on the other tetrapods from the lower Elliot Formation », Paläontologische Zeitschrift, vol. 72, nos 1–2, , p. 163–177 (DOI10.1007/bf02987824)
↑(en) Adam M. Yates, « A definite prosauropod dinosaur from the Lower Elliot Formation (Norian: Upper Triassic) of South Africa », Palaeontologia Africana : Annals of the Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research, (lire en ligne)
↑(en) Paul M. Barrett, « Sauropodomorph dinosaur diversity in the upper Elliot Formation (Massospondylus range zone : Lower Jurassic) of South Africa : research letter », South African Journal of Science, vol. 100, nos 9–10, (lire en ligne)
↑(en) Blair McPhee, Emese Bordy, Lara Sciscio et Jonah Choiniere, « The sauropodomorph biostratigraphy of the Elliot Formation of southern Africa: Tracking the evolution of Sauropodomorpha across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary », Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, vol. 62, no 3, (DOI10.4202/app.00377.2017, lire en ligne)
↑(en) P. John Hancox, Bruce S. Rubidge et Adam M. Yates, « First record of a sauropod dinosaur from the upper Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic) of South Africa : research letter », South African Journal of Science, vol. 100, no 9, , p. 504–506 (lire en ligne)
↑(en) Blair W. McPhee, Adam M. Yates, Jonah N. Choiniere et Fernando Abdala, « The complete anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Antetonitrus ingenipes (Sauropodiformes, Dinosauria): implications for the origins of Sauropoda », Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 171, no 1, (DOI10.1111/zoj12127)
↑(en) B. W. McPhee, R.B.J. Benson, J. Botha-Brink, E. M. Bordy et J. N. Choiniere, « A Giant Dinosaur from the Earliest Jurassic of South Africa and the Transition to Quadrupedality in Early Sauropodomorphs », Current Biology, vol. 28, no 19, , p. 3143–3151.e7 (DOI10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.063)
↑(en) P. M. Sander et J. N. Lallensack, « Dinosaurs: Four Legs Good, Two Legs Bad », Current Biology, vol. 28, no 19, , R1160–R1163 (PMID30300605, DOI10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.025)
↑(en) James Kitching, « Preliminary report on a clutch of six dinosaurian eggs from the Upper Triassic Elliot Formation, Northern Orange Free State », Palaeontologia Africana, vol. 22, , p. 41–45 (lire en ligne)
↑(en) Robert R. Reisz, David C. Evans, Hans-Dieter Sues et Diane Scott, « Embryonic skeletal anatomy of the sauropodomorph dinosaur Massospondylus from the Lower Jurassic of South Africa », Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 30, no 6, , p. 1653–1665 (DOI10.1080/02724634.2010.521604)
↑(en) Fabien Knoll, « Nearly complete skull of Lesothosaurus(Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic: Hettangian) of Lesotho », Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 22, no 2, , p. 238–243 (DOI10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0238:ncsold]2.0.co;2)
↑(en) Richard J. Butler, « The 'fabrosaurid' ornithischian dinosaurs of the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of South Africa and Lesotho », Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 145, no 2, , p. 175–218 (DOI10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00182.x)
↑(en) James M. Clark et Hans-Dieter Sues, « Two new basal crocodylomorph archosaurs from the Lower Jurassic and the monophyly of the Sphenosuchia », Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 136, no 1, , p. 77–95 (DOI10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00026.x)
↑(en) A. D. Walker, « A revision of Sphenosuchus acutus Haughton, a crocodylomorph reptile from the Elliot Formation (late Triassic or early Jurassic) of South Africa », Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, vol. 330, no 1256, , p. 1–120 (DOI10.1098/rstb.1990.0185)
↑(en) Diane Nash, « A crocodile from the Upper Triassic of Lesotho », Journal of Zoology, vol. 156, no 2, , p. 163–179 (DOI10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb05927.x)
↑(en) D.S. Nash, The morphology and relationships of a crocodilian, Orthosuchus stormbergi, from the Upper Triassic of Lesotho, South African Museum,
↑(en) K. N. Dollman, P. A. Viglietti et J. N. Choiniere, « A new specimen of Orthosuchus stormbergi (Nash 1968) and a review of the distribution of Southern African Lower Jurassic crocodylomorphs », Historical Biology, vol. 31, no 5, , p. 653–664 (DOI10.1080/08912963.2017.1387110)
↑(en) Chris E. Gow, « A new skull of Megazostrodon (Mammalia, Triconodonta) from the Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Southern Africa », Palaeontologia Africana : Annals of the Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research, (lire en ligne)
↑(en) Adam M. Yates, « A new theropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of South Africa and its implication for the early evolution of theropods », Palaeontologia Africana, vol. 41, , p. 105-122 (lire en ligne)
↑(en) Christian F. Kammerer, « The first skeletal evidence of a dicynodont from the lower Elliot Formation of South Africa », Palaeontologia Africana : Annals of the Evolutionary Studies Institute, vol. 52, (lire en ligne)
↑(en) P. J. Hancox et C. A. Sidor, « Elliotherium Kersteni, A New Tritheledontid from the Lower Elliot Formation (Upper Triassic) of South Africa », Journal of Paleontology, vol. 80, no 2, , p. 333–342 (DOI10.1666/0022-3360(2006)080[0333:EKANTF]2.0.CO;2, lire en ligne)
↑(en) Fernando Abdala, Ross Damiani, Adam Yates et Johann Neveling, « A non-mammaliaform cynodont from the Upper Triassic of South Africa: a therapsid Lazarus taxon? », Palaeontologia Africana : Annals of the Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research, vol. 42, (lire en ligne)
↑(en) J.M. Anderson, H.M. Anderson et A.R.I. Cruickshank, « Late Triassic ecosystems of the Molteno Lower Elliot biome of southern Africa », Palaeontology, vol. 41, no 3, , p. 387–421 (lire en ligne)
↑(en) R. Smith et J. Kitching, « Sedimentology and vertebrate taphonomy of the Tritylodon Acme Zone: a reworked palaeosol in the Lower Jurassic Elliot Formation, Karoo Supergroup, South Africa », Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 131, nos 1–2, , p. 29–50 (DOI10.1016/S0031-0182(96)00143-5)
↑(en) Fabien Knoll, « The tetrapod fauna of the Upper Elliot and Clarens formations in the main Karoo Basin (South Africa and Lesotho) », Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, vol. 176, no 1, , p. 81–91 (DOI10.2113/176.1.81)
↑(en) Lara Sciscio, Position of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary in South Africa and Lesotho : a multidisciplinary approach aimed at improving the chronostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Elliot Formation, Stormberg Group (thèse), Université du Cap, (lire en ligne)
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