Adolf Bastian

Adolf Bastian

Adolf Bastian (26. kesäkuuta 18262. helmikuuta 1905) oli saksalainen 1800-luvun yleisnero, joka tunnetaan erityisesti panoksestaan etnografian ja antropologian kehittymiseksi tieteiksi. Nykypsykologia on hänelle kiitollisuudenvelassa hänen teoriastaan Elementargedanke, jonka seurauksena Carl Jung kehitti teorian arkkityypeistä.[1]

Bastian syntyi Bremenissä varakkaaseen saksalaiseen kauppiasperheeseen. Hän opiskeli oikeustiedettä Heidelbergin yliopistossa sekä biologiaa nykyisessä Berliinin Humboldtin yliopistossa, Jenan yliopistossa ja Würzburgin yliopistossa. Würzburgissa hän kuunteli Rudolf Virchowin luentoja ja kiinnostui silloin 'etnologiaksi' sanotusta tieteenalasta. Viimein hän päätyi opiskelemaan lääketiedettä ja valmistui Prahan Kaarlen yliopistosta 1850.

Bastian ryhtyi laivalääkäriksi ja lähti kahdeksanvuotiselle purjehdusmatkalle, joka vei häntä ympäri maailmaa. Tämä oli ensimmäinen hänen neljännesvuosisadan aikana tekemistään matkoista Saksan ulkopuolella. Hän palasi Saksaan 1859 ja kirjoitti suositun kertomuksen matkoistaan sekä kolmiosaisen teoksen Der Mensch in der Geschichte, jossa hän käsittelee ihmistä historian kuluessa ja josta tuli hänen tunnetuin teoksensa.

Vuonna 1861 hän lähti nelivuotiselle matkalle Kaakkois-Aasiaan, ja hänen kuvauksensa tuosta matkasta, Die Völker des östlichen Asien, kasvoi kuusiosaiseksi. Seuraavat kahdeksan vuotta hän oleskeli Pohjois-Saksassa ja perusti merkittäviä etnologisia laitoksia Berliiniin. Hän oli aina ollut innokas keräilijä, ja hänen panoksensa Berliinin kuninkaallisen museon (Museum für Völkerkunde, nyk. Ethnologisches Museum) kokoelmien luomiseksi oli niin runsas, että lähinnä hänen lahjoitustensa pohjalta perustettiin toinen museo, Kansantaiteen museo. Hänestä tuli Kuninkaallisen museon ensimmäinen johtaja.

1870-luvulla Bastian matkusteli laajasti Afrikassa ja Amerikan mantereella. Hän kuoli 1905 Port of Spainissa Trinidad ja Tobagossa yhdellä matkoistaan.

Ihmiskunnan psyykkinen ykseys

Bastian otti ensimmäisenä käyttöön termin Ihmiskunnan psyykkinen ykseys (the psychic unity of mankind). Se tarkoittaa ihmislajin yhteisiä psykologisia ja kognitiivisia piirteitä, jotka ovat kulttuurista tai rodusta riippumattomia, esimerkiksi tunteet ja niihin liittyvät kasvonilmeet.

Lähteet

  1. Campbell, Joseph. The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, p. 32. London: Secker & Warburg: 1960. "Jung's idea of the "archetypes" is one of the leading theories, today, in the field of our subject. It is a development of the earlier theory of Adolf Bastian..."

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