Mälu

 See artikkel räägib psühholoogia mõistest; arvutimälu kohta vaata artiklit Mälu (arvuti); Rein Saluri novellikogu kohta vaata artiklit Mälu (Saluri)

Mälu on (organismi) võime salvestada, säilitada ja taasesitada informatsiooni, ehk ka võime kasutada kogemusi. Mälu parandavaid tehnikaid nimetatakse mnemoonikateks.

Mälu ilmneb kõigil elu evolutsiooni etappidel, kuid on saavutanud suurima keerukuse inimese puhul.

Selgroogsete loomade mälu anatoomiliseks substraadiks peetakse tänapäeval ajukoort ja neurogliiat.

Mälu liigitusi

Mälu võimalikke jaotuvusi on mitmeid:

Mäluprotsessid

Mälu põhiprotsessideks peetakse tänapäeval järgmisi[viide?]:

  1. Meeldejätmine – uus teave kinnistatakse varem omandatuga seostamise teel
  2. Talletamine – uue teabe lisamine ja vana teabe taandamine
  3. Meenutamine – mälus säilinud teabe taastamine ja kasutamine
Inimese mäluprotsesside ülevaade[1]
Sensoorne mälu Primaarne mälu Sekundaarne mälu Tertsiaarne mälu
Salvestamine automaatselt tajumisel verbaliseerimine harjutamine väga sage harjutamine
Kättesaadavus piirab ainult väljastamise kiirus väga kiire aeglane väga kiire
Unustamise viis kiire kustumine uus info asendab vana nii uue kui vana info segav mõju unustamist pole
Maht piiratud sisendsignaalide hulgaga vähene väga suur väga suur

Filosoofia

Mitmes filosoofia harus (näiteks epistemoloogias ja isikuidentsuse uurimises) on mälul suur tähtsus. Mälu uurivad mälumetafüüsika (vaimufilosoofia haru), mäluepistemoloogia ja mälueetika, kokkuvõtvalt räägitakse mälufilosoofiast.[2]

Vaimufilosoofia

 Pikemalt artiklis Mälumetafüüsika

Mälumetafüüsika on osalt läbi põimunud psühholoogiafilosoofia ja neuroteaduse filosoofiaga. Mälumetafüüsika keskne eesmärk on töötada välja mäletamise teooria, mis ütleb, milles mäletamine seisneb. Pole selge, kas saab olla ühtne mäletamise teooria või on tarvis eraldi teooriaid mälu eri liikide kohta. (Samalaadne küsimus võib tekkida mäluepistemoloogias[3].) Põhitähelepanu on olnud pööratud episoodilisele mälule, mis annab mäletajale erilise ligipääsu minevikusündmustele. Mõnede autorite[4] arvates vääribki üksnes episoodiline mälu mälu nime.[2]

Lisaks individuaalsele mälule on hakatud uurima ka kollektiivset mälu. Sellest on välja kasvanud multidistsiplinaarne uurimisvaldkond mäluuuringud. See uurib ka probleeme, mis pärinevad välismälu uurimisest tunnetusteaduses. Sel juhul vaadeldakse mälu jaotatud tunnetuse või laiendatud tunnetuse prisma läbi.[2]

Mälu liigid

Eetika

 Pikemalt artiklis Mälueetika

Moraalse vastutuse seos mäluga

Moraalne vastutus võib olla seotud vaimse ajarännuga. Näiteks Neil Levy[5] väidab, et psühhopaadid ei saa episoodilise mälu ja episoodilise tulevikumõtlemise puudulikkuse tõttu tõeliselt kavatseda teisi kahjustada, nii et nad ei saa oma tegude eest täielikult moraalselt vastutada. Carl F. Craver jt (2016) ei ole selles nii kindlad ning viitavad sellele, et sellise puudulikkusega inimesed teevad moraaliotsustusi, mis sarnanevad normaalsete inimeste moraaliotsustustega.[2]

Kohus mäletada

 Pikemalt artiklis Kohus mäletada

Mõnede autorite väitel võib inimestel olla kohus mäletada. Avashai Margaliti (2002) järgi on meil kohus mäletada radikaalse kurjuse ohvreid. Jeffrey Blustein (2008) ütleb, et see kohustus võib olla nii inimestel kui ka kollektiividel. Sellises vaimus töötavad näiteks tõe- ja lepituskomisjonid. Väidetakse ka, et üldist kohust minevikku mäletada ei ole ning mõnel juhul võib olla isegi kohus unustada[6].[2]

Õigus olla unustatud

 Pikemalt artiklis Õigus olla unustatud

Arvutiajastu on toonud kaasa ülemineku olukorrast, kus unustamine on norm (inimese sõnad ja teod jätavad üldiselt vähe püsivaid jälgi), olukorda, kus paljud sõnad ja teod jätavad püsivaid jälgi[7], nii et pärast sobimatut käitumist pole inimestel võimalust tühjast kohast uuesti alustada. Seetõttu on mõned autorid rääkinud õigusest olla unustatud[8]. Seda õigust on õiguslikult ja tehniliselt tõenäoliselt raske ellu viia. Pole ka selge, kas on usutav, et inimestel on kohus unustada, mille see õigus kaasa toob[9].[2]

Vaata ka

Viited

  1. "Bioloogia gümnaasiumile" II osa 3. kursus. Mart Viikmaa, Kalle Hein. Eesti Loodusfoto – Tartu 2008. Lk 101.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 Kourken Michaelian, John Sutton. Memory, Stanfordi filosoofiaentsüklopeedia, 2017.
  3. Teroni 2014.
  4. Klein 2015; Aristoteles; John Locke; David Hume; Thomas Reid; William James; Edmund Husserl; Bertrand Russell. The Analysis of Mind, London: G. Allen & Unwin 1921.
  5. Psychopaths and Blame: The Argument from Content. – Philosophical Psychology, 2014, 27(3), lk 351–367. Vrd Vierra 2016, vt ka: Doris McIlwain. Living Strangely in Time: Emotions, Masks and Morals in Psychopathically-Inclined People. – European Journal of Analytic Philosophy, 2010, 6(1): 75–94; Kennett, Matthews 2009.
  6. Rieff 2016.
  7. Mayer-Schönberger 2009.
  8. Ghezzi, Guimarães Pereira, Vesnic-Alujevic 2014; Rosen 2012.
  9. David Matheson. A Duty of Ignorance. – Episteme, 2013, 10(2), lk 193–205.

Kirjandus

Psühholoogia

Filosoofia

  • W. H. Burnham. Memory, Historically and Experimentally Considered. I. An Historical Sketch of the Older Conceptions of Memory. – American Journal of Psychology, 1888, 2(1): lk 39–90.
  • E. J. Furlong. A Study in Memory, London: Thomas Nelson 1951.
  • Eddy M. Zemach. A Definition of Memory. – Mind, 1968, 77, lk 526–536.
  • Don Locke. Memory, London: Macmillan 1971.
  • Norman Malcolm. Three Lectures on Memory. – Norman Malcolm. Knowledge and Certainty, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press 1975.
  • Mary Warnock. Memory, London: Faber and Faber 1987.
  • Douglas J. Herrmann, Roger Chaffin. Memory in Historical Perspective: The Literature Before Ebbinghaus, New York: Springer 1988.
  • John Sutton. Philosophy and Memory Traces: Descartes to Connectionism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1998.
  • Christoph Hoerl, Teresa McCormack (toim). Time and Memory: Issues in Philosophy and Psychology, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2001.
  • Avishai Margalit. The Ethics of Memory, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2002.
  • Christoph Hoerl, Teresa McCormack. 2005, Joint Reminiscing as Joint Attention to the Past. – Naomi Eilan, Christoph Hoerl, Teresa McCormack, Johannes Roessler (toim). Joint Attention, Communication and Other Minds: Issues in Philosophy and Psychology, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2005, lk 260–286.
  • John Sutton. Batting, Habit and Memory: The Embodied Mind and the Nature of Skill. – Sport in Society, 2007, 10(5), lk 763–786.
  • Dorothea Debus. Being Emotional About the Past: On the Nature and Role of Past-Directed Emotions. – Noûs, 2007a, 41(4), lk 758–779.
  • Dorothea Debus. Perspectives on the Past: A Study of the Spatial Perspectival Characteristics of Recollective Memories. – Mind & Language, 2007b, 22(2), lk 173–206.
  • Cgristoph Hoerl. Episodic Memory, Autobiographical Memory, Narrative: On Three Key Notions in Current Approaches to Memory Development. – Philosophical Psychology, 2007, lk 20(5), lk 621–640.
  • Jeffrey Blustein. The Moral Demands of Memory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2008.
  • Dorothea Debus. Experiencing the Past: A Relational Account of Recollective Memory. – Dialectica, 2008, 62(4), lk 405–432.
  • Sven Bernecker. The Metaphysics of Memory, Dordrecht: Springer 2008.
  • John Sutton. Remembering. – Philip Robbins, Murat Aydede (toim). The Cambridge Handbook of Situated Cognition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2009, lk 217–235.
  • Jeanette Kennett, Steve Matthews. Mental Time Travel, Agency and Responsibility. – Matthew Broome, Lisa Bortolotti (toim). Psychiatry as Cognitive Neuroscience: Philosophical Perspectives, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2009, lk 327–350.
  • Viktor Mayer-Schönberger. Delete: The Virtue of Forgetting in the Digital Age, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2009.
  • Mark Rowlands. Memory. – John Symons, Paco Calvo (toim). The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Psychology, London: Routledge 2009, lk 336–345.
  • Sven Bernecker. Memory: A Philosophical Study, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2010.
  • John Sutton. Exograms and Interdisciplinarity: History, the Extended Mind, and the Civilizing Process. – Richard Menary (toim). The Extended Mind, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2010a, lk 189–225.
  • John Sutton. Observer Perspective and Acentred Memory: Some Puzzles About Point of View in Personal Memory. – Philosophical Studies, 2010b, 148(1), lk 27–37.
  • Dorothea Debus. Accounting for Epistemic Relevance: A New Problem for the Causal Theory of Memory. – American Philosophical Quarterly, 2010, 47(1), lk 17–29.
  • Sven Bernecker. Memory Knowledge. – Sven Bernecker, Duncan Pritchard (toim). The Routledge Companion to Epistemology, London: Routledge 2011, ptk 30.
  • Suzanne Nalbantian, Paul M. Matthews, James L. McClelland (toim). The Memory Process: Neuroscientific and Humanistic Perspectives, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2011.
    • J. Bickle. Memory and Neurophilosophy, lk 195–215.
  • Jeffrey Rosen. The Right to Be Forgotten. – Stanford Law Review, 2012, 64, lk 88.
  • Fabrice Teroni. The Epistemological Disunity of Memory. – Anne Reboul (toim). Mind, Values, and Metaphysics: Philosophical Essays in Honor of Kevin Mulligan, kd 2, Dordrecht: Springer 2014, lk 183–202.
  • Stanley B. Klein. The Complex Act of Projecting Oneself into the Future. – WIREs Cognitive Science, 2013, 4(1), lk 63–79.
  • Felipe De Brigard. Is Memory for Remembering? Recollection as a Form of Episodic Hypothetical Thinking. – Synthese, 2014a, 191(2), lk 155–185.
  • Felipe De Brigard. The Nature of Memory Traces. – Philosophy Compass, 2014b, 9(6), lk 402–414.
  • Dorothea Debus. 'Mental Time Travel': Remembering the Past, Imagining the Future, and the Particularity of Events. – Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 2014, 5(3), lk 333–350.
  • Alessia Ghezzi, Ángela Guimarães Pereira, Lucia Vesnic-Alujevic (toim). The Ethics of Memory in a Digital Age: Interrogating the Right to Be Forgotten, London: Palgrave Macmillan 2014.
  • [[Stanley B. Klein]. Autonoesis and Belief in a Personal Past: An Evolutionary Theory of Episodic Memory Indices. – Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 2014, 5(3): 427–447. doi:10.1007/s13164-014-0181-8
  • Dmitri Nikulin. Memory: A History, New York: Oxford University Press 2015.
  • John Sutton. Remembering as Public Practice: Wittgenstein, Memory, and Distributed Cognitive Ecologies. – Danièle Moyal-Sharrock, Volker Munz, Annalisa Coliva (toim). Mind, Language, and Action: Proceedings of the 36th International Wittgenstein Symposium, Berlin: De Gruyter 2015, lk 409–443.
  • Klaus Neumann, Janna Thompson (toim). Historical Justice and Memory, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press 2015.
  • Mark Rowlands. Rilkean Memory. – Southern Journal of Philosophy, 2015, 53(S1), lk 141–154.
  • Stanley B. Klein. What Memory Is. – WIREs Cognitive Science, 2015, 6(1): lk 1–38.
  • Sarah K. Robins. Misremembering. – Philosophical Psychology, 2016a, 29(3), lk 432–447.
  • Sarah K. Robins. Representing the Past: Memory Traces and the Causal Theory of Memory. – Philosophical Studies, 2016b, 173(11), lk 2993–3013.
  • Andrew Vierra. Psychopathy, Mental Time Travel, and Legal Responsibility. – Neuroethics, 2016, 9(2), lk 129–136.
  • Carl F. Craver, Nazim Keven, Donna Kwan, Jake Kurczek, Melissa C. Duff, R. Shayna Rosenbaum. Moral Judgment in Episodic Amnesia. – Hippocampus, 2016, 26(8), lk 975–979.
  • David Rieff. In Praise of Forgetting: Historical Memory and Its Ironies, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 2016.
  • Mark Rowlands. Memory and the Self: Phenomenology, Science and Autobiography, New York: Oxford University Press 2016.
  • Stanley B. Klein. Autonoetic Consciousness: Reconsidering the Role of Episodic Memory in Future-Oriented Self-Projection. – Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2016a, 69(2), lk 381–401.
  • Stanley B. Klein. Lost Feeling of Ownership of One's Mental States: The Importance of Situating Patient RB's Pathology in the Context of Contemporary Theory and Empiricism. – Philosophical Psychology, 2016b, 29(4), lk 490–493.
  • Sven Bernecker, Kourken Michaelian (toim). The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Memory, London: Routledge 2017.

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