Hinduistlik arhitektuur

Badami kivitempel - Karnataka

Ka paljud varajased hästi säilinud hinduistlikud templid on raiutud kaljuseintesse, sealhulgas Kailāsa tempel Elloras (8. sajand) ja selle kaasaegsed Šiva templid Elephantas. Need on rikkalikult kaunistatud seinamaalide ja reljeefidega.

Vanimad säilinud hinduistlikud kivitemplid pärinevad 5.–8. sajandist (Aihole ja Badami) järgivad lihtsat põhiplaani, mille keskmes on pühamu ise, väike pime ruum garbhagriha, kus elab jumalus, kellele tempel on pühendatud. Enam-vähem samasugune põhiplaan on hilisematel hinduistlikel templitel. Pühamu kõrval üks või mitu eri otstarbega saali (mandapat), näiteks natamandapas tantsitakse rituaalseid tantse. Pühamu kohal on torn. Portaalid on sageli toretsevad. Templit käsitatakse kosmose peegeldusena, kus templitorn vastab maailmamäele Merule, mis on universumi kese.

Põhja- ja Lõuna-Indial templiarhitektuuril on märgatavad stiilierinevused, eelkõige tornide ja portaalide kujus. Templitornid on põhjastiilis kõrged ja ümarad (śikhara), lõunastiilis madalamad ja püramiidjad (vimāna). Põhja-Indias on templitorn domineeriv element. Lõuna-Indias jättis püramiidjas portaal (gopura) hiljem templitorni varju. Islami 11. sajandi sissetungilained katkestasid Põhja-India templitraditsiooni (palju templeid ka hävitati), Lõuna-India templiarhitektuur arenes edasi. Põhja-India kuulsad templid on Lingaraja tempel (11. sajand) Bhubaneswaris, Khajuraho templid (10.–11. sajand), mis on rikkalikult kaunistatud tantristlike erootiliste skulptuuridega, ja Konarak (13. sajand) ja Jagannatha tempel (umbes 1100) Puris. Arvukate Lõuna-India templite seas on olulisemad rannatempel umbes 700. aastast Mahabalipuramis, Šiva tempel (11. sajand) Tanjore'is, Minakshi tempel (17. sajand) Madurais ja Hoyshalesvara tempel (12. sajand) Halebidis.

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