William Short (American ambassador)

William Short
portrait by Rembrandt Peale
2nd United States Minister to Spain
In office
September 7, 1794 – November 1, 1795
PresidentGeorge Washington
Preceded byJohn Jay
Succeeded byDavid Humphreys
2nd United States Minister to the Netherlands
In office
June 18, 1792 – December 19, 1792
PresidentGeorge Washington
Preceded byJohn Adams
Succeeded byJohn Quincy Adams
3rd United States Minister to France
In office
June 14, 1790 – May 15, 1792
PresidentGeorge Washington
Preceded byThomas Jefferson
Succeeded byGouverneur Morris
Personal details
Born(1759-09-30)September 30, 1759
Surry County, Virginia, United States
DiedDecember 5, 1849(1849-12-05) (aged 90)[1]
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Resting placeLaurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.[2]
RelativesPeyton Short, brother
Alma materCollege of William & Mary

William Short (September 30, 1759 – December 5, 1849) was an American diplomat during the early years of the United States.[3] He served as Thomas Jefferson's private secretary when the latter was a peace commissioner in France, and remained in Europe to take on several other diplomatic posts. Jefferson, later the third President of the United States, was a lifelong mentor and friend. In a 1789 letter, Jefferson referred to Short as his "adoptive son."[4]

Short was an early member and president (1778–1781) of Phi Beta Kappa at the College of William & Mary and was elected to Virginia's Executive Council from 1783 to 1784. After serving as the U.S.'s chargé d'affaires in France during the French Revolution (1789–92). In 1792 he was appointed as America's Minister to the Netherlands, and from 1794 to 1795 he served as a treaty commissioner to Spain.[5][6] In 1804, Short was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society.[7] Although his diplomatic career was not as celebrated or long as Short may have wished, and his love affair with a French noblewoman ended with her marrying another man, Short was a successful businessman and an opponent of slavery who died very wealthy in America.[8]

Life

William Short was born in 1759 to William Short (the Fifth) and Elizabeth Skipwith in Spring Grove, Virginia. He was the brother of Peyton Short, who became a land speculator and politician in Kentucky.[9]

During his time in Paris as Thomas Jefferson's private secretary, William Short served as charge d'affaires in Jefferson's absence. Short's appointment to this role was President Washington's first appointment under the new Constitution, and thus Short holds the honor of being the first Presidential nominee in U.S. history.[10][11] After Jefferson returned to America in 1789, Short continued as charge d'affairs, and since he was the highest ranking American diplomat in France he essentially served as the replacement U.S. Minister for three years.[12] During this time, in what would become a lifelong correspondence, Short provided Jefferson with detailed reports on the progress of the French Revolution. After 1792, Short became increasingly disillusioned with the excessive violence of the Revolution, which resulted in several friends being arrested or murdered.

From September 1790 until August 1794, Short also acted as the United States's fiscal agent in Europe, and in that capacity he refinanced America's foreign debt, negotiating a lower interest rate than any other country enjoyed—a service that greatly helped America's federal government in the 1790s.[13] He was appointed Minister Resident to the Netherlands in January 1792 and served until December 1792. From 1794 to 1795 he was a treaty commissioner plenipotentiary to Spain.[12][14] Short's Spanish mission was frustrating, however, because France and Spain went to war in March 1793, making any Spanish-American treaty much more difficult. After working on negotiations for years, he was removed from his position just as the situation began to get better, and so did not get credit when a treaty was finally made. Short returned to Paris, but after finding that the woman he loved, the Duchesse Rosalie de la Rochefoucauld, was not willing to leave France, he went back to the United States to take care of business matters in 1802. Immediately upon returning, Short visited Jefferson for a month at Monticello, Jefferson's home.[15]

A few years later, then-President Jefferson nominated Short via recess appointment to become Minister to Russia in 1808; however, after Short had arrived in Europe, the Senate decided not to have a diplomat sent to Russia at all, and Short never proceeded to the post. Short became angry at James Madison, who had succeeded Jefferson to the presidency, for not renewing his appointment and for sending John Quincy Adams instead in 1809.[16] Short also found out that Rosalie not only would not leave France to marry him, but had actually married an older, wealthy relative instead. Short left Europe for good, returning to America and spending the last years of his life managing his successful business dealings, supporting various philanthropic ventures, and keeping up his friendship with Jefferson through visits and letters.

Short was both an opponent of slavery and a believer in the natural equality of the races. In 1798, he wrote that further research into the societies of Africa were giving evidence that black people were capable of great civilizations, and—he hoped—news of this would undermine the racial prejudices many white people in America held toward black people. He advocated freeing slaves in America, giving them farmland and access to education, and supported racial intermarriage. Later in his life, he became a supporter of the American Colonization Society, believing that slaveowners would be encouraged by it to free their slaves.[17][18]

Love letters and romance with Rosalie de la Rochefoucauld

Short never acquired the fame or political prestige he sought in life, despite his charm and intellect, his diplomatic assignments in Europe, or his close relationship with Thomas Jefferson, whom he considered a second father. But Short developed an extraordinary romance with Alexandrine Charlotte de Rohan-Chabot, casually known as Rosalie, the Duchess de la Rochefoucauld. She was passionate and beautiful, a woman of the aristocracy during the French Revolution. She witnessed firsthand the violence during the Reign of Terror, including the assassination of her husband and the execution of her brother. Their love affair was recorded in hundreds of letters which detailed these events, documenting the lovers' pains of separation and their frustration with social norms. Their words of devotion are poetic and moving, and offer personal insights into a turbulent era of world history.[19] Despite their romance, she eventually married a kinsman, Boniface Louis Andre, Marquis de Castellane, in 1810.[20]

In the historical novel America's First Daughter, Short is a major character. The authors imagine him as having a lifelong unfulfilled romance with Jefferson's daughter Patsy.[21]

References

  1. ^ Tyler, Lyon (1895). William and Mary College Quarterly: Historical Magazine. Richmond, Virginia: Whittet & Shepperson. p. 262. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
  2. ^ Yaster, Carol; Wolgemuth, Rachel (2017). Laurel Hill Cemetery. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-4671-2655-7. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  3. ^ Boyce, Myrna (1943). "The Diplomatic Career of William Short". The Journal of Modern History. 15 (2): 97–119. ISSN 0022-2801.
  4. ^ Jefferson, Thomas. "Letter to John Trumbull". Founders Online. National Archives. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  5. ^ The United States did not have ambassadors until 1893. Until that time, the highest ranking diplomats were known as ministers.
  6. ^ "Who were the first U.S. Ambassadors?". United States Department of State. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  7. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  8. ^ Shackelford, George Green (1993). Jefferson's Adoptive Son: The Life of William Short, 1759–1848. Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky. pp. 4, 11, 42–43, 55, 178. ISBN 0-8131-1797-6.
  9. ^ Shackelford, p. 3
  10. ^ McGinnis, John (2005). "Appointments Clause". In Meese III, Edwin; Spalding, Matthew; Forte, David (eds.). The Heritage Guide to the Constitution. Heritage Foundation. Washington, DC. pp. 211. ISBN 159698001X. OCLC 61724346.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ^ Nomination of a Sitting Member of Congress to be Ambassador to Vietnam, Op. O.L.C. 20 284, 287 (1996)
  12. ^ a b "William Short (1759–1849)". Department History - People. U. S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  13. ^ Bowman, Rebecca. "William Short". Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia. Monticello. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  14. ^ Shackelford. Jefferson's Adoptive Son. p. 95.
  15. ^ Bowman, Rebecca. "William Short". Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia. Monitcello. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  16. ^ Shackelford. Jefferson's Adoptive Son. p. 157.
  17. ^ Short, William. "Letter to Jefferson". Founders Online. National Archives. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  18. ^ Shackelford. Jefferson's Adoptive Son. p. 187.
  19. ^ "William Short, Jefferson's Only "Son"" The North American Review, September 1926, pp. 471–486
  20. ^ Shackelford, p. 160
  21. ^ Dray, Stephanie; Kamoie, Laura (2016). America's First Daughter. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-234726-8.
Attribution
  • Shackelford, George Green (1993). Jefferson's Adoptive Son. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1797-6. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
  • Kimball, Marie Goebel (1926). William Short, Jefferson's Only "Son". The North American Review.
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by U.S. Minister to France
1790–1792 		Succeeded by
Preceded by U.S. Minister to the Netherlands
1792–1792 		Succeeded by
Preceded by U.S. Minister to Spain
1794–1795 		Succeeded by

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