Najd Rebellion
map of Second Saudi State
Date 1819 - 1824 Location Najd, Arabian Peninsula Result Saudi victory Establishment of the Emirate of Najd Territorial changes The end of the presence of the Ottoman Empire in Najd Turki bin Abdullah restored Najd, Al-Ahsa, Oman from Ottoman rule by 1832.
Belligerents
Ottoman Empire Eyalet of Egypt Imamite Ibn Muammar [ar]	Emirate of Najd Najdi Tribes
Commanders and leaders
Mahmud II Muhammad Ali Pasha Hussein Bey Muhammad bin Mishari † Ibrahim Kashif † Musa Al-Kashif † Abu Ali Al-Maghrabi  Mohammed Agha  Faisal bin Taban Al-Duwish	Turki bin Abdullah Faisal bin Turki Mishari bin Saud † Omar bin Abdulaziz (POW)
Casualties and losses
7,000 - 10,000~ Killed	Unknown

Najd Rebellion was a series of armed conflicts and uprisings that took place in Najd after the collapse of the Emirate of Diriyah after its defeat by Ottoman forces. The revolution represented resistance against the Ottoman Caliphate and internal power struggles, as some local rulers sought to preserve the Ottoman Caliphate while others fought for independence. The movement was eventually led by Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud, the grandson of Mohammed bin Saud, the founder of the First Saudi state.

After the Wahhabi expansion of Hejaz, the Wahhabi war began, leading to the defeat of Saudi forces and the subsequent seizure of their capital Diriyah by Ibrahim Pasha, son of Muhammad Ali Pasha. Members of the Al Saud family were forced to flee and hide themselves from the pursuit of the Ottoman forces. After the siege of Diriyah, Ibrahim Pasha founded regional princes for the Najd administration, although these appointments led to internal conflicts as different factions competed for hegemony.

Ibrahim Pasha left Najd in a state of ruin and suffering from famine before returning to Egypt. After his departure, Mohammed bin Mishary bin Muammar traveled from Al-Ayina to the destroyed city of Diriyah and began to rebuild it. Many former residents who fled during Ibrahim Pasha's campaign returned, and Ibn Muammar established Diriyah as the capital of his emirate. His territory expanded to include Al-Kharj, Riyadh, Harimala and Al-Tashm.

Ibn Muammar ruled many of Najd under Ottoman sovereignty until the emergence of Mishary bin Saud Al Saud, the brother of Abdullah bin Saud. After escaping from captivity near Yanbu, Mishary hid in tattoos, gathered Al Saud loyalists from Qassim and Al-Zulfi, and walked in Diriyah. Although Ibn Muammar initially swore allegiance, he later reconsidered and mobilized forces in Sados with the support of Hermila's commanders. With the additional support of the leader of the Mutair tribe, Faisal bin Taban Al-Duwish, Ibn Muammar captured Diriyah and imprisoned Mishary bin Saud in Sadus.

After the arrest of Mishary, Ibn Muammar advanced to Riyadh where Turki bin Abdullah took refuge. Turki fled to Al-Haer in the south of Najd, which prompted Ibn Muammar to appoint his son Mishary as governor of Riyadh. Meanwhile, Muhammad Ali Pasha sent a 400-strong force under Bush Agha to capture Mishary. Learning the presence of Turki bin Abdullah in Druma, Ibn Muammar sent his son with 100 soldiers, but Turki defeated them and captured them. Turki then took control of Diriyah and Riyadh, and Ibn Muammar was arrested, and when Mikhail's death was confirmed in captivity, both Ibn Muammar and his son were executed.

Faisal bin Taban Al-Duwish and Ghobush Agha tried to besiege Imam Turki bin Abdullah in Riyadh. Turki's forces successfully resisted, forcing the siege to abandon it. In response, Muhammad Ali Pasha ordered all Ottoman forces in Medina to march to Riyadh under the command of Hussein Bey. The Ottoman queue arrived in Riyadh without opposition and surrounded a Turk in the royal palace. Under the darkness, Turki and his supporters fled to Al-Hilweh in the south of Najd. The remaining defenders surrendered, as Hussein Bey executed 70 Turkish supporters and captured Omar bin Abdul Aziz with his son Abdul Malik.

After Hussein Bey's withdrawal, the Sharif of Medina Hassan Pasha sent a 800-strong cavalry force led by Hassan Bey (Abu Zaher). This unit destroyed Oniza, Jebel Shammar, Al-Majmaah and Sudair, while attempts to collect zakat from the Bedouins sparked widespread opposition throughout Najd.

Months later, Ottoman forces from Riyadh and Manfouha led by Ibrahim Kashif (brother of Musa Kash), accompanied by local princes Nasser bin Nasser Al-Aidi, the Emir of Riyadh, Al-Kharj, and Musa bin Mazrou, the Emir of Manfouha, attacked the tribe of Sabaa in Al-Bida, south of Riyadh. Suba', led by Sheikh Mohammed bin Daghim Al-Omani Al-Subaie, was able to defeat the Ottomans and those with them, killing more than 300 soldiers including Ibrahim Kashf and Nasser Al-Aidi and the escape of Musa bin Mazrou.

The Ottoman garrison in Al-Majmaah, led by Musa Kashif, attacked the nearby Sahl tribe but suffered defeat with more than 30 soldiers killed, including Kashif. The survivors retreated to Al-Majmaah alongside Oniza Amir Abdullah Al-Jami.

Residents of Oniza revolted against the 600-strong Ottoman garrison led by Muhammad Agha, in protest against repressive taxes and misconduct. After the forces were besieged in Al-Safa Palace and nearly seventy soldiers were killed, a peace agreement allowed the Ottomans to withdraw, and only the Riyadh garrison remained in Najd.

During the month of Ramadan 1823, Turki bin Abdullah returned with 30 men, and received support from the leaders of the Muham, the Calval and Al-Sudair, and established a race as his base. His attack on the Ottoman garrisons of 600 soldiers in Riyadh and Manfouha failed, forcing him to retreat to Erka where he repelled an Ottoman counterattack.

In late 1823, a Turk advanced from Erka to seize Derma and kill her prince. As the conflict split in Najd, Turki defeated opposition leaders including Majid bin Ahmed from Al-Majma'ah and Hamad bin Mubarak from Harimalat. The rulers of Al-Zulfi, Ghat, Munich, Sudair and Shaqra surrendered without resistance. Manfouha surrendered after negotiations with Prince Ibrahim bin Salama, who expelled the Ottoman garrison to join Riyadh forces.

By August 1824, Turk had mobilized all the troops from Manfuha to besiege Riyadh. After initial clashes forced Ottoman forces into the city, a month-long siege followed. Turki temporarily withdrew when Faisal al-Dawish reinforced the Ottomans, but resumed the attack after Davis left. The commander of the garrison Abu Ali Al-Maghrabi negotiated a safe corridor before surrendering, in the Ottoman withdrawal from Najd.

While the Ottoman Empire focused on the Greek War of Independence, Turki expanded its authority through campaigns in Al-Kharj, Qassim and Jabal Shammar. By 1828, each Najd recognized his rule. After his son Faisal escaped from Egyptian captivity, Turki sent him against the Emirate of Bani Khaled. The subsequent battle of Al-Sabiya witnessed the defeat of Faisal's forces from the tribes of Qahtan, Ajman and Sabia for Prince Majid bin Arir (allied with Anza and Mutair). Majid's death hastened Al Saud's invasion of Al-Ahsa and Qatif.

First Asir Revolt (1819-1824)
Date 1819 - 1824 lasted for 5 years Location Asir, Hejaz, Saudi Arabia Result Emirate of Asir Victory Asir's separation from the Ottoman province of Hejaz Withdrawal of the Ottomans and Hijazis from Asir
Belligerents
Ottoman Empire Eyalet of Egypt Ottoman Hejaz	Emirate of Al Yazid
Commanders and leaders
Mahmud II Muhammad Ali Pasha Ahmed Pasha Muhammad ibn Abd al-Mu'in Khalil Pasha Al-Sharif Rajeh † Al-Sharif Hazza †	Said bin Muslat [ar] Ali bin Majthal [ar]
Strength
10,000 - 20,000	4,500 - 8,000
Casualties and losses
20,000 Killed or Wounded	2,500-3000 Killed or Wounded

The First Asir Revolution (1819-1824) is a series of military campaigns and battles that took place in the Asir region between the Emir of Asir Saeed bin Muslat and the Ottoman governors of Hejaz to repel the Turkish occupation. It led to a conflict between the Emirate of Al Yazid and the Hejaz Governorate with the support of the Ottoman governors of Egypt and lasted for 5 years until the end of the conflict with the victory of the Emir of Asir and the beginning of the establishment of the independent emirate of Al Yazid.

A campaign from Hejaz came under the command of the governor Ahmed Pasha and Sharif Muhammad bin Abdul Ma'in bin Aoun in 1239, and it was able to occupy Asir after the defeat of Saeed bin Muslat at the castle of Shaar, and the force entered Abha, and then Ahmed Pasha returned to Hejaz after leaving a garrison in Abha, and Saeed bin Muslat came out of his hiding places in the phases, so he defeated the Hejazi forces, which then took hold in Abha and besieged them, and finally had to surrender, so he left her way and allowed her to return to Hejaz, and during her return, she met a campaign coming to Asir led by Sharif Muhammad bin Abdul Ma'in, so he returned with him, so he increased his army, and defeated Saeed bin Muslat at the slogan Said bin Muslat died in 1242 and was succeeded by his brother to his mother Ali bin Majthal.

Saeed bin Muslat became the emir of Al-Sarat, so he sent a force under the command of his brother Ali bin Majthal to the country of Wadiha, so he introduced it in his obedience, and sent another force under the command of his cousin Yahya bin Marei to Bisha and subdued it, and he marched in an army to the country of Ghamed and Zahran and brought it to his sultan. Asir became independent of Diriyah, which fell into the hands of Ibrahim Pasha, and then the dispute arose in Najd.

Al-Sharif left a garrison in Tab under the command of his brother Hazza and alienated the tribes of Asir to march with him to Wadi Al-Dawaser, and the arrival of Saeed bin Muslat with his soldiers to him was delayed, and Al-Sharif rebolded him, and upon movement, Saeed bin Muslat returned to Tabb, so he destroyed the garrison in it, and the news reached Al-Sharif, so he returned to Asir, so he met in Wadi Atoud with the soldiers of Asir by the command of Saeed bin Muslat, which a crushing battle blowed between the two parties, in which the Asyrians won, and defeated Al-Sharif and marched returning to Hejaz, but a force from Asir followed the remnants of the Hijazi army.

Qajar-Wahhabi War
Wahhabi Overview map during the conflict in 1811
Date 1808 - 1811 Location Persian Gulf, Oman Result Saudi Strategic Victory Territorial changes Wahhabis captured the Most of Oman And the coastal regions of bandar Abbas Failure of the Iranian campaign in Oman Qajar Failure to stop the Wahhabis in the Persian Gulf
Belligerents
Qajar Iran Omani Empire Supported by: British Empire	Emirate of Diriyah Al Qasimi
Commanders and leaders
Fath Ali Shah Qajar Mohammad Ali Mirza Saadi Khan (WIA) Bahram Zandi khan (POW) Aziz khan † Ali Mahmoud Khan † Masoud Qajari † Knight Abbas Khan (POW) Mohammad Zaki Khan Mirza khan † Said bin Sultan Salim bin Sultan	Saud bin Abdulaziz Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud Mutlaq bin Muhammad Al-Mutayri [simple] Rahmah ibn Jabir Al-Jalhami Sultan bin Sharjah Fahd bin Afaysan (POW) Sheikh Mohammad Al-Jabri Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
Casualties and losses
11,000 killed	Unknown

The Qajar–Wahhabi War was a Series conflicts between the First Saudi State also is known Emirates of Diriyah and the Qajar Empire, primarily fought in Oman and the Persian Gulf. Sparked by the Wahhabi Sack of Karbala in (1802) and Wahhabi Expansion into Oman. with Their raids in the Persian Gulf the war saw Wahhabi forces led by Mutlaq bin Muhammad Al-Mutairi Against the Iranian campaign led by Saadi Khan and Oman led by Said bin Sultan. engage in several battles including the Battle of Izki and the Siege of Samail The Wahhabis captured Bandar Abbas and besieged Muscat As a result the Iranian campaign was suppressed in Oman. opening the way for Mutlaq bin Muhammad's forces.

The Qajar–Wahhabi War trace back to the Wahhabi sack of Karbala in 1802 when Saudi forces Led by Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud attacked the holy Shi'a city in Ottoman Iraq killing approximately 2,000-5,000. destroyed its dome, seizing a large quantity of spoils including gold. The attack deeply outraged the Qajar Empirewhich regarded itself as a guardian of Shi'a Islam and viewed the Wahhabi movement as a Threat to Shi’a Islam and There maritime trade in Persian Gulf Such as known Wahhabi Raids In the Persian Gulf or Wahhabi-Qasimi Piracy in The Persian Gulf Which further Angered the Qajar empire Which released It’s Iranian campaign in Oman After long negotiations and discussions with Said bin Sultan As him self seeking for Help against the Wahhabis.

In response to the Wahhabi incursions and their increasing influence in Oman Fath Ali Shah ordered the preparation of a large campaign led by Saadi Khan who commanded a force intended to restore Iranian dominance and assist Omani forces loyal to Said bin Sultan to resisting Wahhabi expansion. The Iranian-Omani alliance initially sought to drive Wahhabi forces out of the interior regions of Oman. Said bin Sultan was able to reclaim the Nakhal forts in early (1808) However, the Saudis under the Commander of Mutlaq bin Muhammad Al-Mutairi mounted a strong defense. Several engagements followed most notably the Battle of Izki, where Wahhabi forces reportedly repelled the combined Iranian-Omani forces and defeating Saadi khan Ending the Iranian campaign And opening the gate way through Samail and muttrah and later the besieged MuscatOfficially ending The campaign.

The campaigns was led by the First Saudi State (Emirate of Diriyah) to expand its influence, particularly under Saud bin Abdulaziz who led military campaigns inspired by the Wahhabi movement As known Wahhabi Raids in the Persian Gulf (1805) with their maritime ally the Qasimi tribe of Ras Al Khaimah and Sharjah. These campaigns aimed to challenge Persian,Omani and British-backed maritime dominance and to spread Wahhabi influence through both military conquest and religious reform The earliest notable action occurred in 1805 when Wahhabi-aligned tribes launched raids on coastal settlements across the eastern Gulf targeting regions under nominal Qajar control Islands and British ships These operations disrupted trade routes and instilled panic among local rulers especially those dependent on maritime commerce The Qasimi, who had embraced Wahhabi doctrine, became key players in these campaigns Their growing naval strength allowed them to conduct frequent raids. During the campaign in Oman Wahhabi-Qasimi Their naval activities peaked between 1808 and 1810 when the Saudis captured several ports and islands with strategic value Most notably The capture of bandar Abbas And the region near it These campaigns alarmed both the Qajar Empire and the British East India Company which began to view the Wahhabi-Qasimi alliance as a serious threat to regional stability and trade.

The Qajar–Wahhabi War ended without a formal treaty but the military and political outcomes favored the Emirates of Diriyah Despite Iranian efforts to reclaim influence in Oman and the Persian Gulf the Qajar campaign was ultimately repelled Wahhabi forces led by Mutlaq bin Muhammad Al-Mutairi And they failed to stop the Wahhabis In the Persian Gulf continuing the raids on British-Qajars Ships making the Conflict a strategic victory for Saudis The conflict also heightened British concerns about Wahhabi power in the Gulf, paving the way for future confrontations.

Wahhabi Attack on Karbala
Date 1802 Location Karbala, Iraq Result First Saudi State Victory Demolition of Hussein bin Ali's mausoleum and his dome Seize jewels, jewelry, candlestles and carpets
Belligerents
Muntafiq Emirate	Emirate of Diriyah
Commanders and leaders
Muzaffar al-Kaabi Mutair bin Fadel Khalaf bin Khudair Janb Rashid	Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud
Units involved
People of Karbala City	12,000 knights
Casualties and losses
2,000 - 5,000 Killed	No Casualties

The attack on Karbala occurred on April 21, 1802 AD (1216 AH) and is said (1801 AD), during the rule of Abdul Aziz bin Muhammad, the second ruler of the first Saudi state. Armed groups of the first Saudi state forces with an army of twelve thousand fighters attacked the city of Karbala, in revenge for the killing of 300 Najdi men by the Khuza'a tribe near Najaf. The attack coincided with Eid al-Ghadeer, one of the Shiite holidays, where most of the people of Karbala had gone to the city of Najaf to visit the tomb of Imam Ali.

The death toll exceeded 2000-5000 people. The attackers captured the tomb of Imam Hussein and demolished the dome placed above him, looted many jewels, jewelry, luxurious carpets, precious pendants and candlesticks and removed the doors inlaid with precious stones. The attack lasted for eight hours, after which the attackers went out near noon and transferred what they took on more than four thousand camels to Diriyah, the capital of the first Saudi state.

The governor of Baghdad, Suleiman Pasha, had sent a campaign against the first Saudi state in late 1211 AH corresponding to 1796 AD under the leadership of Thuwaini bin Abdullah Al-Saadoun, the leader of the Al-Muntaqif clans, but before the meeting of Thuwaini's forces with the Saudi forces, he was assassinated, so his army returned to Iraq, in early 1212 AH, corresponding to 1797 AD. In 1213 AH, corresponding to 1798 AD, Suleiman Pasha sent another campaign led by his assistant Ali Pasha, so that campaign reached the Al-Ahsa region, and besieged the Saudi garrison in it, but it failed in its endeavor and returned to Iraq after incurring losses, and then they concluded a truce with the Saudis, whose forces were led by Prince Saud bin Abdul Aziz at that time. But in 1214 AH corresponding to 1799 AD, the Iraqi Al-Khazael tribe attacked a Najdi convoy near Najaf, violating that truce, killing three hundred of them. Abdul Aziz bin Muhammad Al Saud protested to Suleiman Pasha, the governor of Baghdad, and demanded the payment of the dead. Negotiations between the two sides were through Abdul Aziz Al-Shawi, one of the famous men of Iraq, but they did not lead to a positive result; The governor of Baghdad refused to pay the dead from the Najd, and also refused to allow Badia Najd to graze in Iraqi territory. As a result, Prince Saud bin Abdulaziz attacked Karbala. Researcher Raymond says in a report on the Karbala tragedy:

“It was known that countless riches gathered in the city of Karbala and perhaps there is no equal in the treasures of the Persian Shah, because gifts of silver, gold, precious stones and a large number of rare artifacts were contained on the mausoleum of Hussein for several centuries.. Even Tamur Laink from this presence, and everyone knew that Nader Shah had transferred to the mausoleum of Imam Hussein and the mausoleum of Imam Ali a large part of the abundant spoils he brought from his campaign on India and presented with him his personal wealth, and these are the enormous wealth that gathered in the first shrine arousing the appetite and greed of the Wahhabis for a long time.”

Some Russian Orientalists And Some European Orientalists Used To Consider March 1801 AD As The Date Of The Destruction Of Karbala, Based On The Date Mentioned By Rosseau, Coransez, Burkhart, And Mangan. But Arab historians, and with them the Europeans Philippi, see the date of the fall of Karbala in March and April 1802 AD, based on the classification of Ibn Bishr. Ibn Sanad and Raymond also considered in 1802 AD the date of the destruction of Karbala. All of these sources are close in time to events. Alexei Vasiliev supports the date of 1802 that it is the most correct, pointing out that the reports that arrived from Karbala to the Russian embassy in Istanbul were written before the summer of 1803 AD. The person who then lived in Iraq wrote reports about the destruction of Karbala is unlikely to make a mistake for a whole year about the date of this important incident. Perhaps the change in the history of the Saudi occupation of Karbala in Rousseau's book is the result of the author's leniencence or omission of the printing press. Rosso and Coransez seem to be the first source of information in this regard.

The ruler of the Emirate of Diriyah, Abdul Aziz bin Muhammad Al Saud, sent his son Saud bin Abdul Aziz at the head of an army of twelve thousand knights from Najd to Iraq, storming and looting the towns of Ana and Kubaisa, then the oasis of "Shafatha", before changing the city of Karbala, which is 110 kilometers southwest of Baghdad. At this time, the elderly governor of Baghdad (about 80 years old) was struggling to control the plague disease that spread in Baghdad, and then he did not pay enough attention to follow the movements of the Saudis, and in the midst of his struggle with the epidemic spread among his flock, he was overwn by the news of the invasion of Karbala. Ibn Saud chose on 18 Dhu al-Hijjah/April 22, which corresponds to Eid al-Ghadeer, Abdul Aziz learned that the people of Karbala would be busy commorating the Eid ceremony, so he raided with his followers on the city at dawn and succeeded in storming and controlling it, which was not difficult at that time. The city had weak fortifications, as its people were content with palm trunks stacked around a wall of milk bricks that was not a major dilemma for the Saudis, and most men had gone to Najaf to attend the celebrations.

They entered it on the morning of 18 Dhu al-Hijjah in 1216 AH (1802 AD). 10] Large-scale killings were carried out with the most cruelty using white and fire weapons, and the people of the city who fled in the alleys and the Dhales were pursued and slaughtered. The Najdi forces stormed the tomb of Imam Hussein and his holy kinade, and the Saudi fighters took what they found of jewelry, jewels, candlesticks, Persian carpets, precious pendants, top out the doors inlaid with precious stones, hundreds of silver swords, jellyfish made of pure gold, silver boxes and luxurious silk curtains. The historian Othman bin Bishr, who wrote about the emergence of the Saudi state in a biased way to the Wahhabis about this incident, wrote what he said:

“Saud marched with the Mansoura armies, and the famous old horses from all the present of Najd, its deside, the south, the Hejaz, etc., and intended the land of Karbala and the people of the country of Hussein descended, so they entered it by force, and killed most of its people in the markets and houses and demolished the dome placed on the pretext of those who believed to be the tomb of Hussein, and they took what was in the dome and around it, and it was paved with emeralds, rubies and essence, and they took all that they found in the country of types of money, weapons, clothing, horse, gold and silver.”

That invasion took only about 7 hours, according to the Najdids entered the city at dawn, and left it in the afternoon, after they finished demolishing the domes, then collected what was lightened and expensive, and left the afflicted city, leaving it overwhelmed with sadness and the ruins of the shrines and bodies.

The invasion of Karbala left resounding effects not only on Iraq, but on the entire Islamic world, specifically on 3 parties to it: The first party, the Qajar-Persian state, which has always imposed its sponsorship on the holy Shiite shrines. Public mourning was announced throughout the country, and Shah Fatah Ali sent to Suleiman Pasha, the Ottoman governor in Baghdad, in a strong protest, throwing the consequence of what happened to the Ottoman Empire, and expressing his country's readiness to "crush" the House of Saud "Wahhabis", according to his words, with forces crossing Iraqi territory if the governor continues his "slaged" position in providing protection for the holy thresholds. The Shah also demanded significant financial compensation for some of his subjects who were killed or captured, and for the looting of precious treasures that his ancestors gave gifts to the Holy Shrine.

In turn, the Ottomans were living in their weakest conditions, they did not have enough military force to repel the House of Saud, and they only transferred the contents of the Al-Rawda Al-Haidariya coffers in Najaf to the Al-Rawdah Al-Kadhimiyah building in Baghdad, for fear that what happened to the treasures of Karbala would happen to it. Ottoman Sultan Salim III and his governors repeated bureaucratic instructions to Iraq on the need to confront the "External Ibn Saud", in any way, in order to avoid spoiling the relations between the Ottoman and Qajar states. Frantic Ottoman operations were also carried out to protect the main cities in Iraq, and Baghdad was calified. The Qajar state also provided urgent aid to Karbala, which enabled its ruler to build a fortife wall that reached a height of 30 feet.

As for Britain, it actively exploited the incident in order to deepen its relationship with the Governor of Baghdad, and obtain all the privileges it requires in Iraq, in exchange for more weapons and ammunition that help the Governor to repel the Saudi threat. Britain sent a number of officers to retrain the Wali's forces on modern fighting methods, and the East India Company donated financial aid to the city of Karbala to rebuild its buildings and shrines and help its victims. At the same time, Britain was not eager to ange the Saudis, in order to preserve its interests in the Gulf, it did not show public criticism of that invasion, but rather maintained its friendly relationship with Saud.

As for the greatest manifestation of that invasion, he is a Shiite man whose wife and children died during the events of the Karbala invasion, so he hated Prince Abdul Aziz bin Muhammad Al Saud, so he infiltrated his house in Diriyah, and killed him while praying in 1803, and his son Saud took over the rule after him. The English orientalist John Philippi, a loyal friend of the House of Saud, wrote about this:

“The Shiites took revenge on the invasion of Karbala two years after the assassination of Imam Abdul Aziz. The murderer was disguised as Darwish, and went to Diriyah, and stayed there for days praying behind Abdul Aziz, and one day he threw himself at Abdul Aziz while praying, and stabbed him with a knife in his back that penetrated his stomach, after which people multiplied on the killer and killed him.”

As for the Saudi side, this raid gave it enormous moral and financial strength. The historian Ibn Sanad Al-Basri says: “With the money of Karbala, Saud's order was exalated and the greed of the King of the Two Holy Mosques, and proceeded to besiege Medina.” Saud also reached the courage to send several letters to the rulers and governors in the countries around him calling on them to believe, obey him and join his state, which is confirmed by the testimony of the German orientalist Yasper Ulrich Zeitsen, who visited Cairo during that period, and confirmed that the Wahhabis sent a telegram to Pasha, Egypt, demanding that he bend to them. In his memoirs, Zeitsen predicted that the Wahhabis would be the greatest threat to Egypt in the future. The power of the House of Saud also extended inside the Hejaz, following the philosophy of the "carbala invasion" itself; Saud entered Mecca in 1803, and ordered the demolition of all the shrines with all the domes and other places of visiting around the Kaaba, and this victory was a decisive blow to the Ottomans' religious influence in the region, after the holy city of Muslims became in the hands of the Saudis. The Saudis were not satisfied with that, but imposed a siege on Medina again and again, until they subjected it to their rule and other major cities of Hejaz, and the strength of the Saudis reached something that could not be silenced until they orchestrated several invasions that penetrated the borders of the Levant.

Here, the Ottomans, the governor of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha, insisted to face the Saud, after he ended up subduing his control over Egypt after the extermination of the Mamluks in the famous castle massacre. Under the leadership of Ibrahim Pasha, the Egyptian army headed to Hejaz, where it toppled the first Saudi state, after the Egyptian forces stormed Diriyah and captured Prince Abdullah bin Saud. After his imprisonment, the last prince of Diriyah went with the remaining jewels of Karbala to Istanbul, where he was interrogated. When asked about the fate of the lobs of Hussein bin Ali's tomb, he confirmed that some of them were sold to Sharif Ghalib, and others were sold to traders from India. Saud also distributed some of them to his sisters and dignitaries, and only a small box remained that was seized by Istanbul after the execution of Abdullah bin Saud.

Battle of Ain Khafr
Part of 1948 Arab–Israeli War
Date 1948 Location Near the Suez Canal - Egypt Result Saudi Victory
Belligerents
Israel	Saudi Arabia
Commanders and leaders
Yigael Yadin	Mufleh Al-Tamimi Major General
Strength
31,600 Israeli Soldiers	8,300 Saudi Soldiers
Casualties and losses
27,409 Killed 476 (POW) 3,715 Mice	1,784 Killed

On the 84th National Day of the Kingdom, memory returns to reveal many of the championships recorded by the Saudi army since the beginning of its establishment until the present. Perhaps one of the first battles fought by the regular Saudi army was the famous battle of 1948 in Palestine, in which Egypt, the Kingdom of Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia participated against the armed Zionist militias in Palestine. The newspaper "Shab" relists the pages of that battle fought by the Saudi soldiers with valance, and they screw many heroic epics, in response to the call of the homeland, and to protect Islamic sanctities, before Western countries intervened with a truce that saved Israel from defeat.

Britain had announced the termination of its mandate for Palestine, and British troops had accordingly left the mandate area.

The United Nations had issued a resolution to divide Palestine into two states, Jewish and Arab; which was opposed by the Arab countries, and launched a military attack to expel Jewish militias from Palestine in May 1948, which lasted until March 1949.

With the beginning of the skirmishes, the Mufti of Palestine, Amin Al-Husseini, and the Arab Supreme Commission in Palestine, sent a delegate to His Majesty the founding King Abdul Aziz bin Abdulrahman Al Saud, may God have mercy on him, to ask for help. The founding king - may God have mercy on him - ordered the sending of a quantity of ammunition and guns to the rebels in Palestine, and the Saudi people donated 5,000,000﷼.

Soon the war broke out in Palestine, and King Abdulaziz Al Saud ordered the Saudi Minister of Defense at that time to send a Saudi division for jihad in Palestine within 24 hours, and the first batch went by planes, while the rest of the companies were sent by steam. The leadership of the First Saudi Jihad Division was appointed by Colonel Saeed Bey Al-Kurdi and his agent Commander Abdullah bin Nami, and the number of officers and members of the division reached about three thousand and two hundred men, according to a number of books that monitored that historical stage.

On 13 Rajab, 1367 AH / May 21, 1948 AD, the Saudi forces left Taif on their way to Jeddah between chanting, applause and praying for them for success and clear victory.

Umm Al-Qura newspaper praised the positions of heroism, redemption and sacrifices made by the Arab heroes, and history wrote them in its most heart pages.

Al-Ahram newspaper stated in issue 22.823 dated March 4, 1949 that King Farouk granted Niashin and descrution to a number of Saudi officers and soldiers in appreciation of their heroism and courage in the battles fought by the Saudi army under the army.

Saudi forces arrived in Jeddah after their departure from Taif, and went by Saudi planes to Cairo, and their farewell was Prince Mansour bin Abdulaziz, Minister of Defense and an audience of the Saudi people, and these forces landed at King Farouk Air Airport with their light armament.

Heavy weapons, armored forces and ammunition were sent by sea to the port of Suez.

The Saudi force had 36 3-inch mortars, 34 Browning guns, 72 perf machine guns, 10 50-caliber machine guns, 10 Hunshks machine guns, 750 303 inches, 10 Hamir armored vehicles, and the ammunition of this force was about 21,600 3-inch mortar shells, 165,000 30 rounds. The Saudi force immediately began fighting alongside Egyptian forces.

As for the battles fought by the Saudi forces in conjunction with the Egyptian forces - which contributed to all the battles fought by the Egyptian forces - most of their clashes with the Jews are bold in the places close to Gaza, such as the colony of (Peron Ishaq) south of Gaza, and between it and Beer Sheba, and the colony (Yed Mard Khai) close to (Deir Sneid) north of Gaza. The first battle of the Saudi army in Beit Hanoun was 9 kilometers from Gaza to the north, and the Saudi camp faced the colony (Peron Isaac) that provides three other villages with water. The debate between Egyptian forces and Jews was on this site. It was decided to expel the Jews from the site, so the Egyptian forces, along with Saudi Arabia, led by the leader (Saeed Al-Kurdi), advanced from the intersection of the Gaza-Beersheba road.

Three factions advanced from the right wing, and entered up to a distance of 50 yards of barbed wire surrounding the colony and its fortresses, and the Saudi forces made a movement bypass around the colony to meet the front Egyptian forces and its left wing, and destroyed the well, and the Jews withdrew from other positions to confront the Saudi forces, and there was a defect in the right that led to the retreat and withdrawal of the command order.

There were multiple sites and battles in which the Saudi forces participated on the land of Palestine.

Perhaps what is impressive about the fighting ability of the Saudi army is not only the fighting spirit, enthusiasm, courage, heroism and victory that accompanied them in most of the battles they fought, but also the way they practiced during the battles, despite the young age and experience of the Saudi officers, and the lack of knowledge of the battlefield, training terms and weapons.

Among the most important sites and battles in which the Saudi army participated in Palestine were the battle of "Deir Sinid", "Asdod", "Najba", "Al-Majdal", "Iraq Swedan", "Al-Haliqat", "Biron Isaac Karatya", "Beit Tima", "Beit Hanun", "Beit Lahia", Gaza, Rafah, Al-Asluj, the army's Taba, Al-Mantar and Sheikh Noran.

Despite what the Saudi and Egyptian soldiers did at the beginning of the battle and achieving victories over the Jews, the Security Council issued a four-week ceasefire, and the Jews were able during the first truce to obtain weapons and equipment, while the Arab forces were suffering from a severe shortage of weapons and equipment, which led to the defeat of the Arab armies that lacked coordination among themselves, the lack of unification of their leadership and different goals and objectives among them.

As for the battle fought by the Saudi army alone against Israel without the intervention of any other Arab army, its harvest was as follows: the number of Saudi forces was 97,000 soldiers led by General Ibrahim Al-Tassan Al-Khaldi, and assisted by a large number of officers, including: Captain Rashid Al-Balaa Al-Khaldi, Captain Turki Al-Rashed and Major Amin Shaker. Saudi forces continued their march to Gaza. Upon her arrival, she occupied (Sheikh Al-Mantar Hills) opposite the eastern Jewish colonies. And she blew up the water pipes. And obstructing the conduct of the caravans that were the colonies. Saudi forces participated in the fighting on the front lines in Gaza and Majdal. And the monastery of Snead.. And dog.. Nitzim along with Egyptian forces.

The Saudi forces fought fierce battles, some of which lasted 7 consecutive days, in which all kinds of weapons were used in the Battle of Karate. And the battle of the house of chastity.. And the Battle of Peron Isaac.. In the latter, the Saudi army stormed the forts, minefields and barbed wire.

The Battle of Ain Khaf also took place near the Suez Canal, in which 8,300 Saudi soldiers stood and confronted the Israeli army consisting of 31,600 soldiers after a clash and besiege of Saudi soldiers for 4 days, in which the Saudi soldiers intellitly withsured and won the Saudi general Mufleh Al-Tamimi, who worked with the Saudi soldiers as a guerrilla war; Thus, the Israeli brigade consisting of 31,600 soldiers, and the battle ended with the capture of 476 Israeli soldiers and 1784 Saudi soldiers martyrs, and a massacre estimated at 27,409 dead from the Israeli Brigade and the escape of 3,715 Israeli soldiers.

The war ended in 1949 after the approval of the Redus Agreement, and the Saudi army withdrew from Palestine on the day the Egyptians signed the truce agreement with Israel, on February 24, 1949. During the nine months he spent in this country, sixty-eight martyrs were lost, four of them officers, five agents, eight deputies, four deputies, and the rest were soldiers. The Saudi forces remained in Egypt for a whole year at the request of the Egyptian government in anticipation of any request, after which the Saudi army returned to the homeland, and received a great reception from the people and the leadership. Egyptian and Jordanian officers praised the Saudi soldier's heroism, chalry and courage in the battles he fought.

More than 96 martyrs fell on the land of Palestine from the Saudi army in various battles from Palestine, including in Lod, Haifa, Jaffa, Jerusalem, Ramleh, Negev, Bab Al-Wad and others. The Saudi government awarded officers and soldiers who participated in the Palestine war with medals, and King Abdulaziz ordered the promotion of all officers. Saudi volunteers who were martyred in the war report eighty-eight martyrs.

The Saudi role in the war received great attention; it was monitored by the book "The Saudi Army in the 1948 Palestine War" by Muhammad bin Nasser Al-Asmari, an attempt to investigate the contribution of regular and irregular Saudi forces. The author presented this participation in two stages, the first: before the entry of the Arab armies into the land of Palestine in May 1948 (Jumada al-Akhirah 1367 AH); the Saudi mujahideen joined the ranks of the volunteers who struggled in Palestine on several fronts, concentrated on the Syrian and Lebanese fronts and the triangle.

At this point, the author presented a different picture of what was known about the Salvation Army. The second phase: It was after May 15, 1948 AD (7 Rajab 1367 AH); Saudi forces participated with Egyptian forces on the southern Palestine front. The author followed this Saudi participation until after the fighting on the various fronts in Palestine stopped following the signing of the truce.

At that stage, the Egyptian and Saudi newspapers also formed another tributary of the author, in addition to the written documents (Egyptian and Saudi) that referred to the Saudi contribution to the 1948 war, and supported all this with audited tables and statistics, in which he listed the names of the participants with whom he interviewed, their ranks and promotions.

Battle of Al-Hilweh
Date 1838 Spring Location Al-Hilweh Governorate in Bani Tamim Result Banu Tamim Victory the killing of the Turks over their father's bukra
Belligerents
Turks	Banu Tamim
Commanders and leaders
Ismail Agha (WIA) Khalid bin Saud	Mohammed bin Khareif Al Tamimi Ibrahim Al Saud Al Tamimi Fawzan Al Murshid Al-Tamimi Zaid bin Hilal Turki Al-Hazani
Strength
4,169 Turkish soldiers commanded by Ismail Agha 3,000 soldiers from the people of Riyadh, Al-Kharj, Darmaa, Harimalat, Sudair, Qassim, Al-Tawsh, and from Wadi Al-Ajman, Mutair, Sabaa, Al-Sahl, and a war led by Khalid bin Saud	2000
Casualties and losses
Total: 4,926 Dead Turks: 2,481 Dead Arabs: 2,445 Dead	50 Dead

The Battle of Al-Hilweh, (معركة الحلوة) which the people of Al-Hilweh call the Battle of the Romans, which Ibn Bishr described in his history as the "Great Epic of Najd" that humiliated the Turks. It is a battle that took place in 1253 AH between the people of Al-Hilwa, led by Prince Muhammad bin Khattab Al-Tamimi, Emir of the Emirate of Al-Hilweh, and the people of Houta Bani Tamim led by Ibrahim Al Saud Al-Tamimi, Fawzan Al-Murshid Al-Tamimi, and the people of Al-Bari led by Turki Al-Hazani, and the people of Naam led by Zaid bin Hilal against the forces of the Ottoman Empire led by Ismail Agha, Khalid bin Saud and those with him from the tribes; The battle ended with the victory of the people of Houta Bani Tamim, Al-Hilwa, Al-Hareeq, and Naam.

• 4,169 Turkish soldiers commanded by Ismail Agha

• 3,000 soldiers from the people of Riyadh, Al-Kharj, Darmaa, Harimalat, Sudair, Qassim and Al-Tashm, except for the sons of the tribe of Bani Tamim. They retired from this war because it was against their cousins, the people of Houta Bani Tamim and Al-Hilwa, a few of whom participated

And a number of Wadi Al-Ajman, Mutair, Saba'a, the plains and a war led by Khalid bin Saud

• Turks 2,481 killed

• 2,445 killed from the people of Riyadh, Al-Kharj, Darmaa, Harimalat, Sudair, Qassim, Al-Tashm, and from Wadi Al-Ajman, Mutair, Sabi, Plains and Harb

• 1,000 soldiers from the people of Houta Bani Tamim

• 200 soldiers from Al-Hareeq

• 180 soldiers from the people of Naam

• 120 soldiers from the people of Al-Hilweh

• 5 Al-Hilweh Killed

• Al-Hilla and the villages of Houta Bani Tamim 21 dead

• Al-Hareeq 11 dead

• 13 dead Naam

Battle of Izki
Part of Saudi invasion of Oman
A fort in Samail, which was the fort that was captured by Wahhabis.
Date 10 June, 1808 Location Oman Result Wahhabi victory Retreat of Iranian forces Beginning of Sack of Muttrah Territorial changes Samail Fort captured by Saudi forces
Belligerents
Qajar Iran Omani Empire	Emirate of Diriyah
Commanders and leaders
Fath Ali Shah Saadi Khan (WIA) Said bin Sultan	Saud bin Abdulaziz Mutlaq bin Muhammad Al-Mutayri [simple]
Strength
3,000 Iranian soldiers	Unknown
Casualties and losses
2,900 Dead	Unknown

The Battle of Izki was a battle that took place in June 1808 AD, between the First Saudi State led by Mutlaq bin Muhammad Al-Mutairi Against the Iranian campaign led by Saadi Khan and Oman led by Said bin Sultan and his brother Salem bin Sultan. This is considered the most intense battle in which the First Saudi State and Iran faced each other, and it ended with the victory of Mutlaq bin Muhammad Al-Mutairi and the Saudi forces, killing a large number of them and taking their tents, most of their belongings and cannons. As a result, the Iranian campaign was suppressed and withdrew to Iran, opening the way for Mutlaq bin Muhammad's forces to the villages of Bani Rawaha at the entrance to Wadi Samail, and the SamailFort opened its doors to the Wahhabis.

After Mutlaq bin Mohammed Al Mutairi imposed his control over Oman, the Italian doctor Morisi suggested to Said bin Sultan to seek help from Iran. Said bin Sultan responded to the idea due to the hostility between Iran and the Saudis since the Wahhabi sack of Karbala. He sent his brother Salem to a delegation in Shiraz, and met with the Shah of Persia, Fath Ali Shah. After long negotiations and discussions, he was able to convince the Shah to cooperate with him in order to stop the Saudi advance. The Shah ordered the preparation of a large campaign of three thousand fighters, led by Saadi Khan. These forces arrived in Barka and the two parties agreed that Salem bin Sultan would be the commander of these forces. Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud appreciated the danger of cooperation between Said bin Sultan and the Shah of Iran, so he sent an envoy to the Shah to establish friendly relations with him and to prevent the sending of this expected campaign. However, the Shahresponded to Said bin Sultan’s request and ordered that the commander Saadi Khan accompany Salem bin Sultan on his return with three thousand Iranian horsemen. This force arrived in Barka and Said bin Sultan was able to reclaim the Nakhal forts in early 1808 AD. And Samail, when he received news of Tusun Pasha’s campaign in the land of Hejaz, he sent a naval campaign led by his son to Qatar and Bahrain. The campaign succeeded in destroying Zubarah and capturing the Saudi tribal leaders there. The Saudi leader Mutlaq Al -Mutairi left Al-Buraimi at that time, returning to Najd. Sheikh Mohammed bin Nasser Al-Jabri hurried to Al-Buraimi to seek his help, but found that he had left. He went after him and kept urging him to confront the joint Iranian-Omani force. He returned after Sheikh Mohammed bin Nasser Al-Jabri promised to supply the army and provide it with the necessary money. Mutlaq Al-Mutairi mobilized the tribes of Naim, Bani Qitab, Al-Dhawahir and Al-Duru’, and for the first time the Omani tribes of Bani Bu Ali joined him against the Iranian campaign. At the same time, the forces of Salem bin Sultan and the Persians, led by Saadi Khan, gathered in Izki. Sheikh Issa bin Saleh Al-Harthi came to them at the head of his tribe. The battle took place near Izki, and the joint Iranian-Omani forces were defeated. Saadi Khan fled and returned to Barka with a hundred Iranian knights, then returned to Iran, and the road was opened for Mutlaq Al-Mutairi's forces to the villages of Bani Rawaha at the entrance to Wadi Samail, and Samail Fort opened its doors to the Wahhabis, After that, Muttrah was Sacked and looted, Forcing Sultan of Oman to pay Annual Tribute to Imam of Diryah

Battle of Al-Adawilah (1814)
Part of Ottoman–Wahhabi war
Date May 1814 Location Wadi Qureesh Zahran, Al Adawilah,Al-Baha Province Result Emirate of Diriyah Victory The withdrawal of Muhammed Ali Pasha and his army to Taif
Belligerents
Eyalet of Egypt Ottoman Empire	Emirate of Diriyah Emirate of Bani Omar
Commanders and leaders
Muhammed Ali Pasha	Bakhroush bin Alas
Strength
20,000 fighters	10,000 fighters
Casualties and losses
1,000 Killed	Unknown

Muhammas Ali Pasha went to Asir in the direction of the town of Tabb, the center of the Emirate of Al-Muthami, but Bakhroush bin Allas was changing the supply lines and garrisons of Muhammad Ali, so he decided to return to a raid with 20,000 fighters in Wadi Quraysh Zahran, so he was a midwife with armies from Zahran and defeated him.

Muhammad Ali Pasha wanted to go to Asir towards the town of Tab, the center of the Emirate of Abdul Wahab Al-Mutahmi, to overthrow his emirate, but Prince Bakhroush bin Alas was changing the step of Muhammad Ali Pasha's supplies, garrisons and transportation lines, so Muhammad Ali Pasha decided to return to Bakhroush, so he raid him in his castles in Wadi Quraysh Zahran or Quraysh Al-Hassan at the table with an army of about 20,000 fighters, so the prince met him with the humble army of the Zahran tribe, he singled him and defeated him, and the number of dead was estimated at 1,000 men, and the battle of Khroush was enough for the withdrawal of the Turks to Taif, losing.

The invasion of Basra is one of the attacks of the Wahhabis on Iraq, which aimed to demolish graves and shrines due to the killing of Wahhabi leader Abdulaziz bin Muhammad, the father of Saud Al-Kabeer, who was assassinated after the Wahhabi sack of Karbala in 1802 AD. [1][2]

Invasion of Basra (1803)
Date 1803 Location Iraq, Basra Result Emirate of Diriyah Victory Demolition of the domes and shrines of Al-Zubair
Belligerents
Emirate of Al-Muntafiq	Emirate of Diriyah
Commanders and leaders
Mansour bin Thamer [ar] (POW)	Saud Al-Kabir
Casualties and losses
1000+ Dead	Unknown

Saud Al-Kabir marched from Diriyah after he had gathered all his subjects from the desert and the city, so he set out with his armies and headed north until he stopped at the village of Tanuma near Qassim, where he celebrated Eid and slaughtered his sacrifices. Then he released Bedouins from the north from the Dhafiri tribe and allowed them to return to their homelands. Because he wanted to return to his homeland, and his intention was to surprise the people of Basra when news of his return reached them. Then he departed from Tanuma towards Diriyah, then returned to Basra. He encountered a cavalry battalion of the Muntafiq, whose leader was Mansour bin Thamer Al-Saadoun. He raided them, and the Muntafiq armies were defeated, and their leader, Mansour bin Thamer, was captured. Then Saud the Great raided Basra from the south and demolished all the domes, shrines, and mausoleums outside the walls of Basra. When the sun set, Saud ordered his herald to call out that every Muslim should fire his rifle. When the rifles were fired, the earth and the sky became ablaze, darkness fell, the earth trembled, and the people of Zubair were greatly disturbed. People climbed to the tops of the roofs, and some pregnant women miscarried.

After Saud Al-Kabeer invaded Basra in 1803 AD and captured their president Mansour bin Thamer Al-Saadoun and demolished their domes and scenes, Saud Al-Kabeer mobilized his army on Al-Durahmiya Palace to demolish it, so they rallied and attacked and demolished the palace, and Saud Al-Kabeer continued in the siege of Basra for twelve days and then left a caravan to his homeland

The Great Navigation Battle in 1233 AH/1818 AD is a battle that took place during the Ottoman–Wahhabi war, specifically in the village of Navigation in Asir, between the forces of Sharif Hamoud Abu Nail and the forces of Muhammad Ali Pasha led by Sinan Pasha, who was killed in the same battle and ended with the defeat of the Ottoman and Egyptian forces.

The Great Battle of Navigation (1818)
Part of Ottoman-Wahhabi war
Location Navigation Village - Asir, Saudi Arabia Result Wahhabi Victory The defeat of Sinan Pasha’s forces and his death in the same battle Territorial changes The end of the presence of the Ottoman Empire in Najd
Belligerents
Ealet of Egypt Ottoman Empire	Emirate of Diriyah Emirate of Al Khairat
Commanders and leaders
Muhammad Ali Pasha Sinan Pasha † Mansour bin Nasser † Mahmud II	Al-Sharif Hamoud Abu Mismar Al-Khairati Al-Hassan bin Khalid Al-Hazmi
Casualties and losses
1,000 Dead 1,000 (POW)	Unknown

When the forces of Muhammad Ali Pasha advanced under the leadership of his minister Hosni Pasha in 1817, the state of Asir was in a kind of dispersion, and some of them partised with the Turkish garrison against their president Muhammad bin Ahmed Al-Muthami and Ali bin Majthal. The two presidents agreed to use Shariff Hamoud, the ruler of Tihamama and Amir Abu Arish and summoned him to take over a difficult matter. Sharif Hamoud agreed and sent an army to Asir under the leadership of his minister Hassan bin Khalid Al-Hazmi

That army marched under the leadership of the minister, advanced by the vanguard of the knights, headed by Judge Hassan bin Atif Al-Hakmi, until the vanguard settled in the men of the brightest and Hassan bin Khalid in (Al-Hamma). There he learned that the strength of the Turkish army, led by Juma Pasha, accompanied by Emirs Mansour bin Nasser and Ali bin Haidar, crawled to Asir, so he met them and clashed with them in a battle that led them, and advanced to Asir, led by the vanguard of the vanguard of the knights, led by Hassan bin Atif Al-Hakmi, until he mediated in the mountains of Al-Sarat. He felt what threatened his army from the Asyrians, and his position was embarrassed. He could not advance and could not withdraw.

The two gatherings met and the battle took place and used the white weapon. The Turkish army followed the Adbar, and the people of Al-Sara (Asir tribes) were lucking with the two teams in the tops of the mountains and in the straits of the valleys and the edges of the reefs waiting impatiently for those who prevailed to attack the defeated, killing and stealing. When it became clear to them that the defeat of the Turks, they pounced on them and tracked their panicked remnants, including a team from the campaign on the head of Sinan and Mansour bin Nasser, and the Asyrians followed them in Aqaba called (Tiya), so they were able to catch and kill them, including Sinan Pasha and Mansour bin Nasser.

Saudi-Iraq War (1790-1811)
Part of Saudi expansion outside the Arabian Peninsula
A Mamluk soldier in 1810
Date 1790-1811 Location Arabian Peninsula, Iraq Result Saudi victory Territorial changes Saudi Conquest of Al-hasa and part of South Iraq
Belligerents
Mamluk dynasty of Iraq Emirate of Al-Muntafiq Supported by: Ottoman Empire Kuwait Bani Khalid Emirate	First Saudi State
Commanders and leaders
Suleiman Pasha Al-Kabir [ar] Ali Pasha Al-Kikhia Thuwaini Al-Saadoun [ar] X Mutlaq Al-Jirba † Fares bin Mutlaq † Mansour bin Thamer [ar] (POW) Support: Selim III Abdullah I Al-Sabah	Abdulaziz X Saud Al-Kabir Ibrahim bin Afisan Othman Al-Madaifi
Strength
Thousands of Kurdish and Arab knights Thousands of fighters from tribes allied against Saudi Arabia	16,000 - 27,000 fighters
Casualties and losses
60.000	Unknown

The Saudi-Iraqi war (حرب السعودية العراقية) is a war that took place in 1790 and lasted until 1811, between the first Saudi state, and the governors of Iraq belonging to the Ottoman Empire and loyal to it, such as the Emirate of Al-Muntafiq and the tribes living in their regions. The motives of the first Saudi state were to spread the Salafi doctrine northeast of the Arabian Peninsula, in addition to increasing the Saudi state's patch by expanding to the northeast of the Arabian Peninsula, and annexing the lands west of the Euphrates River from Anana to Basra to Saudi lands. The governors of Iraq could not eliminate the first Saudi state, or defeat it in this war, which prompted the Ottoman Empire to ask the Ottoman governor of the Levant to attack the first Saudi state and eliminate it, but its governor rejected the request for fear of fighting it and annexing the Levant to the Saudi state, which prompted the Ottoman Empire to direct orders to attack the first Saudi state and eliminate it to Muhammad Ali Pasha, the governor of the Governorate of Egypt, who accepted the orders and the Ottoman Saudi War broke out, or as it is known as Muhammad Ali's campaigns on the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi-Egyptian War) in 1811.

The collision factors began to gather between the mamluks of Iraq and the first Saudi state, when Ottoman Iraq, especially its south, became the center of gathering forces opposed to the first Saudi state and its reformist call. The factors of friction emerged between the two parties, after a campaign carried out by Thuwaini bin Abdullah Al-Saadoun, President of the Emirate of Al-Muntaqaf, on Qassim, in 1201 AH, corresponding to 1786, and with him large crowds of the tribes of Al-Muntaq, the people of Al-Majra, Al-Zubair, Wadi Shammar, Ghalib and Al-Taya. He launched an attack on the town of Tanuma, forcibly seized it, and killed many of its people in a massacre called the Tanuma massacre. Then he besieged Buraidah, but had to lift the siege from her, when he heard of the unrest in his country, so he returned to his homeland. This campaign has exacerbated the situation, and has become a strong cause of the direct collision between the first Saudi state, the Emirate of Al-Muntaqf and the Mamluks of Iraq, in southern Iraq. Imam Abdulaziz bin Muhammad sent a message to Suleiman Pasha Al-Kabeer, the Governor of Baghdad, accompanied by a copy of the book of Sheikh Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab, "Monotheism, which is God's right over the slaves", and asked him to gather the scholars of Baghdad to consider the book and believe in what is stated in it. However, the governor underestimated this call, and his response was negative, downplaying the reformist call. Thus, the land of Iraq was considered a war house, in the eyes of the followers of the first Saudi state.

The Emirate of Al-Muntaqaf and the Shiite tribes in Iraq played an active role in supporting Bani Khalid and those who abroad on Saudi influence from the Najdi cities, and that is why Imam Abdulaziz bin Muhammad saw that he would carry out disciplinary work against these clans in southern Iraq; He led his son Saud bin Abdulaziz

In 1203 AH corresponding to 1788, an army surprised the Emirate of Al-Muntaqaf, in the well-known position of Al-Rawdatain between Al-Mutla and Safwan. This reconnaissance campaign was the first Saudi campaign to enter the borders of Iraq, and the Emirate of Al-Muntaqf continued to shelter fugitives from the first Saudi state, so Abdul Mohsen bin Sardah and his followers from the sons of Khalid resorted to it in 1204 AH corresponding to 1789. After that, his son Barak bin Abdul Mohsen took refuge in 1207 AH corresponding to 1792.

In an effective military action, Imam Saud bin Abdulaziz led in 1209 AH, corresponding to 1794, the invasion against the Al-Dhafir tribes in the province of Al-Hajra, on the Iraqi border, and the first Saudi state was able to transfer the attack field to the southern Iraqi territory, and became in a center of power from which it could challenge the kings of Iraq, especially after it was able to establish its rule in Al-Ahsa, and it was an opportunity for the state, the first Saudi state, to discipline the Emirate of Al-Muntaqaf, the Al-Dhafir tribe, and the opposition forces, which fled to this region.

After this successive invasion of southern Iraq, libraries took place between the Ottoman Sultan Selim III and the governor of Baghdad, Suleiman Pasha the Great, in order to conduct strong Ottoman campaigns against Diriyah, the capital of the first Saudi state. However, Suleiman Pasha the Great appreciated the difficulty of his organized army making wars in the desert, which he did not count, and did not have sufficient experience by nature. He also feared that the tribes living in the south of Basra would carry out uprisings and unrest against the state; The governor of Baghdad, Suleiman Pasha Al-Kabeer, saw that he would work to beat the Saudis with the Arabs of Iraq; Thuwaini bin Abdullah Al-Sadoun, the former emir of the emirate of Al-Muntaqaf, who was arrested, and returned to him the Emirate of Al-Muntaq, instead of Hamoud bin Thamer, and held a war brigade for him the first Saudi state. Thuwaini bin Abdullah Al-Saadoun was found in a large army gathering, consisting of the Emirate of Al-Muntaq, Al-Zubayr, Basra, and the disgruntled elements of the sons of Khalid.

Thuwaini bin Abdullah Al-Saadoun launched his campaign towards Al-Ahsa. He did not head directly towards Diriyah; because his campaign, first, included two leaders from Bani Khalid, namely Barak bin Abdul Mohsen, and Muhammad bin Ariar, who have followers in Al-Ahsa, which facilitates the invasion of Al-Ahsa. Second, because the road to Al-Ahsa is easier, especially since it can use boats and ships to transport soldiers, especially Turks, and suppies and equipment. And thirdly, because Thuwaini bin Abdullah Al-Saadoun realized the importance of Al-Ahsa as an easy supply center for troops. However, Thuwaini bin Abdullah Al-Saadoun's campaign was unable to achieve its goal, because it was, in fact, containing different elements, especially from the presidents of Bani Khalid, and because Thuwaini bin Abdullah Al-Saadoun, the commander of the campaign, had been killed, at the hands of one of the slaves of Bani Khalid, before he did any successful action, against the Saudi forces, which Diriyah maneed towards Al-Ahsa. The ranks of the Iraqi campaign were troubled, and I was forced to retreat. Saudi forces tracked her down, and she chased her remnants up to Kuwait's borders. She took over a lot of her equipment, guns and equipment, and took a lot of spoils. Barak bin Abdulmohsen joined the Saudi forces.

Imam Saud bin Abdulaziz carried out an attack on southern Iraq, in response to the Thuwaini bin Abdullah Al-Saadoun campaign. And he invaded the market of the sheikhs and heavens. He reached the village of Umm al-Abbas. During his raid, he launched an attack on the Shammar, Al-Dhafir, and other Arab tribes, and Mutlaq Al-Jarba killed one of the sheikhs of the Shammar tribe. Tight orders came from the High Door, to Suleiman Pasha Al-Kabeer, to prepare a strong campaign of regular soldiers against the threat of the first Saudi state.

On 22 Rabi al-Akhtar 1213 AH/2 October 1798 AD Suleiman Pasha prepared a third major campaign and handed over its leadership to his deputy Ali Pasha. The campaign consisted of four thousand to five thousand Inkshari supported by a queue of artillery that was not of a degree of efficiency, and then an irregular force was added to it, equivalent to twice the regularity of the tribes of Aqeel and Al-Obeid, and from the Shammar tribe led by Fares Al-Jarba, and Al-Mutaq, led by Hamoud bin Thamer Al-Saadoun, and joined them from the tribes of Al-Baij, Al-Zaqarit, Al-Qasham, Ahl Al-Zubair and groups of Al-Dhafir. Al-Kahiya Muhammad Bey Al-Shawi, the leader of the Al-Obeid tribe, was accompanied by an advisor in the affairs of the Badia, and those armies arrived in Basra on January 2, 1799 AD, then Al-Zubair in Al-Rawdatain in Al-Jahra, and the campaign rented boats from the Sheikh of Kuwait Abdullah Al-Sabah to transport heavy equipment to Al-Aqir. Ten thousand deers carried the water novels with all other needs, but their number was decreasing rapidly. The problems of walking required many stops for many days. Given Ali Pasha's ignorance of military affairs and his mistreatment of tribal leaders on whom he had to rely, many predicted that the campaign would fail and collapse even before it moved.

The campaign reached Al-Mubarraz and Hofuf, and besieged the two Saudi forts in them. At the head of the garrison of Al-Mubarraz Fort Suleiman bin Muhammad bin Majid. At the head of the hofuf fort garrison was Ibrahim bin Suleiman bin Afisan. Those in the two forts withstood this siege, leaving a bad impact on the attacking soldiers. The campaign forces began to decrease and many of their transport cavets were spent, and food supplies were reduced. Ali Pasha's soldiers, who were desperate, demanded a return. He was finally forced to return to Baghdad without achieving victory. During his return, the Al Saud forces coming from Diriyah had arrived in Al-Ahsa led by Prince Saud bin Abdul Aziz, who as soon as he learned of the withdrawal of Ali Pasha's forces, he decided to track them down; He preceded them and went down with his forces on the water of "Thaj". Ali Pasha had camped in a place called "nets" near Thag. There were skirmishes between the two parties, which were to no avail and victory was written for either team.

Ali Pasha was forced to negotiate with Prince Saud bin Abdulaziz after he failed to achieve a victory over the Saudis. Saud has stipulated several conditions to sign a reconciliation between them, including: that the Saudis leave Al-Ahsa and leave Al-Ahsa, and that the Saudis pay the expenses of their campaign, and that the Saudis return all their shep from the forces of the Mamaluks of Iraq and the Emirate of Al-Muntaqf during the Thuwani Al-Saadoun campaign, that the Saudis are not exposed to the caravans of pilgrims who come from Iraq and pass through their lands. The Saudis pledge to maintain security and road safety in their territory. The terms of reconciliation that Ali Pasha asked of the Saudis were unrealistic, especially as they came in the termst of the failure and retreat of the campaign. Ali Pasha, who demanded these conditions, wanted to justify them with several things, including:

To reduce the severity of the Ottoman shock resulting from the weakness of the military position of the campaign, and the extent of the difficulties it encountered until it was forced to withdraw from Al-Ahsa and return to Iraq without achieving its goal, and to show Ottoman officials that his return to Iraq was after the Saudis stipulated several conditions, which were in favor of the Ottomans. The conditions he asked for represent the conditions dictated by the influential authority to the subordinate authority, to convince his forces that he was not defeated despite the contradictions and difficulties of the situation.

Although the Saudis were in a better military situation than the Ali Kekhia campaign, Prince Saud responded to Ali Pasha's letter, which carries the terms of peace, with a letter from which he does not detect the acceptance of the conditions; Rather, he postponed this to what his father, Imam Abdul Aziz sees it. He knows perfectly well that his father will not agree to one of these conditions; rather, it is an opportunity to buy time on the one hand, and to ensure the withdrawal of the Mamluk forces of Iraq from Al-Ahsa on the other hand. This in itself is a great gain for the Saudis, because it relieves them of the burdens and pressure of military operations. Prince Saud responded to Ali Pasha's conditions with a letter stating:

We have come to your book, and we have understood its meaning. As for Al-Hasa, it is a village outside the rule of the Romans (i.e. the Turk) and is not equal to fatigue. And there is nothing that requires discord. As for the cups (Al-Asab), they are with my father in Diriyah, if it is issued to him, I will present the situation in his hands. Minister Suleiman Pasha the Great is also writing to him. If reconciliation is correct and the discord rises from both sides, it is yours and I will be the guarantor of it until I get it to Basra. As for your expenses, I have nothing to do with it, and the consultation is in the hands of my father. As for the wish (security), it is what we are still fighting people over, until we have made the whole land and all Muslims shared in it. And the wolf could not harm the sheep in our judgments.”

The reasons for the failure of the Ali Pasha Al-Kikhiya campaign are clear through the different military elements it contains, and the competition that took out among the ranks of the sheikhs of the Bedouin tribes, which participated in the aforementioned campaign, in addition to the slarge of the two Saudi garrisons, in Hofuf, and Al-Mubarraz, against the campaign forces, in addition to all this, the experience of the Saudi forces in the desert wars, and their tolerance of the difficulties resulting from these wars. On the other hand, Ali Pasha Al-Kikhia's forces did not have sufficient experience in the desert wars, and were not prepared to bear the troubles of these wars, in addition to this the lack of experience of Ali Pasha Al-Kikhia himself with such wars, and his mismanagement in the treatment of his forces, especially the tribal forces, which play a major role in such wars.

The failure of Ali Pasha's Al-Kikhia campaign on Al-Ahsa proved that the governors of Iraq cannot do anything that can eliminate the first Saudi state, or at least weaken it in a way that cannot be able to stretch outside Najd. This led to the conviction of the Ottoman Empire in Astana that the governor of Ottoman Iraq is in no way fit to lead the Ottoman offensive movement against the Saudis. This in turn led to the Ottoman authorities resorting to Ottoman states other than Iraq, and assigning the task of eliminating the first Saudi state to them.

The reconciliation, which took place between Imam Saud Al-Kabeer and Ali Pasha, did not last long. The Khazael tribe, the Shiites, confronted some of the followers of the first Saudi state, and killed about 300 men of them, in 1214 AH corresponding to 1799, near Najaf. The Saudis protested to the governor of Baghdad and demanded payment of the dead. The governor Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah Al-Shawi was insigned to pass through Diriyah, during his return from Hajj, and discuss with Imam Abdul Aziz to settle the matter, but this envoy did not succeed, and told the Baghdad governor about the intention of Diriyah to have a country west of the Euphrates, from Ana to Basra. It was not easy for Imam Abdulaziz to forget their murderers. Saudi forces, led by Imam Saud Al-Kabeer, attacked in 1216 AH corresponding to 1801, southern Iraq, demolished domes, shrines and Shiite shrines, and demolished the dome of the tomb of Hussein, in Karbala, in revenge for the Shiites. Saudi forces quickly returned to Diriyah, and Ali Pasha's forces did not join them.

This is what made the Ottoman Empire send its strict orders to the governor of Baghdad to stop the Saudi campaigns. The Persian Shah, who resented what happened in the Shiite holy places, began to pressure the governor of Baghdad, asking him to allow his forces to cross Iraq, to fight the Saudis. Saudi campaigns continued in southern Iraq. It arrived, again, in 1223 AH, corresponding to 1808, in Karbala, and was unable to enter it. The campaigns of the Saudi state on southern Iraq stopped, due to its preoccupation with preparing to confront the threat of military encroachment, coming from Egypt, from the way of its governor, Muhammad Ali Pasha, who carried out the Sultan's orders, and prepared the campaigns against Diriyah.

Although the Saudi moves against Iraq lasted for a long period, taking about a quarter of a century from 1202 AH and 1226 AH corresponding to 1788 1811, Saudi influence could not consolidate its foot in any part of Iraqi territory, and Diriyah could not appoint workers in any Iraqi town.

On Friday of late 1803, Imam Abdul Aziz was killed by an Afghan-born Afghan person who resided in Baghdad named Mullah Othman. It was said: He vowed himself to defend Islam and determined to kill the Imam of the Wahhabis. It was said in another version that he was from the people of Karbala and that he was in it during the invasion of the Wahhabis and witnessed how they slaughtered his wife and children, so he swore revenge. Mullah Othman went to Diriyah, the capital of the first Saudi state, while he was in Darwish, so he mixed with them until they reassured him and trusted him. He prayed in the third row in the congregational prayer immediately behind Imam Abdul Aziz. On Friday, he took the opportunity during kneeling, so he threw himself at the prince and stabbed him with a knife that penetrated his belly from behind.

He took over the Emirate of the first Saudi state after Imam Abdul Aziz, his son Saud Al-Kabeer, and he was determined to take revenge because he thought that the killing was carried out at the instigation of the Governor of Baghdad, so he raided the Al-Dhafir tribe and was spread in the Badia in the spring season and looted it in looting, then he headed towards Basra and demolished the southern side and killed many, then he raided a group from the Emirate of Al-Muntaqaf who were near Basra and killed them and captured their president Mansour bin Thamer Al-Saadoun and then besieged Al-Zubair for twelve days and killed a number of its inhabitants and the Saudis harvested agricultural crops and they had matured, then they demolished all the graves and scenes outside the wall.

Battle of Al-Hayer (1821)
Part of Ottoman-Wahhabi War
Date 1821 Location South of Riyadh to the east from Al-Hayer Result Saba Victory Defeat of the Ottomans
Belligerents
Ottoman Empire Emirate of Riyadh Emirate of Manfoha	Al-Azza from Saba
Commanders and leaders
Ibrahim Kashif Nasser Al-Aidi Musa Mazrou	Faraj Al-Omani
Strength
1200	420
Casualties and losses
600 Knights and Men Killed	Unknown

The Battle of Al-Hair (معركة حاير) (1237 AH - 1821 AD) is also called the Battle of (Al-Bidaa) in relation to the place where the battle took place, which took place in 1237 AH. After the fall of the first Saudi state, one of its goals was to eliminate the Sa'a tribe, which continued to be loyal to the first Saudi state, led by (Ibrahim Kashef) and with him Nasser bin Nasser Al-Aidi, the Emir of Riyadh, and Musa bin Mazrou, the prince of Manfoha. This battle was of great importance because it was drawn for the establishment of the second Saudi state, and ended the Ottoman presence in Najd at that time.

After the fall of the first Saudi state, at the hands of Ibrahim Pasha and the surrender of Abdullah bin Saud in 1233-1818, the Turkish military campaigns did not stop Najd, and their tasks were to liquidate any pockets of resistance, in various regions of Najd. This matter did not last clear, as a man from the Al Saud family appeared on the scene of events, Mishary bin Saud bin Abdul Aziz, in 1235-1819, and he was the most prominent of the parents Turki bin Abdullah. Muhammad Ali Pasha sent a military campaign led by (Abush Agha) sent by Hadmar Najd (Hussein Bey), who arrested Mishari, who was sent to Egypt and died on the way. Turki bin Abdullah was able to escape with those who organized with him from the people of the south, Saba and others, and intended Diriyah, so he entered it in 1236 AH and the matter did not continue until (Abush Agha), the head of the military garrison in Qasim and supported by (Faisal Al-Dawish), and they attacked Turki in Riyadh and defeated them. These pockets of resistance disturbed the Ottoman Sultan, so he sent a letter of reproach to Muhammad Ali Pasha for not being able to eradicate the House of Saud as required. Hussein Bey Hekmdar Najd sent a military campaign consisting of 1,300 knights and 800 infantry with a number of cannons, and tribes from Najd joined him and Turki bin Abdullah was able to hide from them, and they wreaked havoc and killed in the country. Finally, Hussein Bey thought that he could eliminate any hope of returning Al Saud, so he put two centers for military garrisons, one in Riyadh and the second in Oniza, and returned to the city.

After eliminating the first Saudi state with the fall of Diriyah, Muhammad Ali wanted to eliminate the remnants of the pockets of resistance, and the tribes of Sabaa and the plains, which continued to be loyal after the fall of Diriyah, were a target of Muhammad Ali among his goals. He sent to find a force led by Hussein Bey. Hussein sent a garrison led by Musa Kashef to head to the Plains tribe, but she suffered a crushing defeat, from the Plains tribe, and their leader (Musa Kashef) was killed, and their remnants were provided with them (Abdullah Al-Jama'i) Amir of Oniza.

Months later, the military marched in Riyadh and led by (Ibrahim Kashif), brother of (Musa Kashif), and with them the Emir of Riyadh, Nasser bin Nasser Al-Aidi and the Emir of Manfouh Musa bin Mazrou, so they headed to the tribe of Sabaa in a site called (Al-Bidaa) located south of Riyadh to the east from Al-Hayer, and the tribe of Subaa was led by Prince (Muhammed bin Daghaim Al-Omani) and with him Bani Amer from the tribe of Subaa. There was a heavy fight between them. They defeated the Turks with a terrible defeat, where more than 300 knights and men were killed and their leader Ibrahim Kashef and Nasser Al-Aidi were killed. This was in the month of Dhu al-Hijjah of 1237 AH.

These were the most important defeats of the Ottoman campaign and took them out of the country. And an important reason paved the way for the return of Imam Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud. And after that he went out with his followers

To pursue their remaining remnants and captured Riyadh and began to expand his country. He was able to establish the establishment of the second Saudi state.

Battle of Al-Khubah (2009)
M923 shipping mechanisms for the Saudi army in the Jazan Region in November 2009
Location Al Khubah, Jazan Region Result Saudi Victory Houthi withdrawal
Belligerents
Saudi Arabia	Houthis Houthi Yemen Supreme Political Council
Commanders and leaders
King Abdullah	Abdul-Malik al-Houthi
Casualties and losses
Total: 555 Killed or Wounded or (POW) 73 Dead 470 Wounded 12 (POW)	1500 Killed

Al-Khubah is a city in the southwestern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the Jazan region belonging to the Harth Governorate on the border between Yemen and Saudi Arabia, and the border between the Houthis and the Saudi border guards took place in its Jebel Dukhan.

In 2009, an infiltration between the Yemeni and Saudi borders began in the Al-Khuba center of Jazan in Al-Sabah. The Saudi Border Guard forces revealed the land infiltration in Jabal Dukhan in the city of Al-Khuba and sent a squad of border guards to expel them. The border guards clashed with the militants in the city and fired on the border guards and the people of the village. The number of militants (Houthis) was estimated in the hundreds. The Saudi border guard forces could not expel the Houthis, so they moved to the second plan, which is to evacuate the entire city. Warplanes of the Royal Saudi Air Force were sent to stop the Houthis' advance and launch a raid in the city. A force of the paratroopers, the 85th Battalion was sent to Al-Khouba and eliminate the Houthis, and clashed with them. Prince Khalid bin Sultan, Deputy Minister of Defense, announced that “the missing from the battalion, we know nothing about them, and we know that they are missing and they are searched for by helicopters.”

After the declaration of war on the Houthis, the infantry moved from Khamis Mushait, and brigades of the Royal Saudi Land Forces moved from tanks, artillery, infantry and rockets, and the Royal Saudi Navy moved from infantry and naval ships. The war ended in 2010 when the Houthis withdrew due to aerial and artillery bombardment. They left the Saudi border and the losses were:

Saudi Arabia learned of the entry of the Houthis and sent a force of the paratroopers, the 85th battalion to Al-Khuba and the elimination of the Houthis, and the 85th battalion clashed with Prince Khalid bin Sultan, Deputy Minister of Defense, and announced that “the missing from the battalion we do not know anything about them, we know that they are missing and are searched for by helicopters.” After the declaration of war on the Houthis, the infantry moved from Khamis Mushait and brigades of the Royal Saudi Land Forces moved from tanks, artillery, infantry and rockets, and the Royal Saudi Navy moved from the Marines and naval ships.

In 2010, the Houthis withdrew due to air and artillery bombardment and exited the Saudi border.

According to official statements in 2010 to Prince Khalid bin Sultan, Assistant Minister of Defense (losses):

• Losses of the Houthis:

• Killed: About 1,500 Houthis killed.
• Injured: There is no specific source.
• Losses with Saudi Arabia according to a statement in January 2010 by Prince Khalid bin Sultan, then Assistant Minister of Defense:
• Killed: 73 Saudi soldiers
• Wounded: 470 Saudi soldiers
• Prisoners: 12 Saudi soldiers

The Sack of Muttrah was a significant event in the early 19th-century wars of the Arabian Peninsula. It occurred in 1808, following the Battle of Izki, where the forces of the First Saudi State, under Mutlaq bin Muhammad Al-Mutairi, defeated an Omani-Qajar Iranian alliance led by Sultan Said bin Sultan. In the aftermath of their victory, the Saudi forces advanced towards the Omani coast, attacking and sacking the vital trading port of Muttrah. This event marked a turning point in the regional conflict between Wahhabi-Saudi expansion and Omani resistance

Sack of Muttrah
Part of Qajar-Wahhabi war and Saudi invasion of Oman
Date 1808 Location Muttrah, Oman Result Saudi Victory
Belligerents
Emirate of Diriyah	Omani Empire Qajar Iran
Commanders and leaders
Mutlaq bin Mohammad Al-Mutayri [simple]	Sultan Said bin Sultan Salem bin Sultan
Strength
Unknown	Unknown
Casualties and losses
Minimal	Heavy losses, extensive destruction of Muttrah 2 Qajar Ships has been captured
The sack of Muttrah weakened Oman's economy

By the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the First Saudi State, under Saud bin Abdulaziz, was rapidly expanding across the Arabian Peninsula. Following the rise of Wahhabism, the Saudis launched military campaigns to consolidate power over Najd, the Hejaz, and parts of Yemen and Oman. This expansion brought them into conflict with the Busaid dynasty of Oman, which sought to maintain its independence and control over the region's vital trade routes.

Located on the Omani coast near Muscat, Muttrah was one of the region’s most important trading centers. The town served as a key port for merchants from India, Persia, East Africa, and the Arabian Gulf, making it a wealthy and strategically valuable target. Controlling Muttrah meant disrupting Omani trade and weakening the Sultan’s influence in the region

The Siege of Samail Fort was a significant military engagement in 1808 between the forces of the First Saudi State and the Qajar Empire, as part of the broader Qajar-Wahhabi War The battle took place in Samail, Oman, a strategically important stronghold that controlled key trade routes in the region.

Wahhabi forces, led by Mutlaq bin Muhammad Al-Mutairi, successfully laid siege to Samail, eventually overcoming the Qajar defenders and securing a key foothold in central Oman. This victory marked a crucial step in the expansion of Wahhabi influence in the Persian Gulf region, though it was met with continued resistance from local Omani forces and Persian-backed rulers.

Siege of Samail Fort (1808)
Date 1808 Location Samail, Oman Result Saudi Victory Territorial changes Wahhabi Forces Captured Samail Fort
Belligerents
Emirate of Diriyah	Qajar Iran Omani Backed Forces
Commanders and leaders
Mutlaq bin Mohammad Al-Mutayri [simple]	Unknown Qajari Commander  Khalid bin sa'ad †
Strength
~3,000 troops	~2,500 Wahhabi Warriors
Casualties and losses
Moderate losses	Heavy losses; fort captured

By the early 19th century, the Wahhabi movement, supported by the First Saudi State, was expanding beyond the Arabian Peninsula into regions controlled by the beyond the Arabian Peninsula into regions controlled by the Qajar Empire and its local allies. The Qajars, having recently consolidated power in Persia, were keen on maintaining their authority over Oman and the strategically vital Persian Gulf trade routes. and its local allies. The Qajars, having recently consolidated power in Persia, were keen on maintaining their authority over Oman and the strategically vital Persian Gulf trade routes.

Samail, an important fortified town, served as a key defensive stronghold for Qajar-aligned forces in Oman. Control of Samail meant control over trade, military logistics, and regional governance in central Oman. The Wahhabis, aiming to extend their influence and weaken Persian-backed rule in the region, launched an offensive against Samail in 1808, following their victory at the Battle of Izki.

In mid-1808, Wahhabi forces, under the command of Mutlaq bin Muhammad Al-Mutairi, advanced into Oman and encircled Samail, effectively cutting off its supply lines. The town’s Qajar garrison was well-fortified and prepared for an extended conflict

The Wahhabis blocked trade and supply routes, forcing the defenders to rely on dwindling food and ammunition stocks. Despite repeated Wahhabi assaults, the Qajar garrison resisted for several weeks, using their fortifications to repel the attackers However, as the siege dragged on, starvation and exhaustion weakened the Qajar defenders. The Wahhabis intensified their attacks, launching coordinated raids and breaching the outer defenses. In a final assault, Wahhabi forces stormed the fort, engaging in fierce hand-to-hand combat with the remaining Qajar troops. Outnumbered and overwhelmed, the Qajar defenders surrendered, marking a Wahhabi victory.

The capture of Samail was a major Wahhabi success, as it:

• Wahhabi control over central Oman
• Weakened Qajar influence in the region.
• Allowed Wahhabi forces to launch further raids into the Persian Gulf.

However, Wahhabi control over Oman was short-lived. In the years following the siege, local Omani tribes, backed by British and Persian forces, launched counter-offensives, gradually reclaiming lost territories.

The Siege of Samail was one of the most significant battles of the Qajar-Wahhabi War, demonstrating the Wahhabi movement’s military strength in the early 19th century. While Wahhabi rule in Oman was eventually pushed back, this conflict played a crucial role in shaping the political and religious dynamics of the Persian Gulf region.

1973 Oil Embargo
Part of Yom Kippur War
Date 15 October, 1973 Location Arabian Peninsula, North America, Israel
Belligerents
Oil Embargo Parties: Saudi Arabia UAE Kuwait	Prohibited from oil: USA United Kingdom Netherlands France Portugal Canada Japan Zimbabwe South Africa

The 1973 oil crisis or the first oil shock began on October 15, 1973, when members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (composed of OPEC member Arab countries in addition to Egypt and Syria) announced an oil embargo "to push Western countries to force Israel to withdraw from the Arab territories occupied in the 1967 war", OPEC announced that it would stop supplying oil to the United States and other countries that support Israel in its conflict with Syria, Egypt and Iraq.

At the same time, OPEC members agreed to use their influence over the world's oil price control mechanism to raise oil prices, after negotiations with the major oil companies called the "Seven Sisters" failed earlier the same month.

Since most industrial economies rely on crude oil, OPEC has been its primary oil supplier. Because of the high inflation during this period, the popular economic theory blamed these price increases, as they suppressed economic activity. However, the causal relationship mentioned by this theory is often in question. Targeted countries have responded with extensive initiatives, mostly permanent, to contain their future dependence on others. The 1973 oil crisis, along with the stock market crash (1973-1974), was considered the first event since the Great Depression, with ongoing economic effects.

On October 16, 1973, OPEC decided to reduce oil production and impose a ban on crude oil shipments to the west, the United States and the Netherlands in particular, where the Netherlands supplied Israel with weapons and allowed Americans to use Dutch airports to supply and support Israel.

As a result, the market price of oil rose significantly immediately, and with the global financial system already under pressure from the collapse of the Bretton Woods Agreement, this led to a long series of recessions and high inflation that continued until the early 1980s, and the rise in oil prices continued until 1986.

• January 1973 The stock market crash began (1973-1974).
• August 1973 In preparation for the October war, Saudi King Faisal and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat meet in Riyadh secretly, and talks to reach an agreement under which the Arabs use the "oil weapon" as part of the upcoming military conflict.
• September 15 The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) announces the start of negotiations, to increase prices and put an end to support for Israel, based on the 1971 Tehran Agreement.
• October 6 Egypt and Syria attack Israel in the October War, and the Fourth Arab-Israeli War began.
• October 10 OPEC negotiates with oil companies to reconsider the 1971 Tehran Agreement.
• October 12 The United States begins Operation Nickel Grass to provide weapons and supplies to Israel during the war via strategic air transport.
• October 16 Saudi Arabia, Iran, Algeria, Iraq, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Qatar announce a unilateral price increase of 17% to $3.65 per barrel, and announce a production cut.
• October 17 OPEC ministers approve the use of oil as a weapon to punish the West for supporting Israel in the Arab-Israeli war, and recommends a ban against pro-Israeli countries and cut exports.
• October 19 U.S. President Richard Nixon asks Congress to approve $2.2 billion in urgent aid to Israel, Saudi Arabia, Libya and other Arab countries to declare a ban on oil exports to the United States.
• 23 - 28 October The Arab oil embargo extends to the Netherlands.
• November 5 Arab producers announce a 25% production cut, in addition to the threat of an additional 5% cut.
• November 5 Arab producers announce a 25% production cut, in addition to the threat of an additional 5% cut.
• November 23 The Arab embargo extends to Portugal, Rhodesia, and South Africa.
• November 27 US President Richard Nixon announces the Emergency Oil Distribution Act.
• December 9 Arab oil ministers approve another 5% cut for non-friendly countries for January 1974.
• December 25 The oil ministers of the Arab countries cancel the production cut by 5% in January, the Saudi oil minister promises a 10% increase in OPEC production.
• January 7 OPEC decides to freeze prices until April 1.
• February 11 U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger unveils the Independence Project's plan to make the United States energy independent.
• February 12 The Arab-Israeli advance to disengage and discuss the oil strategy from the heads of state of Algeria, Egypt, Syria and Saudi Arabia.
• March 17 The oil ministers of the Arab countries, with the exception of Libya, declare the end of the embargo imposed on the United States.
• December 1974 The end of the stock market crash (1973–1974).

The ban immediately affected corporate payments in OPEC, and doubled prices Oil four times by 1974 to about $12 per barrel (US$75/m3).

This increase in oil prices has had significant implications for oil-exporting countries. The countries of the Middle East, which have long been dominated by industrial powers, have come to dominate a very important vital commodity, and the flow of capital has been an important source of the creation of vast wealth.

OPEC member countries in the developing world have nationalised oil companies in their countries, most notably Saudi Arabia has taken control of the operation of Aramco and other OPEC member countries and followed suit.

Meanwhile, chaos produced a shock in the West. In the United States, the retail price of a gallon of gasoline rose from an average of 38.5 cents in May 1973 to 55.1 cents in June 1974, and at the same time the New York Stock Exchange lost $97 billion in its stock value in six weeks.

The blockade was not unified throughout Europe, while the Netherlands and nine other countries were completely banned because of their support for Israel, the United Kingdom and France continued to supply almost without interruption, (after refusing to allow America to use airports and banning arms and supplies to both Arabs and Israelis), while six other countries were subjected to only partial cuts.

The United Kingdom is a traditional ally of Israel, the government of Harold Wilson was supporting the Israelis during the Six-Day War, but his successor, Ted Heath, reversed this policy in 1970, and called on Israel to withdraw to the pre-1967 borders, members of the European Economic Community could not reach a common policy during the first month of the October War, and finally the group issued a statement on November 6, after the ban began and the rise in prices, it was widely considered in favor of the Arab countries, this statement supports the Franco-British position in their position on the war, OPEC as committed to lifting the siege of all members of the European Economic Community.

The higher prices were much greater in Europe than the effect of the ban, particularly in the United Kingdom (as the ban contributed with a miners' strike causing the energy crisis during the winter of 1973–1974 a major factor in changing the government).

A few months later, the crisis receded, and the ban was lifted in March 1974 after negotiations at the Washington Oil Summit, but the effects of the energy crisis remained throughout the 1970s. Energy prices continued to rise the following year, amid a weak competitive position of the dollar in global markets.

The crisis was exacerbated by the government's influence on prices in the United States, which sets the price of the "old oil" (previously discovered) while allowing the sale of newly discovered oil at a higher price, a decision made to encourage oil exploration, creating a scarcity faced by many countries as long lines of cars stood in front of gas stations.

In the United States, a fuel access system has been put in place based on the single and double car number (the last number on the car plate) so that single-number cars get halal fuel on odd days, and the same number during the even days of the month, which does not apply to the 31st in some months.

Some US states used three colors for flags, which is a system used to indicate the availability of gasoline at service stations. The green flag indicates the availability of gasoline, the yellow flag indicates the restriction and legalization of sales. The red flag indicates the lack of fuel, and if the service center is open, it is for other services.

The energy crisis has increased interest in renewable energy, stimulated research in solar and wind energy, increased pressure to exploit North America from oil energy sources, and increased the West's dependence on coal and nuclear energy, and this effect included a growing interest in mass transport.

In Australia, heating fuel stopped, and the occasion of heating fuel was reconsidered in winter.

A group of industrialized countries were exporters of energy, so the effects of the oil crisis varied radically. Industrial East Canada was suffering from the same problems as the United States, while the oil-rich provinces flourished by flooding money to them. In general, the oil embargo had a sharp negative impact on the Canadian economy. The economic decline in the United States easily crossed the borders and caused an increase in unemployment, and the depression hit Canada as it did with the United States despite fuel reserves.

The Soviet Union was also an exporter of oil, the Soviet economy was suffering from recession for several years, and the increase in oil prices had a beneficial effect. The increase in the reserve of foreign exchange allowed the import of grain and other food from abroad, the increase in the production of consumer goods and the maintenance of military spending at traditional levels. Some believe that the sudden increase in oil revenues during this period enabled the Soviet Union to survive for a longer period of time than expectations.

The Brazilian government has implemented a very large project called “Proalcol” (pro-alcohol) that would manufacture a mixture of ethanol to be used as fuel for cars. This project, which focuses on the production of ethanol from sugar cane, is still ongoing and reducing the country's oil import needs, as well as the price of gasoline has decreased.

The 1973 oil crisis was a major factor in shifting Japan's economy away from oil and energy-intensive industries, and injecting huge Japanese investments in industries such as electronics.

The central banks of Western countries decided to sharply reduce interest rates to encourage growth, and decided that they would not worry about inflation fundamentally. Although this was the traditional macroeconomic recipe at the time, it led to recession and surprised economists and central bank conservatives. In the long run, the effects of the ban remained tangible.

The Nixon Cold War and the Nixon administration's policies also hit a strong hit in the wake of the oil embargo, focusing on China and the Soviet Union.

The oil embargo was announced almost one month after Chile's right-wing military coup led by General Augusto Pinochet in Chile in 1973. A coup overthrew Socialist President Salvador Allende on September 11, 1973. The United States did little to help this government curb the activities of armed socialists in the region.

In addition, Western Europe and Japan began their shift from supporting Israel to more support for Arab policies (some of which are still in effect today), this change has increased tension in the Western coalition system, for the United States, which imports only 12% of its oil needs from the Middle East (compared to 80% for Europeans and more than 90% for Japan), remains strongly committed to supporting Israel.

A year after the lifting of the oil embargo in 1973, the Non-Aligned Countries Bloc at the United Nations submitted a resolution calling for the establishment of a “new international economic system” that regulates and speaks about resources, trade, markets and the existence of a more equitable distribution of the local population and the development of the countries of the South and their support by the Nordic countries that exploit their wealth and potential.

British documents revealed that the United States considered using force to seize oil fields in the Middle East during the October 1973 war when Arab countries banned oil exports.

Climate of Al-Shamasiah
Part of Battles of Anzah and Mutayr
Date 1240 AH/5 May 1825 AD Location Al-Shamasiah - Al-Qassim Result Anzah Victory The defeat of the tribes of Mutayr and Harb and their followers
Belligerents
Anzah	Mutayr Harb Ottoman Empire Military Alawi Sultanate
Commanders and leaders
Mish’an bin Hadhal [ar] †	Faisal bin Taban Al-Duwaish [ar] Saadoun bin Faraj Al-Mutayri † Ghanem bin Madian Al-Harbi Al-Baqishi † The commander of the Turkish surpay Azzaz The leader of the Moroccan socret
Strength
Unknown	Unknown
Casualties and losses
From both sides	From both sides

The climate of Al-Shamasiah (Arabic: مناخ الشماسية) was one of the most prominent tribal climates in the history of Najd, and occurred specifically in 1240 AH (1824 AD) between the Anza tribe on the one hand, and the Mutair and Harb tribes supported by military battalions on the other hand. This battle was an extension of tribal competition for influence and resources in the Arabian Peninsula, where the tribes were struggling for the water and water areas, in addition to political competition in light of the transformations witnessed by the region at that time.

Faisal Al-Duwish went with his people from Mutair, as well as Ghanem bin Madyan from Harb, where a battle broke out between the two parties, during which Mushan bin Al-Hal was able to overcome Al-Dawish and his followers, which resulted in the death of Saadoun bin Faraj and a number of Al-Duwish men. After his defeat, Al-Dawish resorted to the Ottoman Basha, a resident of Al-Ahsa, and the latter sent two military companies, each of which was led by a prince, namely “Azaz” and “Al-Baqishi”.

Upon the meeting of the armies and the outbreak of the battle, Mushan bin Al-Hahal and his followers were able to achieve victory over Faisal Al-Duwish and those with him from the Turks, where the Turkish commander “Al-Baqishi” was killed by Mushan bin Al-Hahal. The place where the Turkish commander was killed was called “Taqra Al-Bakishi” in Al-Shamasiya, to be a witness to this historic event.

As for the death of Sheikh Mushan bin Hasel, after the withdrawal of the Dawish and the retreat of the Ottoman forces, one of the Turkish soldiers came riding his horse, and said: “I killed a sheikh with a long beard.” At that time, Faisal Al-Duwish, head of the Mutair tribe, said: “I am Joza's brother! This is Mushan bin Al-Hasal, and by God, if he were alive, we would not have stayed so!” Then the Turkish soldier explained: “The one who killed him is God, I was running away, and my gun was on my shoulder, so a bullet was fired from it by mistake, so I hit a man in the chest and killed him.”

The tomb of Mushan bin Al-Hal is still known in Al-Shamasiya to this day, a witness to these historical events.

Conflicts between the Anza and Mutair tribes and a war centered on competition for resources, where control of pastures and wells, especially in the Shamasiyah region, was a strategic goal for the tribes. These conflicts raged after the Anza tribe took control of Shamasiya, prompting the Mutair and Harb tribe, led by Faisal bin Watban Al-Duwish, to try to control the lost areas. Then tribal alliances were constantly changing, further complicating the conflict. The climate of Al-Shamasiya in Al-Shamasiya occurred in an undefined period of time between the forces of the Anza tribe and the Harb and Mutair tribe in an area near the city of Qassim in Najd. This battle was the result of a long-standing tribal dispute over control of land and resources between tribes.

Sheikh Faisal Al-Duwish gathered his forces from Mutair and some neighboring tribes, and moved towards Al-Shamasiya. On the other hand, the forces of Anza led by Mushan bin Al-Hal were on alert, expecting an attack from the forces of the Harb tribe and the Mutair tribe. After Sheikh Mushan bin Hazal from the Anza tribe took control of Al-Shamasiyah, Sheikh Ghanem bin Madyan Al-Harbi, one of the leaders of the Harb tribe, moved to retake the town. Sheikh Faisal bin Watban Al-Duwish gathered his forces, using fighters from several neighboring tribes, including the Harb tribe

On the other hand, Mushan bin Hazel, the commander of the goat forces, was aware of the possibility of a war and an attack to control the town. When he noticed the arrival of war forces, Mutair forces and battalions, he was ordered to prepare for the battle. The forces clashed in a violent battle that began when the army of a rain and a war arrived in the Shamasiyah area. Despite the courage of the fighters on both sides, Anzah forces managed to achieve a crushing victory.

A company of the Ottoman forces, led by the commander “Al-Baqishi”, tried to infiltrate the Shamasiya from its western side, as there was no ditch to prevent their advance. However, the eyes of the Anza tribe monitored their movements, so Mushan bin Al-Hazel went out to them to confront them, and managed to kill their commander “Al-Baqishi” in the site that became known today in Nafoud Al-Shamasiya as “Taqra Al-Baqishi”.

After that, the rest of the company members were defeated and fled south through Al-Batin, until they reached Bargasiya, where their luggage and military weight were stored. When Azzaz, the commander of the other Ottoman company, reported the death of his companion Al-Bakishi, ordered his soldiers to withdraw and return to Al-Ahsa.

During their withdrawal, one of the Turkish soldiers came to them riding his horse and said: “I killed an old man with a long beard.” Then, Faisal Al-Duwish, the leader of the Mutair tribe, replied: “I am Joza's brother! This is Mish’an!” The Turkish commander asked him in amazement: “And how did you know that he was radiant?” Al-Dawish said: “I knew that when the Anza tribe stopped chasing us, by God, if he was alive, we would not have felt comfortable, neither me nor you.”

Then Al-Duwish asked the Turkish soldier how to kill him, and he replied: “God killed him! I was running away, and my gun was on my shoulder, I accidentally felt the trigger, and a bullet hit a radiant in the chest and I wanted him dead.”

Sheikh Al-Aboudi mentions that the tomb of Mushan bin Al-Hal is still known in Al-Shamasiya today, and there is also a site in Al-Shamasiya known as “Khal Mushan”, in memory of this historical event.

The tribe of Anza, their leader Mushan bin Al-Hazal, the tribe of Mutair, and their leader Faisal bin Watban Al-Duwish and with

Mutair Ghanem, the son of Madyan, from Harb, and Al-Duwish resorted to the Turks at the end of the climate and a Moroccan secret.

Faisal Al-Dawish went with his people from the Mutair tribe, accompanied by Ghanem bin Madian from Harb, in addition to two military battalions, one Moroccan and the other Turkish, armed with modern weapons. Heavy fighting took place between the army of Mutair and its allies led by Al-Dawish, and between Mushan bin Al-Hal and his tribe, Anza, in the Al-Barjsiya area south of Al-Shamasiya governorate. The circle revolved in favor of Mushan bin Al-Hal and his tribe Anza, where they managed to achieve victory over Matair and their allies, including the Turkish military battalion, which led to the defeat of their forces in that battle.

After a long and arduous battle, the Goat's forces were able to repel the attack of Harb, Mutair and the Brigades, which led to the withdrawal of war forces, Mutair and battalions towards their original areas. In the aftermath, inter-tribal conflict in that area receded for a while. The Battle of Al-Shamasiya reflects the fierce character of the tribal conflicts that prevailed in the Arabian Peninsula. This battle showed how important fertile land and water were to the tribes, as they were an essential source of survival and continuation. It also reflects the ability of tribes to organize militarily and launch defensive and offensive attacks in a harsh environment.

Saudi Arabia in the Arab-Israeli conflict is the positions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the Arab-Israeli conflict, interspersed with the participation of the Saudi Arab army against Israel during the 1948 War, Suez Crisis, Six-Day War, the War of Attrition and the Yom Kippur War, during which it included Saudi peace initiatives or comprehensive solutions to the Arab-Israeli conflict such as the 1982 Saudi Peace Initiative during the Arab Summit in Fez, Morocco and the Saudi Peace Initiative 2002 during the Arab Summit in Beirut.

With the beginning of the skirmishes, the Mufti of Palestine, Amin Al-Husseini, and the Arab Higher Commission in Palestine, sent a delegate to the King of Saudi Arabia, King Abdulaziz Al Saud, to ask for help, so King Abdulaziz Al Saud ordered to send a quantity of ammunition and guns to the rebels in Palestine, and the Saudi people donated 5,000,000﷼. King Abdulaziz Al Saud ordered to send an entire division of the Saudi army and open the door to volunteering for Saudi youth for jihad in Palestine, and the first batch was sent by planes, while the rest of the companies were sent by steamers. The number of officers and members of the division reached about three thousand and two hundred officers and soldiers, according to a number of books that monitored those Saudi-Palestinian relations.

There were multiple sites and battles in which Saudi forces and Saudi mujahideen participated on the land of Palestine. Among the most important sites and battles in which the Saudi army participated against the Israeli occupation in Palestine, the battle of Deir Sneed, Asdod, Najba, Al-Majdal, Iraq, Swedan, Al-Haliqat, Peron Isaac Kartya, Beit Tima, Beit Hanoun, Beit Lahia, Gaza, Rafah, Al-Asloug, the Army, Al-Mantar and Sheikh Noran. Saudi forces blew up the water pipes. And obstructing the conduct of the convoys that were in the Israeli army. Saudi forces were fought on the front lines against Israeli forces in Gaza, Majdal, Deir Sneed and Asdod. Nitsaim along with the Egyptian forces.

During the tripartite aggression against Egypt in 1956, Saudi Arabia stood with all its weight by Egypt in all political, economic and military fields. Saudi Arabia provided to Egypt on August 27, 1956 (100 million dollars) after the withdrawal of the American offer to build the High Dam. On October 30, Saudi Arabia announced the general mobilization of its army to confront the triple aggression against Egypt. It hosted Egyptian aircraft fleeing from aggression at the King Faisal Air Base northwest of the Kingdom and enabled them to survive the intensive air raids suffered by Egyptian aircraft. The Kingdom placed Vampire jet fighters belonging to the Royal Saudi Air Force at the disposal of the Egyptian command. This squadron participated in the war and the implementation of what was requested by the Egyptian leadership. 20 Saudi Vampire warplanes were destroyed by Israeli bombing and Saudi aircraft technician Ali Al-Ghamdi were martyred in the bombing

Two kings of Saudi Arabia, King Salman and King Fahd (when they were princes at the time) participated in the war against Israel (as volunteers).

In the 1967 war and the war of attrition, the Saudi army participated in the Jordanian front in the Battle of Al-Karama and Ghor Safi, during which many martyrs were presented, including First Lieutenant Rashid bin Amer Al-Ghafili, who was martyred in 1967. Saudi Arabia also helped Arab countries whose economy and infrastructure were affected by the result of the war. Saudi Arabia sent £41,000,000 to Egypt, and £17,000,000 to Jordan.

The October War or the Yom Kippur War is the fourth Arab-Israeli war launched by Egypt and Syria against Israel in 1973. The war began on October 6, 1973/10 Ramadan 1393 AH, with a surprise attack by the Egyptian army and the Syrian army on the Israeli forces that were stationed in Sinai and the Golan Heights. Saudi forces participated in the Arab-Israeli war, within the Syrian front, in the Golan and in Tel Marei, and the Saudi army fought fierce battles with Israeli units. Saudi Arabia declared an oil embargo to push Western countries to force Israel to withdraw from the occupied Arab territories in the 1967 war,” and announced that it would stop oil supplies to the United States and other countries that support Israel in its conflict with Syria, Egypt and Iraq.

The Saudi government was one of the fierce opponents of the Camp David Agreement, and upon the signing of the peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, Saudi Arabia cut off its diplomatic relations with Egypt, and Saudi Arabia described Sadat as a traitor to Arab countries, but relations returned in 1987.

In April 1981 During a visit to several countries in the Middle East, US Secretary of State Alexander Haig called for the establishment of a new Middle East. Where he said:

“The Arab-Israeli conflict makes some of our closest friends divided. U.S. interests in the Middle East can only be protected with a strategy that does not overlook the complexities of the region or the threat of external intervention. The United States considers the peace process, and efforts to confront Soviet and regional threats, mutually reinforce each other. If our Arab friends are more willing to take risks for peace with the Israelis, cooperation in the field of security will be easy, as cooperation necessary to deter any Soviet intervention and to deter countries working for it.”

The response came from Riyadh, on August 7, 1981, at the initiative of Prince Fahd, the Saudi Crown Prince, consisting of eight principles:

• Israel's withdrawal from all Arab territories occupied in 1967, including Arab Jerusalem.
• The West Bank and the Gaza Strip are subject to a transitional period under the supervision of the United Nations for a period not exceeding a few months.
• Removal of settlements established by Israel in Arab territories after 1967.
• The establishment of an independent Palestinian state with Jerusalem as capital.
• Guaranteeing freedom of worship and the practice of religious rites for all religions in the holy places.
• Affirming the right of the countries of the region to live in peace.
• Affirm the right of the Palestinian people to return and compensate those who do not wish to return.
• The United Nations or some of its Member States shall ensure the implementation of those principles.

Egypt immediately rejected the initiative and announced its adherence to the Camp David Agreement. On 9 August, it was also rejected by Menachem Begin. The Israeli Foreign Ministry issued a statement saying

“Israel sees in the Saudi proposal a plan to destroy it in stages, and under this proposal, the recognition of Israel accordingly is nothing but an illusion. This plan contradicts the Camp David Agreement.”

The European Group announced that the initiative forms a basis for negotiation, while the United States ignored the initiative and did not take any clear position on it. The Arab position varied between the rejecters of Syria and Iraq, while other countries expressed support. The leadership and cadres of the Fatah movement within the Palestine Liberation Organization, violently rejected it, Farouk Al-Qadmi declared "that the conditions are not suitable for a peaceful solution, and that the Palestinians categorically reject the seventh point in the project." However, Yasser Arafat supported the initiative, as George Hawi, former Secretary-General of the Lebanese Communist Party, was quoted as saying: “Get ready for the strike, and you have led this pressure to a position that will lead to lifting the Arab cover from us, and by God, I testify that I have reached.” Saudi Arabia withdrew its project at the Fez summit in November 1981 following the pressures exerted on it. The spokesman said at the time:

“Given the Kingdom's full belief that any Arab strategy must have collective support in order to be able to push the Arab position forward, the Saudi delegation withdrew the draft and assured the summit that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is fully prepared to accept any alternative that the Arabs gather on.”

Many researchers believe that the thwart of the Saudi initiative was fundamental to the completion of the invasion of Lebanon in the following year. Israel began preparing immediately for the operation and waited for the American green light.

The Arab Peace Initiative is an initiative launched by King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia for peace in the Middle East between Israel and the Palestinians. Its goal is to establish an internationally recognized Palestinian state on the 1967 borders, the return of refugees and withdrawal from the occupied Golan Heights, in exchange for the recognition and normalization of relations between Arab countries with Israel, and it was in 2002. The Arab Peace Initiative was announced at the Arab Summit in Beirut. This initiative has received Arab support. The following is the literal text of the Arab Peace Initiative: "The Council of the League of Arab States at the summit level held at its fourteenth session.

Reaffirming what was approved by the extraordinary Arab Summit in Cairo in June 1996 that a just and comprehensive peace is a strategic option for the Arab States achieved under international legitimacy, and requires a corresponding commitment affirmed by Israel in this regard.

Having listened to the speech of Abdullah bin Abdulaziz, Crown Prince of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, through which he announced his initiative calling for the complete withdrawal of Israel from all Arab territories occupied since 1967, in implementation of Security Council resolutions (242 and 338), which were reinforced by the resolutions of the Madrid Conference in 1991 and the principle of land for peace, and for its acceptance of the establishment of an independent and sovereign Palestinian State with East Jerusalem as its capital, This is in return for the establishment of normal relations by the Arab countries within the framework of a comprehensive peace with Israel.

Based on the conviction of the Arab countries that the military solution to the conflict has not achieved peace or security for either party.

• The Council calls on Israel to reconsider its policies and to take peace by declaring that a just peace is also its strategic option.
• It is also required to: Full withdrawal from the occupied Arab territories, including the Syrian Golan to the line of 4 June 1967, and the territories that are still occupied in southern Lebanon. A just solution to the Palestinian refugee problem is agreed in accordance with United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194.
• Accepting the establishment of an independent Palestinian state with sovereignty over the Palestinian territories occupied since June 4 in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, with East Jerusalem as its capital.
• The Arab States shall then: Considering the Arab-Israeli conflict as over, and entering into a peace agreement between it and Israel while achieving security for all countries in the region.
• Establish normal relations with Israel within the framework of this comprehensive peace.
• To ensure the rejection of all forms of Palestinian settlement that are contrary to the special situation in the Arab host countries.
• The Council calls on the Government of Israel and all Israelis to accept this initiative outlined above to protect the chances of peace and our right to blood, so as to enable the Arab States and Israel to live in peace side by side and to provide future generations with a secure future of prosperity and stability.
• The Council calls on the international community of all countries and organizations to support this initiative.
• The Council requests its chairmanship to form a special committee of a number of concerned Member States and the Secretary-General to make the necessary contacts with this initiative and work to emphasize its support at all levels, led by the United Nations, the Security Council, the United States, the Russian Federation, the Islamic States and the European Union.

The Saudi government blamed "elements" inside Lebanon for the violence with Israel, and a statement published by the Saudi Press Agency said that Saudi Arabia "would like to clearly declare that it is necessary to distinguish between the legitimate resistance and the uncalculated adventures carried out by elements inside and behind the country, without reference to the legitimate authority in its state, and without consultation or coordination with the Arab countries, thus there is a very dangerous situation that exposes all Arab countries and their achievements to destruction, without these countries having any opinion or word." This position is an unusually outright criticism of Hezbollah and its Iranian supporters.

King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia called on Israel to immediately stop the attack. After the Kuwait Economic Conference, the Saudi government decided to grant $1,000,000,000 for the reconstruction of the Gaza Strip.

The Saudi government called for an immediate halt to the Israeli aggression on Gaza, and criticized Israel's failure to directly condemn in the Security Council.

In 1947, in Ras Tanura governorate, Saudi dissident Nasser Al-Saeed organized a demonstration against the decision to divide Palestine, In June 1967, Saudi demonstrators attacked the American consulate in the city of Dhahran because of its support for Israel in a setback of 67, In 2002, Saudis demonstrated in solidarity with the second Palestinian intifada in the city of Dhahran, the city of Sakaka and the city of Safwa, and in July 2006 a demonstration in support of the Lebanese Hezbollah In Qatif Governorate, at the end of 2008 and the beginning of 2009, two demonstrations in solidarity with Gaza took out, one of which was Qatif and the second in Riyadh, and the latter ended with the arrest of activists Muhammad Al-Otaibi and Khaled Al-Omeir. And there are Saudis who went to Palestine and participated in the fighting (as volunteers), including Saudi Fahd Al-Mark, who named after him one of the Palestinian streets leading to the city of Tulkarm. Fahd Al-Mark is one of the Arab volunteers who were martyred in Palestine after his participation in the 1948 war, while there are those who fell prisoners in Israeli prisons such as Sultan Al-Ruwaili.

There are thousands of Palestinian refugees who have been residing in Saudi Arabia since 1948, and they reside in Saudi cities normally, not as it is in Lebanon and Syria, where they live the life of camps. Saudi Arabia has opened several projects in Palestine, the most important of which is the rehousing project in Gaza, where the project contains housing units, schools, commercial markets, health centers, a community center, a kindergarten and mosques. And the housing project in three phases, where Saudi Arabia requested from the Gaza Strip detailed engineering plans for the destroyed houses, in which the quantities of building materials of cement and iron and related to reconstruction Saudi Arabia began to build and Saudi Arabia named the first phase Saudi neighborhood 1 and consists of 752 housing units with all services, and the second phase was named Saudi Quarter 2 and consists of 760 housing units with all services. The third phase was named the Saudi Quarter 3 and will be completed in 2015. Saudi Arabia has many schools and helped build other houses in the Gaza Strip.

In 2013, the Palestinian News Agency announced that Mahmoud Abbas received $100,000,000 from Saudi Arabia to face the financial crisis. In 2014, Saudi Arabia financed the reconstruction of Gaza with $500,000,000.

Battle of Abanat
Part of Wars of Anzah and Mutayr
The map shows the location of Abanat right of the image
Date 1823–1824 Location Abanat, Al-Qassim Result Anzah victory
Belligerents
Anzah	Mutayr Emirate of Jabal Shammar
Commanders and leaders
Mish’an bin Hadhal [ar]	Faisal bin Taban Al-Duwaish [ar] Ibn Said Al-Daghiri
Casualties and losses
Heavy	Light

The Battle of Abanat, a battle that took place in 1239 AH between the buildings of an goat led by Mushan bin Halal against the Mutair tribe led by Faisal bin Taban Al-Duwish and their allies Al-Daghirat from Shammar led by Ibn Saeed in Abanat near the Qassim area, the battle ended with the victory of the buildings from Anza on Mutair and their allies Shammar.

After Ibn Arir and his neighboring Arabs asked Mushan bin Al-Ha'el to return home due to the settlement of the Harb and Mutayr tribes in the homes of Anza, the Anza tribe clashed with the Mutair tribe and their allies from Shammar in the Abanat area near Qassim. The battle ended with the victory of the Anza tribe over Mutayr and they took their camels, which belonged to the heads of the Mutayr tribe, as well as the camels of the daghirat nicknamed the safs.

Sheikh Mushan bin Al-Hasal said in describing the battle:

Hey, I'm going to ride to Gilgni

They are with the displaced of the hand, Marmal

To the extension of their extension, what is it?

But their sharp with Aldo is imagination

And the afternoon is at my voice, my blessing

And the back when it's silly, the color is small

I didn't come, I'm sorry and I'm sorry

Abu Ethman, but they were in the ignorance

And tell him to see her, the rope is out of me

Which is a poem played by all men

The Battle of Abanat is part of a series of wars known to the region between the tribes of Anza and Mutair, and ended with the victory of an goat and the evacuation of Mutair from its areas.

(The fall of Tharb) When King Muhammad Al-Abdullah Al-Rashid seized all Najd, he crushed his forces and crushed the Mutayr tribe in 1310 AH/1892 AD and one night later, he attacked Mutair again to expand his rule to the west. He also continued his raids and attacked Mutair in 1312 AH/ 1894 AD with a site called Tharb and sheep about 300 humiliation, and then Mutair complained to the governor of Medina in Turkey, the Ottoman Empire, and in view of the strength of Ibn Rashid, the governor of the city asked him to return the spoils peacefully, but he refused.

Battle of Tharb
Part of Wars of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar
Date 1894 Location Medina, Saudi Arabia Result Emirate of Jabal Shammar victory
Belligerents
Emirate of Jabal Shammar	Mutayr
Commanders and leaders
Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Rashid	Fajr bin Daghdash †
Casualties and losses
66 Dead	300 Dead

The author of the book The Bright Star mentions (He conquered and was jealous of the people of Shatit, and they were a thigh of Mutayr Bani Abdullah and took them and killed their president, his name was Fajr bin Dagdash, and this raid is on a tharb)

"And like his lamb with Mutayr is not hidden

Nahar Chip Children Summer Al-Jadail

On the end of the day of God, they intend to go

The singles are going between the trails."

(When Ibn Rashid marched to Riyadh in 1308 AH after Imam Abdul Rahman arrested Salem bin Sobhan, the Mutair tribe participated with Ibn Rashid, but it seems that Ibn Rashid's alliance with the Mutair tribe did not continue, as he participated against him with the people of Qassim in Al-Mulaida, which ended with a victory for Ibn Rashid. Therefore, when Ibn Rashid was captured by Najd, he mobilized his forces and inflicted a crushing defeat in the Mutair tribe in 1310 AH. Ibn Rashid was not satisfied with that, as in the following year he attacked the Mutair tribe in order to expand the influence of his rule to the west. He also continued his raids in 1312 AH, where he attacked the Mutair tribe in a site called Tharb and sheep, including about 300.

Humiliation, and due to the size of the losses incurred by the Mutair tribe, I complained to the governor of the city who was incurred by the Mutair tribe, and she complained to the governor of the city about Ibn Rashid's authority over it... And about this signatory, I praise the poet Abdullah bin Sabeel, Prince Mohammed.)

Battle of Mashthoubah
Date 1904 Location Al-Zulfi City, Saudi Arabia Result Mutayr victory
Belligerents
Emirate of Jabal Shammar Shammar tribe	Mutayr
Commanders and leaders
Ghanem bin Fahd bin Zweimel	Dhidan bin Hazza Al-Ardi
Strength
Ranging from 300 - 400 fiction	200 people on 10 camels
Casualties and losses
All fictions killed	Few killed

The Battle of Mashthobah or the Battle of Ras Mashthobah is a battle that took place in 1904 between 300 to 400 knights of the followers of Abdulaziz bin Rashid led by Ghanim bin Fahd bin Zumail Al Ayish Sheikh Al-Qani from Al-Ghafila from Sinjara from A Zubaa against 20 people from Badiya Al-Awar from Wasel from Bereh from the Mutair tribe, and the battle resulted in the victory of the Al-Awwar and they did not lose anything from their caps.

They invaded the beams on the homes of the Shammar tribe, and it is said that they are about twenty men from a belly full of championships and saturated with courage and courage, and he said that they had elected each other from the Mutair tribe, and Al-Ardi said that the invasion had seen the Abdulaziz bin Rashid camp, when one of them went up to a rib called (mashthobah) He witnessed the crowds of Ibn Rashid, and the sergeant Al-Ardi returned to his group to consult with them, and after they took a response, the Al-Awadi agreed on the Ankaf and self-defense if he followed them, and the first sect was by Abdulaziz bin Rashid Under the leadership of Ghanem bin Zuimel, the absence did not look between the leadership and the eyes until the meeting was between these eyes and the knees of the beams, so the fighting between them was full of the dead of Ibn Zweimel and his horses, and they forced him to retreat in front of the few handful to say that the news says that Ibn Zuimil could not subdue twenty men, and when Abdulaziz bin Rashid learned about what happened to Ibn Zuimil and those with him, he mobilized his armies to catch up with the beams, but the beams were hidd by the night when the sun went down and they did not lose anything from their ships, and a dissolved battle is considered one of the miracles of the island because 20 of them were able to kill about 400 men and did not lose anything.

The Battle of Diyala is a battle that took place in 1822 AD in the Diyala region in northeastern Iraq, between the Shammar tribe led by Sheikh Safouk, and the Qajar state led by Shah Fath-Ali Shah.

The battle began after the Qajar state tried to advance within the lands of Shammar in Iraq, so Safuk prepared an ambush with 800 knights of Shammar. The Shammar army faced a Qajar army of 40,000 soldiers, and managed to defeat it after heavy fighting that lasted for days in the areas of Mandali, Al-Khalas and Shahrban, and the battle ended with a great victory for the Shammar tribe, and the Qajar forces retreated into Iran.

Battle of Diyala
Date 1822 Location Diyala, Iraq Result Shammar (tribe) victory Forces of the Qajar state retreated into Iran after heavy losses.
Belligerents
Shammar (tribe)	Qajar Iran
Commanders and leaders
Safouk bin Fares Al-Jarba [ar]	Fath-Ali Shah
Strength
800	40,000
Casualties and losses
Unknown	Heavy losses

Sheikh Safouk bin Fares Al-Jarba responded to this advance, and led a force of 800 fighters from the Shammar tribe. Fennel set up an ambush in the Diyala area, and the Persian forces were lured into rough ground.

A violent fighting that lasted for days, and several branches of Shammar participated in it, especially in Al-Khalis and Shahrban. Because of the solid plan and geographical knowledge, Shammar managed to defeat the Qajar forces, kill large numbers of them, and force them to retreat east inside Iran.

Safouk bin Fares Al-Jarba developed a plan based on luring the army of the Qajar state into a tight ambush within the lands of Shammar, specifically in rugged areas near Diyala.

The number of participants in the Battle of Diyala in 1822 was:

• From the Shammar tribe: about 800 fighters
• From the Qajar state: about 40,000 soldiers

Second battle of Hajla (1919)
Part of Unification of Saudi Arabia
Date 1919 Location Asir, Hajla Result Saudi victory
Belligerents
Third Saudi State	Sheikdom of Upper Asir
Commanders and leaders
Ibn Saud Abdulaziz bin Musaed	Hasan bin Ali bin Ayedh [ar] Muhammad bin AbdulRahman bin Ayedh
Strength
40,000	1,000
Casualties and losses
Unknown	Unknown

The Second Battle Of Hajla Is One Of The Defact Battles Fought By Saudi Forces Led By Prince Faisal Bin Abdulaziz Al Saud During The Campaign To Unify The Asir Region. It Took Place In 1341 AH/1923 AD, And Ended With The Victory Of The Saudi State And The Annexation Of The Asir Region To The Modern Saudi State, Thus Announcing The End Of The Emirate Of Al Ayed After Their Defeat.

The Emirate of Al-Ayed ruled the Asir region since the mid-nineteenth century, and reached its peak during the reign of Prince Muhammad bin Ayed, where it extended its influence over most of the south of the Arabian Peninsula, and included parts of Hejaz and Najd such as Al-Quwaiya, Wadi Al-Dawaser and Alia Najd, and its influence extended south to Najran and Jizan, and reached the outskirts of Hodeidah and Sana'a in Yemen.

The emirate faced frequent challenges from the Ottoman Empire and local leaderships such as Muhammad bin Ali Al-Idrissi, but it remained a prominent regional power until the early 20th century.

After World War I, the region entered a political vacuum. In light of Abdulaziz Al Saud's quest to unify the island's regions, Asir emerged as a strategic goal.

Saudi forces moved from the east under the leadership of Prince Abdulaziz bin Musaed bin Jalawi Al Saud, after mobilizing the Najdi and Eastern tribes and sects, and their number was estimated at about forty thousand fighters or more, according to the account of Sheikh Mohammed bin Hassan Al-Hafzi.

On the other hand, Asir's forces led by Prince Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al-Ayed were linked in Hajla, after Al-Ayed divided their forces in anticipation of the Al-Idrissi attack from the west. The number of defenders in Hajla was estimated at only about a thousand men, but they showed fierce resistance in the face of the Saudi advance, especially after the artillery was stationed in the castle of Dhara under the leadership of Ayed bin Abdul Rahman.

Despite the numerical superiority of the Saudis, the battle was not easy; violent clashes took place in the vicinity of Hajla, accompanied by partial steadfastness from the Asiriya garrison until the next morning. But with the arrival of the news of the invasion of Abha from the east through the Bani Malik road, Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman withdrew after being wounded, and the rest of the army fled to the west. Prince Abdulaziz bin Musaed completed control of Abha without any resistance, while Prince Hassan bin Ali bin Ayed remained in the town of Al-Saqa fighting with 800 men for nearly twenty days.

The Second Battle of Hajla led to:

• The rule of the Emirate of Al Ayed officially ended after their defeat by the Saudi forces.
• The entry of Saudi forces into Abha and raising the Saudi flag in it.
• The Asir region was officially annexed to the Saudi state in 1373 AH.
• Opening the way for Saudi expansion south towards Jazan and Najran.

The second battle of Hajla is a turning point in the campaign to unify the south of the island, as it enabled Abdulaziz Al Saud to control Asir, and thus promote political stability in an area of great strategic and economic importance.

Saudi invasion of Oman
Part of Piracy in the Persian Gulf
Date 1804-1811 Location Oman Result Inconclusive Territorial changes Saudi influences in the Persian Gulf and Oman Remains.
Belligerents
Emirate of Diriyah	Omani Empire Qajar Iran Supported by: British Empire
Commanders and leaders
Saud bin Abdulaziz Mutlaq bin Muhammad Al-Mutayri [simple]	Said bin Sultan Fath-Ali Shah

The Saudi invasion of Oman was a Military and political invasion of the Omani Empire to expand Wahhabi influence in the regions of Oman and the Persian Gulf.

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Siege of Al-Rass
Part of Ottoman-Wahhabi War
Date 1816 Location Al-Rass Result Al-Rass reformed three months after the siege of Al-Rass and its provisions: To lift the siege on the town. The soldiers don't enter it. That the Saudi garrison should get out of it with their weapons. That its people stand on neutrality until the fate of Qassim is decided, so that if it submits, they will join Ibrahim Pasha.
Belligerents
Emirate of Diriyah	Ottoman Empire Eyalet of Egypt
Commanders and leaders
Abdullah bin Saud Al Saud	Mahmud II Ibrahim Pasha
Strength
300+	4,500
Casualties and losses
67 Dead	1,500 Dead

The first Saudi state originated in the Arabian Peninsula at the hands of Muhammad bin Saud, influenced by the thought of Imam Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab, and the Ottoman Empire saw the nascent state as a danger that threatened its influence and interests in the region, so the Ottoman Sultan at that time asked Muhammad Ali Pasha, the governor of Egypt, to send his army to eliminate it, so he sent a campaign led by his son Tosun and then another under the leadership of his son Ibrahim, in which the Siege of Al-Rass took place.

This Egyptian campaign went, and it reached Hejaz under the leadership of Ibrahim Muhammad Ali Pasha in Dhu al-Qa'da in 1231 AH. Then he went to Qassim, and before his penetration a lot into the lands of Qassim, he clashed with the forces of Imam Abdullah bin Saud bin Abdul Aziz bin Muhammad Al Saud in several clashes, and the forces of Ibrahim Pasha prevailed. After that, he continued to crawl until he reached the town of Al-Rass in Qassim and began its siege

Meanwhile, the famous war took place in 1232 AH between the people of Al-Rass and Ibrahim Pasha, who went out after being stationed in the city with the intention of Diriyah to seize it. He volunteered all the countries he passed through except the city of Al-Rass, which disobeded him, which made him order the cutting of palms, and besieged them for many months.

Al-Rass was surrounded by an impregnable wall, and since his main camp was adjacent to the city from the south, he dug a tunnel about two kilometers long, and this tunnel starts from the site of his camp and ends with the southern cabin of Al-Ras, and filled it with a quantity of gunpowder salt with the intention of blowing the wall. While Ibrahim Pasha's soldiers were digging the tunnel at night, a big woman heard the sound of digging when she was grinding wheat at night, so she went to Sheikh Prince Qarnas and told him that voice, so he went with her and listened to that sound, and he was characterized by short, intelligence and savvy. He knew that this sound was the sound of digging underground by the soldiers of Ibrahim Pasha in order to blow up the wall. Sheikh Amir Qarnas created a successful trick, which is to dug a tunnel opposite them, and then opened a small window overlooking the mine, and a cat came and held a wick in its tail and lit a fire, then the cat entered the tunnel and headed towards that hole, which led to the ignition of gunpowder and the elimination of many of Ibrahim Pasha's soldiers. The number of Ibrahim Pasha's soldiers killed in this war is estimated at about one thousand and five hundred men, according to Sheikh Saleh Al-Qarnas, or six hundred men, according to Othman bin Bishr in his book (The Title of Glory in the History of Najd). While the number of dead from Al-Rass reached about seventy martyrs, they were buried in a cemetery located in the middle of the current Al-Rass and known as the cemetery of (the martyrs), the poets of Al-Rass immortalized this war.

Battle of Hadia
Date March 1910 Location Jarbiyat [ar] Result Emirate of Al-Muntafiq and Al-Dhafeer victory
Belligerents
Emirate of Al-Muntafiq Al-Dhafeer	Emirate of Kuwait Emirate of Riyadh
Commanders and leaders
Saadoun Pasha Hamoud bin Suwait [ar] Zaher Abu dhra’	Jaber Al-Sabah Qarinis bin Kaimi [ar] Ibn Saud
Strength
Unknown 500	7,000 150
Casualties and losses
19 Killed	338 Killed

The Battle of Hadia or the Battle of Jarbiyat was a battle that took place at dawn on Wednesday, March 16, 1910, between the Kuwaitis and the supporters of Saadoun bin Mansour Pasha from the sheikhs of Al-Muntafiq, in the Jraibiyat Al-Tawwal area in Tawwal Al-Dhafir, south of the Iraqi Al-Muntafiq district and west of the Emirate of Kuwait. Saadoun Pasha won an easy victory over the forces of Mubarak Al-Sabah, and the army of Mubarak Al-Sabah withdrew. The reason for this was that a group of followers of Saadoun attacked a caravan of a Kuwaiti merchant, and Sheikh Mubarak Al-Sabah was angry about this attack and rushed to his aid as a Kuwaiti citizen. The Kuwaitis were defeated in this battle, so they left everything and escaped with their lives. One of the Kuwaitis said, “We left our money for Ibn Saadoun as a gift.” So that battle was called the Battle of Hadia, and it was also called the Battle of Al-Tawal because it took place in an area called Juraibaat Al-Tawal. Rabah Mubarak Al-Rashidi said in his book (The Rashayda Tribe): “It is called Hadiya, and it is a meadow with a lote tree. It is bordered from the south by “Akhdar Al-Maa” and from the north by “Shuaib Al-Luwaihiz” and “Al-Hajra” and from the west by “Al-Haniya.” Hamid Al-Saadoun said in his book (Emirate of Al-Muntafiq and its impact on the history of Iraq) that after the Rula clans defeated Saadoun's army, "Saadoun returned defeated and broken to his homes to find the envoy of the Sheikh of Kuwait (Mutlaq Abu Hadda), warning and threatening that Mubarak Al-Sabah would set down the land of Al-Mutafiq with a large army, because of his defeat in front of the Al-Rula clans and because Ibn Al-Sabah found that the opportunity was favorable to defeat Al-Mutafiq at this time and in light of its bad conditions."

After that, Mubarak Al-Sabah wanted revenge against Al-Muntafiq, so Jaber Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah sent a commander of the Kuwaiti army, and was able to change the camels of the Al-Dhafir tribe that had little protection and seized many of them without a battle.

The reasons that led to the (gift) battle are many, but in its entirety they do not give a strong motivation to fight between Al-Ams's allies, including:

• Mutani bin Halaf Al-Saidi, from the sheikhs of Al-Dhafir, and Saadoun's loyalists, invaded a convoy of Othman Al-Rashed from Kuwait merchants, and earned from it some camels and sheep, so Mubarak asked Saadoun to return those lobbies, but Saadoun did not respond to him from what Mubarak considered complicity with Al-Ghazi.
• Saadoun Pasha raided himself on the clans of Arib Dar, a term intended by the clans residing around Kuwait City, because of the summary incident: that a free falcon owned by Najm bin Abdullah bin Mansour Pasha Al-Saadoun escaped from it, and was hunted by a man from Arib Dar called (Khalif Al-Numi), so he sent Najm to recover his falcon, but Al-Numi refused to do so because there was a quarrel that the messenger of Najm was killed after it, and the killer resorted to Jaber bin Mubarak Al-Sabah, which angered Saadoun for the insult of his nephew's messenger, so Arib conquered Dar in late Safar 1328 AH (late February 1910 AD), and seized many spoils from them. It seems that Saadoun also conquered on his way a group of Mutair clans that have nothing to do with the incident with Arib Dar, and when Jaber bin Mubarak Al-Sabah called him for that, Saadoun apologized to him, and stated that he was ready to return what he had if Kuwait had a property in it. Indeed, a British report states that Saaduna returned half of the spoils that he had seized from the invasion of Irib Dar Jaber, and sent to his father to tell him about it, so Sheikh Mubarak got angry, and said: (Who are you who forgives and I am in existence?).
• Some sources claim that one of the reasons for the battle of Hadia is Saadoun Pasha's Mil, the Turkish Federalists, and Mubarak's proximity to the Freedom Party and the coalition, which Talib Al-Naqib founded its branch in Basra to limit the influence of the Federalists, as the Federalists instructed Saadoun to harass Mubarak, but the situation during which the battle took place, and its general tribal form, do not suggest such an opinion.

The number of members of the Kuwaiti Najdi army reached about 7,000 individuals, where Sheikh Mubarak recruited 2,000 young people from Kuwait City and mobilized 4,000 Bedouin tribes. Prince Abdulaziz Al Saud added it with 200 men from his followers and a small army from the Badia, bringing the total number of Kuwaiti Najdi forces, the total number of troops to 7,000 men, including 150 knights.

While Saadoun Pasha Boudai Al-Muntafiq and Al-Dhafir, and the size of his forces is close to the number of Kuwaiti forces, while his army includes about 500 knights.

After the news of Saadoun Pasha's defeat in front of the Al-Rula tribe, Sheikh Mubarak Al-Sabah sent his delegate, Mutlaq Abu Hadda, warning and threatening that Mubarak Al-Sabah would tramp the land of Al-Muntafiq with his army, as he found that the opportunity was favorable to defeat his enemy in light of his difficult conditions. Therefore, he mobilized an army of residents of Kuwait City and from Al-Bawadi and supported his leadership to his son Jaber, and Prince Abdulaziz bin Saud also participated in this campaign with some forces. As for Saadoun Pasha, he lost his army and quickly took the initiative to meet his enemy before they steped on his house, so they met in the Jarbiat Al-Tal. It is mentioned here that the prince - later the king - Abdul Aziz Al Saud, who participated in a battle of Hadia to the Kuwaiti side, and was present in the region for another matter, taking a little of his forces, tried to discourage the blessing of his determination to fight Saadoun, saying: (There is no real difference between you and the man that requires war, and I see his peace first, and the matter is minor, and I mediate between you), Mubarak replied: (You are my son, and does the boy accept that his father be insulted)?

From the Kuwaiti army, 338 men were killed in the gift of the wounded, while he was killed from the other side (five of Saadoun's men, four from Al-Jasham, seven from Al-Dhafir, including Abdul Rahman bin Halaf, and two from Al-Badour, and Lil bin Hatimi Al-Mandail was killed from Bani Khalid) and Thamer bin Saadoun was wounded and healed afterwards.

The historian Alami Al-Lami quoted Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani Ibrahim from his book (Princes and Invaders) that he said, "These forces integrated in Jahra, and the crowds went out on March 13, 1910, marching to the land of Al-Muntafiq, and met the Saadoun forces on March 16 between Al-Rahmiyya, Al-Qaba and Al-Taribiyat, in an area called "Al-Jarbiat Al-Tawal". The joint forces attacked the Saadoun forces at dawn, and the agreement retreated with little loss and gathered their forces, and suddenly raided the right wing formed by "Arabidar" Kuwait and Bedouin Mutayr. Jaber bin Mubarak had no choice but to withdraw from the battlefield, leaving Ibn Saud and his groups fighting the striking forces. Abdul Aziz, his brothers and those with them from Ajman, especially made desperate attempts so that the defeat would not be overwhelming. British sources say that Abdul Aziz had retreated with his groups in a deliberate tactical retreat, and resisted steadfastly, but he could not extract victory from the clutches of defeat, as Kuwait groups and other Bedouin groups fled. The strength of Al-Saadoun was not weak, as all the agreement was behind him, as groups of Al-Dhafir participated, and the Shammar tribe supported him with five hundred of its knights in Al-Ma'a'a. He also participated with him many southern Iraqi tribes and clans such as Zayed, Smit, Safa, Al-Majarid, Bani Malik and Al-Sharifat, Bani Hussein, Al-Fadoul, Al-Khazal, Bani Yahshem, Bani Lam, Bani Khagan and Bani Saeed, and many others from the Ottoman tribes of Iraq. The British agent says, quoting one of the Ajman sheikhs who fled the battle in search of survival, that Saadoun had four thousand knights who were more powerful and more powerful than the horses of Ibn al-Sabah and Ibn Saud. Al-Ajami testified that this Kuwaiti-Saudi campaign could have reached genocide and mass destruction if it were not for the existence of Abdul Aziz and his experience in the war, and if it were not for the leniency of the rebel forces in killing prisoners, Saadoun Al-Mansour Al-Saadoun asked his fighters to disarm the Saudi and Kuwaiti prisoners and equipment and leave them on their way. "It is certain that the victory of the Iraqis in the (Jarbiat) site has firmly drawn the southern and southwestern borders of Iraq in the face of British ambitions," Alaa Al-Lami said in his book (Counter-Texts).

Battle of Ghelion
Date 1813 Location Ghelion Lake [ar], Iraq Result Emirate of Al-Muntafiq victory The inauguration of Said bin Suleiman Al-Kabeer Pasha on the Maliks of Iraq
Belligerents
Emirate of Al-Muntafiq Emirate of Qash’am	Mamluk dynasty of Iraq Emirate of Rabia Emirate of Al-Khuzael Forces of Najm Al-Saadoun
Commanders and leaders
Hamoud bin Thamer Al-Saadoun Said bin Suleiman Pasha Saleh Al-Thamer Barghas bin Hamoud Al-Thamer † Hussein bin Shabib Al-Kash'a	Abdullah Pasha Al-Tutunji  Al-Kahiya Taher Agha  Prince Mashkour † Najm bin Abdullah Al-Saadoun †

The Battle of Ghelion took place on 10 January 1813 AD between the forces of the Mamluks of Iraq under the leadership of Minister Abdullah Pasha Al-Tutunji and with him a laf of Arab tribes, Laund and the Kurds, and between the forces of Al-Muntafiq, led by Sheikh Hamoud bin Thamer Al-Saadoun and with him Saeed bin Suleiman Pasha, and the Ottoman forces exceeded the forces of Al-Muntafiq in number and habit, but when the confrontation took place, a large number of Mamluk soldiers leaked towards Saeed Bey, the son of their master Suleiman Pasha Al-Kabeer, which turned the scales of the battle in favor of Al-Muntafiq.

In the spring of April 1812 AD, that is, during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Mahmoud II, there was a severe dissonance between the Kahir Agha, the deputy governor of Baghdad, Abdullah Pasha Al-Tutunji, and Muhammad Saeed Bey, known as "Saeed Bey", the son of the former governor of Baghdad, Suleiman Pasha Al-Kabeer, and Saeed Bey, an eighteen-year-year-old son who was diligent on the opposition and insisted on it, Taher Agha seized his property given to him by his father Suleiman Pasha, at which time Saeed Bey left Baghdad in Jumad on May of the same year. When the governor learned of this, he sent someone trying to convince him to return to Baghdad and gave him safety, so he returned accompanied by the British consul in Basra "Mr. Rich", who was then in Baghdad, and Rich was favored by the Totunji, so he took safety from him to Saeed. But Taher Agha continued to show hatred and threat to Said Bey, which led him to write complaints to the central government in Astana against Abdullah Pasha Al-Tutunji, and this caused the delay of the royal manman in confirming the Tutunji in the position of the governor of Baghdad, which the branches used to arrive in the month of Shawwal every year, in addition to the fact that Istanbul demands the Tutunji with amounts accumulated on him and he does not pay anything from it. The governor felt that Saeed Bey was causing him many problems, taking advantage of his father's good reputation when he was the absolute ruler of Iraq, so he began to narrow him and monitor him, and even arranging a plan to get rid of him, because he found him his most dangerous rival.

In the month of October 1812 AD, Abdullah Al-Tutunji's army left Baghdad towards Al-Muntafiq via Hilla, where it contained Kurds, Arabs and left, and its size amounted to 3,000 passengers, except for infantry, caravans of mules, camels, cannons, etc. It was also joined by 8 boats that arrived from Basra to the Sheikh market in the lands of Al-Muntafiq, so that it was said that the size of the army and the clans supporting it was one of the largest military campaigns at that time, so the army arrived at the sheikh market in January 1813 AD. Upon his arrival in the land of Al-Muntafiq, he crossed from the west of the Euphrates to the island, Sheikh Mashkur, joined him by Sheikh Rabia, who became the commander of the first vanguard of the army, so he clashed with Saleh bin Thamer and a violent battle took place between them that resulted in the killing of Mushkur and the dispersion of his people, so the minister completed his march until he descended with soldiers near the clans of Al-Muntafiq. As for Hamoud and the largest part of his tribe, and the followers of Saeed Bey and a number of adventurers, in addition to the presence of some rebels who took refuge in the marshes at different times, they gathered somewhere miles away from Basra, their number was small relative to the force that went to them, so Hamoud Al-Thamer and Saeed Bey made a successful political movement, when they wrote the leaders of the government army, and reminded them thanks to Suleiman Al-Kabeer and his care for them, and promised them excellent positions and rewards.

The expected battle broke out on January 10, 1813 AD in the area of (Ghelion River), a small river located between the Sheikh and Nasiriyah market, and the likelihood of the Wali's army appeared at first thanks to the intensity of the fire in his possession and artillery, which divided the majority of the army of Al-Muntafiq, but the steadfastness of Sheikh Hamoud and with him Saeed Bey and his companion from the eception of the forces of the agreed heart led by Barghash bin Hamoud Al-Thamer. But things turned upside down after unconfirmed news of an order from Istanbul to appoint Said Bey as minister of Iraq, so the soldiers rebelled against Abdullah Al-Tutunji and looted the camp's weapons and money and joined Saeed Bey and his protector Hamoud Al-Thamer, revealing the result of the battle, on 4 February 1813 AD. After that, the wali and his wife, along with some of the followers, found themselves surrounded by the imagination of Al-Mutafiq, led by Ali Al-Thamer, who himself killed the appointed Sheikh Najm Al-Abdullah, forcing them to surrender, so they took them captives to the sheikhs market. But their lives were suspended by the life of Barghash, who was struggling for his life and suffering the pain of his wounds, and he died two days after the battle. The end of the governor and his death was that Rashid bin Thamer killed them in prison by strangling ropes, and after they were buried, he returned to them and dug them, beheaded, and famous in revenge for his nephew Barghash. This measure angered the Amir of Al-Muntafiq Hamoud Al-Thamer, and he denied his brother "Rashid" outside the tribe in denunciation of doing this work. Thus, a ruler died whose qualities were rare, for example, to make room for another who was a hundred times less than him.