Upanah

Upanah (Sanskrit) is an ancient form of footwear from India. The term is used to refer to several types of strapped sandals and shoes employed by common people, in contrast to monks and mendicants who would use paduka instead.[1][2] The word comes from the Sansakrit root nah, meaning "to tie", "to bind", to "fasten",[2] as well as pad, meaning "foot".[3] Combined words like charan-upanah might have originated modern words like "chappal".[3]

History

Upanah or upanat are mentioned in ancient Vedic texts like Yajurveda and Atharvaveda.[1][4] They were the most common type of footwear in ancient India,[2] even although chronicles also describe Indians as favoring walking barefoot regardless of social class, at least as late as Xuanzang's times.[4] They were used from members of the lower castes to religious practitioners and vratya ascetics.[2][4]

Texts by Patanjali make a separation between footwear made of leather (upanah charma or cham) and wood (upanah dam). Leather sandals and shoes would be usually made of antelope or boarskin, as well as other, more expensive skins that would be a sign of status, while others would be made of wood, wool or balbaja grass.[5][4] Other kinds of similar shoes reflected in the Mahāvyutpatti were pula, mandapula and padavestanika, as well as vaturinapada, foot guards used by warriors.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b What is the history of Indian footwear like Paduka, Juti?
  2. ^ a b c d Jutta Jain-Neubauer (2000). Feet & Footwear in Indian Culture. Bata Shoe Museum. ISBN 978-81-858226-9-3.
  3. ^ a b Rukmini Bhaya Nair; Peter Ronald deSouza (1968). Keywords for India: A Conceptual Lexicon for the 21st Century. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  4. ^ a b c d e Raj Kumar (2008). Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient, Medieval and Modern. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-783566-4-8.
  5. ^ Baij Nath Puri (1968). India in the Time of Patañjali. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.

Read other articles:

Aras

ArasCedar Aras Libanon di Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve, Barouk, Libanon Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Plantae Divisi: Pinophyta Kelas: Pinopsida Ordo: Pinales Famili: Pinaceae Subfamili: Abietoideae Genus: CedrusTrew Aras (Inggris: Cedarcode: en is deprecated ) adalah tumbuhan konifer dari genus Cedrus, famili Pinaceae. Tanaman ini menghasilkan kayu yang kuat, harum, dan tahan lama.[1] Tumbuhan ini merupakan tumbuhan asli pegunungan Himalaya sampai Mediterania dan tumbuh dengan baik ...

 

Distrik Datong

Distrik Datong distrik di Taiwan Dinamakan berdasarkanGreat Unity (en) dan Dalongdong (en) Tempat categoria:Articles mancats de coordenades Negara dengan pengakuan terbatasTaiwanKotaTaipei NegaraTaiwan Pembagian administratifGuoshun Village (en) Yuquan Village (en) Jianming Village (en) Jiangong Village (en) Jiantai Village (en) Yongle Village (en) Zhaoyang Village (en) Xingming Village (en) Guangneng Village (en) Dayou Village (en) Yanping Village (en) Shuanglian Village (en) Nanfang Village...

 

Albert Pintat

Albert Pintat Santolària Kepala Pemerintahan AndorraMasa jabatan27 Mei 2005 – 5 Juni 2009Penguasa monarkiPrancis:Jacques ChiracNicolas SarkozySpanish:Joan Enric Vives SicíliaGubernur JenderalPrancis:Philippe MassoniEmmanuelle MignonChristian FrémontSpanish:Nemesi Marqués Oste PendahuluMarc Forné MolnéPenggantiJaume Bartumeu Informasi pribadiLahir23 Juni 1943 (umur 80)Partai politikPLAAlma materUniversitas FribourgSunting kotak info • L • B Albert Pintat San...

Dacia Duster

Dacia DusterInformasiProdusenDaciaJuga disebutRenault DusterNissan Terrano[1](India dan Rusia)Masa produksi1984–sekarangPerakitanMioveni, RomaniaSão José dos Pinhais, Brasil (Renault Brazil)Envigado, Colombia (Sofasa)Moscow, Russia (Avtoframos)Chennai, India (Renault India)Pulogadung, Indonesia (Indomobil)[2][3]PerancangRenault Design Central EuropeKesamaanRenault DusterARO 10Bodi & rangkaKelasSUV kompakBentuk kerangka5-pintu wagonTata letakMesin depa...

 

Maskara

Untuk grup musik, lihat Maskara (grup musik). Maskara dengan tabung dan kuas aplikator. Penggunaan maskara. Maskara adalah kosmetik yang umumnya digunakan untuk memperindah mata. Fungsinya antara lain untuk mempergelap, mempertebal, memperpanjang, dan/atau memperjelas bulu mata. Normalnya, maskara modern berbentuk cair, padat, atau krim, yang terbuat dari beragam bahan, meskipun sebagian besarnya terbuat dari bahan yang sama seperti pigmen, minyak, lilin, dan bahan pengawet. Definisi Collins ...

 

Tradescantia

Come leggere il tassoboxTradescantia Tradescantia fluminensis Classificazione APG IV Dominio Eukaryota Regno Plantae (clade) Angiosperme (clade) Mesangiosperme (clade) Monocotiledoni Ordine Commelinales Famiglia Commelinaceae Genere TradescantiaRuppius ex L., 1753 Classificazione Cronquist Dominio Eukaryota Regno Plantae Divisione Magnoliophyta Classe Liliopsida Sottoclasse Commelinidae Ordine Commelinales Famiglia Commelinaceae Genere Tradescantia Specie vedi testo Tradescantia Ruppius ex L...

Long-term depression

Not to be confused with chronic depression, a mental disorder, or the Long Depression, an economic depression. In neurophysiology, long-term depression (LTD) is an activity-dependent reduction in the efficacy of neuronal synapses lasting hours or longer following a long patterned stimulus. LTD occurs in many areas of the CNS with varying mechanisms depending upon brain region and developmental progress.[1] As the opposing process to long-term potentiation (LTP), LTD is one of several ...

 

Mam (Maya mythology)

Mam [mam] 'grandfather' or 'grandson', is a pan-Maya kinship term as well as a term of respect referring to ancestors and deities. In Classic period inscriptions, the word mam appears to be used mainly to introduce the name of a grandfather, grandson, or ancestor, often a king.[1] Ethnographically, Mam refers to several aged Maya deities: (i) In Kekchi-speaking Belize, 'Mam' is a general designation for the mountain spirits; four Mams were specifically associated with the four...

 

2022 FIFA World Cup Group B

State of association football tournament Group B of the 2022 FIFA World Cup took place from 21 to 29 November 2022. The group consisted of national association football teams from England, Iran, the United States and Wales. Both England and the United States progressed to the round of 16 undefeated. England won the group, winning two games and drawing the other, while the United States won one game and drew the other two. Iran finished the group third, having won a game, with Wales finishing...

Turkmenistan at the 1996 Summer Olympics

Sporting event delegationTurkmenistan at the1996 Summer OlympicsIOC codeTKMNOCNational Olympic Committee of Turkmenistanin AtlantaCompetitors7 (4 men and 3 women) in 6 sportsFlag bearer Rozy RedzhepovMedals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer Olympics appearances (overview)19962000200420082012201620202024Other related appearances Russian Empire (1900–1912) Soviet Union (1952–1988) Unified Team (1992) Turkmenistan competed in the Olympic Games as an independent nati...

 

Cretan hieroglyphs

Undecyphered bronze-age Cretan writing system Cretan hieroglyphsA green jasper Minoan seal with Cretan hieroglyphs, 1800 BCScript type Undeciphered (presumed ideographic, possibly with a syllabic component)Time periodMM I to MM III 2100–1700 BCStatusExtinctDirectionLeft-to-right LanguagesUnknown; possibly MinoanRelated scriptsParent systemsProto-writingCretan hieroglyphsSister systemsLinear A This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA...

 

Toyota C-HR II

Toyota C-HR II Marque Toyota Années de production 2023 - Classe Crossover urbain Usine(s) d’assemblage Adapazarı Moteur et transmission Énergie Hybride essence / Hybride essence rechargeable Moteur(s) Hybride :4-cyl. 1.8 142 ch4-cyl. 2.0 198 chHybride rechargeable :4-cyl. 2.0 223 ch Position du moteur Transversale avant Puissance maximale 142 à 223 ch DIN (103 à 164 kW) Transmission Traction ou intégrale (AWD-i) Boîte de vitesses CVT Masse et performances Accél�...

Eric III of Denmark

Danish king (1120–1146) Eric III LambEric on his coinKing of DenmarkReign1137–1146[1]PredecessorEric IISuccessorSweyn III, Canute V, Valdemar IBornc. 1120[2]Died27 August 1146 (aged 25–26)OdenseBurialSt. Canute's Abbey, OdenseConsortLutgard of SalzwedelHouseEstridsenFatherHakon SunnivassonMotherRagnhild of Denmark Eric III Lamb (Danish: Erik III Lam, c. 1120 – 27 August 1146) was King of Denmark from 1137 until 1146. He was the grandson of Eri...

 

乌克兰总理

 烏克蘭總理Прем'єр-міністр України烏克蘭國徽現任杰尼斯·什米加尔自2020年3月4日任命者烏克蘭總統任期總統任命首任維托爾德·福金设立1991年11月后继职位無网站www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/（英文） 乌克兰 乌克兰政府与政治系列条目 宪法 政府 总统 弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基 總統辦公室 国家安全与国防事务委员会 总统代表（英语：Representatives of the President of Ukraine） 总...

 

Delia Boccardo

Italian actress (born 1948) Delia BoccardoBoccardo in Between Miracles (1971)Born (1948-01-29) 29 January 1948 (age 76)Genoa, ItalyOccupationActress Delia Boccardo (born 29 January 1948) is an Italian film, television and stage actress. Life and career Born in Genoa, Boccardo spent her childhood and adolescence in Nervi, then studied at a Swiss college, at the Poggio Imperiale girls' school and, for about three years, at a college in Sussex, England.[1] In 1965 she moved to Rome ...

Mahinthrathirat

King of Ayutthaya MahinthrathiratมหินทราธิราชKing of AyutthayaKing of SiamReign15 April 1569 – 2 August 1569PredecessorMaha ChakkraphatSuccessorMaha Thammaracha (as vassal king)Vassal King of SiamReign18 February 1564 – before 12 May 1568PredecessorMaha ChakkraphatSuccessorMaha Chakkraphat (as sovereign king)EmperorBayinnaungBorn1539Diedc. late 1569NamesMahinthrathiratHouseSuphannaphum dynastyFatherMaha ChakkrapatMotherSri Suriyothai Mahinthrathirat (Thai: มห�...

 

تصفيات كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2015 المجموعة د

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها...

 

Vietnamese studies

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Vietnamese studies – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The location of Vietnam Vietnamese studies (Vietnamese: Việt Nam học), or Vietnamology,[1] in general is the study of Vietnam an...

Vladimir Yakunin

Russian oligarch In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Ivanovich and the family name is Yakunin. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (February 2024) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accura...

 

Шёст

КоммунаШёстCheust Герб 43°03′06″ с. ш. 0°00′59″ в. д.HGЯO Страна  Франция Регион Юг — Пиренеи Департамент Верхние Пиренеи Кантон Лурд-Эст Мэр Поль Лаффай(2014—2020) История и география Площадь 3,06 км² Высота центра 532–862 м Часовой пояс UTC+1:00, летом UTC+2:00 Население Население...