Suicide by cop (abbreviated as: SbC[1]), also known as suicide by police or law-enforcement-assisted suicide,[2] is a suicide method in which a suicidal individual deliberately behaves in a threatening manner with intent to provoke a lethal response from a public safety or law enforcement officer[3] to end their own life.
There are two broad categories of "suicide by cop". The first is when someone has committed a crime and is being pursued by the police and decides that they would rather die than be arrested. These people may not otherwise be suicidal but may simply decide that life is not worth living if they are incarcerated and thus will provoke police to kill them. The second version involves people who are already contemplating suicide and who decide to provoke law enforcement into killing them. These individuals may commit a crime with the specific intention of provoking a law enforcement response.[citation needed]
The idea of dying by suicide in this manner is based on trained procedures of law enforcement officers, specifically the policy on the use of deadly force. In jurisdictions where officials are readily capable of deadly force, often by being equipped with firearms, there are usually set circumstances where they will predictably use deadly force against a threat to themselves or others. This form of suicide functions by exploiting this trained reaction. The most common scenario is pointing a firearm at a police officer or an innocent person, which would be expected to provoke an officer to fire on them. Many variants exist: for example, attacking with a knife or other hand weapon, trying to run an officer or other person over with a car, or trying to trigger a real or presumed explosive device.[citation needed]
This concept hinges on the person's state of mind, and their desire to end their own life, which can be difficult to determine post-mortem.[4] Some cases are obvious, such as pointing an unloaded or non-functioning gun, such as a toy gun, air gun, airsoft gun, or starter's pistol, at officers, or the presence of a suicide note. Some suspects brazenly announce their intention to die before they act; however, many cases can be more difficult to determine, as some suspects with the desire to die will actually fire live ammunition and even kill people before being killed themselves. Many law enforcement training programs have added sections to specifically address handling these situations if officers suspect that the subject is attempting to goad them into using lethal force.[citation needed]
Many modern cases that pre-date the formal recognition of the phenomenon have been identified or speculated by historians as matching the pattern now known as suicide by cop. According to authors Mark Lindsay and David Lester, Houston McCoy, one of the two Austin Police Department officers who shot and killed Charles Whitman, the "Texas Tower Sniper", believed that Whitman could have shot him and fellow officer Ramiro Martinez, but "he was waiting for them, and wanted to be shot."[5] The 1976 death of Mal Evans, road manager, assistant, and a friend of the Beatles, who aimed an air gun at police and refused to put it down, was theorized as a possible example of this phenomenon.[6] Some historians believe that Giuseppe Zangara, the man who killed Chicago mayor Anton Cermak in a possible attempt to assassinate then President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt, might have been attempting suicide by police.[7]
The phenomenon has been described in news accounts from 1981,[8] and scientific journals since 1985.[8] The phrase has appeared in news headlines since at least 1987.[9] It did not become common until the early 2000s. The phrase seems to have originated in the United States, but has also appeared in the UK, where a jury first determined someone died by suicide by cop in 2003.[10]
Some of the first research into suicide by cop was completed by Sgt. Rick Parent of the Delta Police Department in 2004. Parent's research of 843 police shootings determined that about 50% were victim-precipitated homicide. Police defined victim-precipitated homicide as "an incident in which an individual bent on self-destruction, engages in life threatening and criminal behavior to force law enforcement officers to kill them."[11]
The first formally labeled "Suicide by Cop" case in English legal history was a judgment made on May 9, 2003, by the Reverend Dr. William Dolman[10] while serving as a London coroner between 1993 and 2007.[12] It set a legal precedent and the judgment, as a cause of death, has been a part of English law since.
A 2009 study in the United States of the profiles of 268 people who died by suicide by cop found that[13]
A study of five years (2010-2015) of LAPD data on 419 attempted suicides by cop found that officers used lethal force seven times, killing five of the subjects. Less-lethal force was used 71 times. No force was used the other 341 times, or 81 percent. LAPD’s Mental Evaluation Unit has specially trained officers to handle such incidents and tracked, paired with mental health clinicians, who are on call 24 hours a day.[14]
In the US, the Police Executive Research Forum developed a protocol for dealing with incidents, in which officers do not aim their weapon at the person, move a safe distance away and engage the person in conversation rather than shouting commands at them.[14]
In To Kill a Mockingbird, Tom Robinson, a despondent black man who is imprisoned for a rape he did not commit, is shot 17 times and killed while trying to escape from prison in front of the prison guards.[29]
In The Outsiders, Dallas Winston, a juvenile delinquent, aims an unloaded handgun at police officers with the intent of them shooting him; he is shot dead.
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Tom Robinson, the black man falsely charged with rape, commits what some call 'suicide by cop,' attempting to escape from prison under circumstances that assure his death. p. 131
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