Under informateursElbert Dijkgraaf and Richard van Zwol, the four parties (the right-wing populist PVV, the conservative liberal VVD, the Christian democratic NSC, and the agrarian BBB) reached the outline of a coalition agreement, titled "Hope, Courage, and Pride", on 16 May 2024.[2] They agreed to form an extra-parliamentary cabinet, which they defined as a cabinet with a greater distance to parliamentary groups in the House of Representatives.[3] Votes in parliament of coalition parties were not bound on issues not covered in the agreement, such as pensions, as long as they would not impact the budget.[4] Van Zwol was appointed formateur on 22 May. On 11 June, the four parties agreed on the names of candidates and the distribution of ministerial posts. The cabinet consists of 29 members, the same amount as its predecessor, of which 16 are ministers. Three new ministerial posts were created, the Minister of Asylum and Migration, the Minister of Climate and Green Growth, and the Minister of Housing and Spatial Planning; and it includes one minister without portfolio, namely the Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation.[5] The cabinet was sworn in on 2 July 2024.[6]
Following the formation, the cabinet was tasked with expanding the outline of the coalition agreement into a governing agreement.[3] It was finalized by the Council of Ministers on 6 September 2024 and presented on 13 September, ahead of the presentation of the 2025 Netherlands budget on Prinsjesdag.[7][8] The Netherlands Bar [nl] concluded in October 2024 that nine proposals, including the declaration of an asylum crisis, violated the principles of the rule of law, while another 28 were considered risks. Six proposals, such as the "right to make a mistake", could strengthen the rule of law.[9]
The coalition agreement included plans to issue a "well-substantiated" statutory instrument to suspend certain provisions of the Aliens Act and to introduce an Asylum Crisis Act without delay. It was agreed that no new asylum applications would be processed and that the Dispersal Act would be revoked.[10][11][12] The coalition parties called their migration policy the most stringent and extensive in history.[13] In October 2024, the coalition parties agreed that the proposal to use emergency powers would be abandoned, and new legislation would be introduced to enact asylum measures, most of which were outlined in the coalition agreement, along with some additional provisions.[14][15][16]
In a September 2024 letter to the European Commission, Minister of Asylum and Migration Marjolein Faber requested an opt-out for the Netherlands from European asylum and migration legislation in case of a treaty amendment. Such an exception can only be granted by the European Council, and the Commission responded that no treaty amendments were pending.[17][18] Hungary later joined the Netherlands in requesting an opt-out.[19]
Several financial setbacks arose after coalition parties had settled on the budget in their coalition agreement, and the Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis (CPB) concluded in August 2024 that government finances would deteriorate in absence of intervention.[20] The leaders of the coalition parties met that same month with the cabinet to finalize the 2025 budget.[21] During talks, NSC leader Pieter Omtzigt threatened to withhold support, because he believed the unemployed and pensioners did not sufficiently benefit. This would have led to the fall of the cabinet.[22]
To decrease the projected budget deficit, cuts for development aid and education were planned as well as an increase in the sales tax on hotel stays, sports, culture, books, and newspapers from 9% to 21% starting in 2026. Opposition parties, holding a majority in the Senate, threatened to block the tax plan because of their opposition to the latter measure. Minister of Finance Eelco Heinen ultimately committed to seeking an alternative to the proposed tax increase on sports, culture, books, and newspapers before its effective date. The measure remained in the plan to avoid a €1.2 billion annual funding gap.[26][27] Regarding development aid, renamed from "development cooperation" by, the Schoof cabinet intended to cut the yearly allocated budget by €2.4 billion, over a third of its total, starting in 2027. The percentage of the budget spent on sheltering asylum seekers in the Netherlands would be contained to 10%, and aid related to water management and food security would be prioritized.[28]
The cabinet intended to cut funding education by €2 billion, half of which for higher education and science. The latter would be achieved through lowering the number of international students, increasing tuition for students exceeding the standard duration, reducing money allocated to the Fund for Research and Science, and scrapping research grants. The latter had been created by the previous cabinet.[29] The plans sparked a protest, and opposition parties presented alternative proposals in November 2024.[30][31][32] To gain Senate support, coalition parties negotiated with centrist and conservative parties, calling themselves the "unholy alliance". After two weeks, an agreement was struck to reduce the €2 billion cut by €750 million.[33][34] The Dutch Student Union was relieved that the proposed tuition increase for students exceeding the standard duration was reversed, while Universities of the Netherlands called scientific research the biggest loser of the compromise.[35]
November 2024 Amsterdam riots
In the wake of the November 2024 Amsterdam riots, in which supporters of the Israeli football club Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C. were targeted, Schoof said that he was "ashamed" and "horrified by the antisemitic attacks on Israeli citizens."[36][37] Following an 11 November Council of Ministers meeting, he blamed a specific group of young people with a migration background for the attacks, and he said that the events pointed to a broader integration issue. Integration state secretary Jurgen Nobel stated that a significant portion of Islamic youth did not endorse Dutch norms and values.[38][39]
On 15 November, State Secretary Nora Achahbar announced her resignation citing "polarizing interactions during the past weeks." Reports circulated of offensive, radical, and potentially racist remarks about the Amsterdam attacks during the Council of Ministers meeting. Schoof invited the leaders of the four coalition parties to join the cabinet for crisis talks to avert a cabinet collapse, and they finally agreed that other cabinet members of NSC would stay on. Schoof denied allegations of racism within the cabinet and coalition parties, and he refused to release minutes of the meeting, which opposition parties had requested.[40][41][42][43][44] Achahbar later denied that her departure was because of racism, and members of parliament Rosanne Hertzberger and Femke Zeedijk of NSC resigned in her support.[45][46] Achahbar was replaced by Sandra Palmen.[47]
Cabinet changes
State Secretary for Tax Affairs and the Tax Administration Folkert Idsinga (NSC) resigned on 1 November 2024, citing a perceived lack of trust by the House. PVV leader Geert Wilders had joined opposition parties in demanding transparency about Idsinga's retirement savings, which included business interests and could create conflicts of interest. His savings, valued at over €6 million in 2023, were managed by a foundation for the duration of his term, and Idsinga refused to provide more visibility, citing his privacy.[48][49] Idsinga was succeeded by Tjebbe van Oostenbruggen.[50]
Agriculture and nitrogen crisis
The Netherlands had been mandated by the European Union to stop the deterioration of nature in Natura 2000 sites by 2030, and goals with regard to nitrogen deposition had been enshrined in national legislation.[51] The coalition agreement reduced the fund allocated towards addressing the nitrogen crisis from €25 billion to €5 billion.[3] In September 2024, Minister Femke Wiersma terminated the National Program for Rural Areas, which had been created by the fourth Rutte cabinet in response to the crisis and which tasked provinces with devising plans to improve the quality of nature and water based on a national fund.[52][53]
Wiersma presented the outline of her alternative plans and a provisional breakdown of the €5 billion in funding in late November 2024. The cabinet aimed to increase agricultural lands designated as nature reserves from 100,000 ha (250,000 acres) to 280,000 ha (690,000 acres) by expanding subsidies for farmers. The cabinet allocated between €1.25 billion and €2.5 billion towards innovations to reduce nitrogen emissions, and it planned to set emissions targets for farms instead of prescribing certain measures. The same amount would be available for a voluntary buyout scheme for farmers considering to leave the sector. Furthermore, Wiersma plans to postpone enforcement of nitrogen emissions regulations for a group of farmers left without a permit due to a 2019 Court of State ruling for another three years. The Netherlands Agricultural and Horticultural Association [nl] responded that farmers would remain uncertain about their future because of the latter.[54][55]
In December 2024, the Administrative Jurisdiction Division of the Council of State ruled that unused nitrogen emission rights could no longer be allocated to other construction and expansion projects. Instead, a new permit would be required. The judgement retroactively invalidated such usage of the rights during the past five years, and Schoof established a committee comprising several cabinet members to explore measures to prevent widespread project delays.[56][57]
Cabinet type
The coalition parties agreed to form an extra-parliamentary cabinet. In particular, Pieter Omtzigt, the leader of NSC, had insisted on an alternative to the typical majority cabinet after having campaigned on a "new governance culture" in the election. An extra-parliamentary cabinet would be defined by greater distance between the cabinet and the parliamentary groups of coalition parties in the House of Representatives. InformateurKim Putters recommended the formation of an "extra-parliamentary program cabinet", meaning the coalition parties would draft a shorter coalition agreement, which the cabinet would later expand into a governing agreement.[58]
A few months after its creation, newspaper NRC concluded the Schoof cabinet no longer resembled an extra-parliamentary cabinet. It noted that frequent talks occurred between parliamentary leaders and cabinet members and that coalition parties negotiated with the cabinet about the 2025 budget. Political scientist Arco Timmermans agreed the cabinet could not be considered extra-parliamentary, saying that more effort from parliamentary leaders would be required to keep distance.[58] Wim Voermans, another political scientists, argued that a cabinet could only be extra-parliamentary if there would have been no involvement from the parliament in its formation and the drafting of its agreement.[59]
When asked about responsibilities, Schoof replied that the cabinet handles primary issues, while parliamentary leaders logically take the lead on matters outlined in the coalition agreement.[60]
Cabinet members
The party affiliations shown below indicate the party by which a cabinet member was given. Some cabinet members are a member of a different party or of no party.
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![Azure, billetty Or a lion with a coronet Or armed and langued Gules holding in his dexter paw a sword Argent hilted Or and in the sinister paw seven arrows Argent pointed and bound together Or. [The seven arrows stand for the seven provinces of the Union of Utrecht.] The shield is crowned with the (Dutch) royal crown and supported by two lions Or armed and langued gules. They stand on a scroll Azure with the text (Or) "Je Maintiendrai" (French for "I will maintain".)](File:State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg)
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