List of ministers of social affairs of the Netherlands

Minister of Social Affairs
and Employment
of the Netherlands
Minister van Sociale Zaken
en Werkgelegenheid
Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment
Flag of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Minister of Social Affairs and Employment Eddy van Hijum
since 2 July 2024; 4 months ago (2024-07-02)
Ministry of Social Affairs
and Employment
StyleHis/Her Excellency
Member ofCouncil of Ministers
AppointerThe Monarch
on advice of the Prime Minister
Formation25 September 1918; 106 years ago (1918-09-25)
First holderPiet Aalberse
as Minister of Labour
DeputyJurgen Nobel
as State Secretary for Participation and Integration
Salary€170.000 (As of 2022)
(excluding expenses)
WebsiteMinister of Social Affairs and Employment
Part of the Politics series
Politics of the Netherlands
Azure, billetty Or a lion with a coronet Or armed and langued Gules holding in his dexter paw a sword Argent hilted Or and in the sinister paw seven arrows Argent pointed and bound together Or. [The seven arrows stand for the seven provinces of the Union of Utrecht.] The shield is crowned with the (Dutch) royal crown and supported by two lions Or armed and langued gules. They stand on a scroll Azure with the text (Or) "Je Maintiendrai" (French for "I will maintain".)
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The minister of social affairs and employment (Dutch: Minister van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid) is the head of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment and a member of the Cabinet and the Council of Ministers. The current minister is Eddy van Hijum of the New Social Contract (NSC) party who has been in office since 2 July 2024. Regularly, a state secretary is assigned to the ministry who is tasked with specific portfolios. The current state secretary is Jurgen Nobel of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), who has been in office since 2 July 2024 and has been responsible for labor participation and integration. In the past, there have also been ministers without portfolio assigned to the ministry.

List of ministers of social affairs

1918–1945

Minister of Labour Term of office Party Prime Minister
(Cabinet)
Piet Aalberse Piet Aalberse
(1871–1948) 		25 September 1918 –
1 January 1923 		Roman Catholic
State Party 		Charles Ruijs de
Beerenbrouck
(Ruijs de Beerenbrouck I • II)
[1][2]
Minister of Labour,
Commerce and Industry 		Term of office Party Prime Minister
(Cabinet)
Piet Aalberse Piet Aalberse
(1871–1948) 		1 January 1923 –
4 August 1925 		Roman Catholic
State Party 		Charles Ruijs de
Beerenbrouck
(Ruijs de Beerenbrouck II)
[2]
Dionysius Koolen Dr.
Dionysius Koolen
(1871–1945) 		4 August 1925 –
8 March 1926 		Roman Catholic
State Party 		Hendrikus Colijn
(Colijn I)
[3]
Jan Rudolph Slotemaker de Bruïne Dr.
Jan Rudolph
Slotemaker de Bruïne
(1869–1941) 		8 March 1926 –
10 August 1929 		Christian Historical Union Dirk Jan de Geer
(De Geer I)
[4]
Timotheus Verschuur Timotheus Verschuur
(1886–1945) 		10 August 1929 –
1 May 1932 		Roman Catholic
State Party 		Charles Ruijs de
Beerenbrouck
(Ruijs de Beerenbrouck III)
[5]
Minister of Economic
Affairs and Labour 		Term of office Party Prime Minister
(Cabinet)
Timotheus Verschuur Timotheus Verschuur
(1886–1945) 		1 May 1932 –
8 June 1933 		Roman Catholic
State Party 		Charles Ruijs de
Beerenbrouck
(Ruijs de Beerenbrouck III)
[5]
Hendrikus Colijn
(Colijn II)
[6]
Minister of Social Affairs Term of office Party Prime Minister
(Cabinet)
Jan Rudolph Slotemaker de Bruïne Dr.
Jan Rudolph
Slotemaker de Bruïne
(1869–1941) 		8 June 1933 –
31 July 1935 		Christian Historical Union Hendrikus Colijn
(Colijn II)
[6]
Marcus Slingenberg Marcus Slingenberg
(1881–1941) 		31 July 1935 –
24 June 1937 		Free-thinking
Democratic League 		Hendrikus Colijn
(Colijn III)
[7]
Carl Romme Carl Romme
(1896–1980) 		24 June 1937 –
25 July 1939 		Roman Catholic
State Party 		Hendrikus Colijn
(Colijn IV)
[8]
Marinus Damme Dr.
Marinus Damme
(1876–1966) 		25 July 1939 –
10 August 1939 		Independent
Liberal
(Classical Liberal) 		Hendrikus Colijn
(Colijn V)
[9]
Jan van den Tempel Dr.
Jan van den Tempel
(1877–1955) 		10 August 1939 –
23 February 1945 		Social Democratic
Workers' Party 		Dirk Jan de Geer
(De Geer II)
[10]
Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy
(Gerbrandy I • II)
[11]
Frans Wijffels Frans Wijffels
(also Ministers of
Water Management Feb.Apr.)
(1899–1968) 		23 February 1945 –
25 June 1945 		Roman Catholic
State Party 		Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy
(Gerbrandy III)
[12]

Since 1945

Minister of Social Affairs Term of office Party Prime Minister
(Cabinet)
Willem Drees Willem Drees
(1886–1988)
[Deputy] 		25 June 1945 –
7 August 1948 		Social Democratic
Workers' Party 		Willem Schermerhorn
(Schermerhorn–
Drees)
[13]
Labour Party Louis Beel
(Beel I)
[14]
Dolf Joekes Dr.
Dolf Joekes
(1884–1962) 		7 August 1948 –
15 September 1951 		Labour Party Willem Drees
(Drees–Van Schaik
• Drees I)
[15][16]
Minister of Social Affairs
and Health 		Term of office Party Prime Minister
(Cabinet)
Dolf Joekes Dr.
Dolf Joekes
(1884–1962) 		15 September 1951 –
2 September 1952 		Labour Party Willem Drees
(Drees I)
[16]
Ko Suurhoff Ko Suurhoff
(1905–1967) 		2 September 1952 –
22 December 1958 		Labour Party Willem Drees
(Drees II • III)
[17][18]
Louis Beel Dr.
Louis Beel
(Prime Minister)
(1902–1985) 		22 December 1958 –
19 May 1959 		Catholic
People's Party 		Louis Beel
(Beel II)
[19]
Charles van Rooy Dr.
Charles van Rooy
(1912–1996) 		19 May 1959 –
3 July 1961
[Res] 		Catholic
People's Party 		Jan de Quay
(De Quay)
[20]
Victor Marijnen Victor Marijnen
(1917–1975) 		3 July 1961 –
17 July 1961
[Ad Interim] [Minister] 		Catholic
People's Party
Gerard Veldkamp Dr.
Gerard Veldkamp
(1921–1990) 		17 July 1961 –
5 April 1967 		Catholic
People's Party
Victor Marijnen
(Marijnen) [21]
Jo Cals
(Cals) [22]
Jelle Zijlstra
(Zijlstra) [23]
Bauke Roolvink Bauke Roolvink
(1912–1979) 		5 April 1967 –
6 July 1971 		Anti-Revolutionary
Party 		Piet de Jong
(De Jong)
[24]
Minister of Social Affairs Term of office Party Prime Minister
(Cabinet)
Jaap Boersma Jaap Boersma
(1929–2012) 		6 July 1971 –
19 December 1977 		Anti-Revolutionary
Party 		Barend Biesheuvel
(Biesheuvel I • II)
[25]
Joop den Uyl
(Den Uyl)
[26]
Wil Albeda Dr.
Wil Albeda
(1925–2014) 		19 December 1977 –
11 September 1981 		Anti-Revolutionary
Party 		Dries van Agt
(Van Agt I)
[27]
Christian
Democratic Appeal
Minister of Social Affairs
and Employment 		Term of office Party Prime Minister
(Cabinet)
Joop den Uyl Joop den Uyl
(1919–1987)
[Deputy] 		11 September 1981 –
29 May 1982
[Minister] [Res] 		Labour Party Dries van Agt
(Van Agt II)
[28]
Louw de Graaf Louw de Graaf
(1930–2020) 		29 May 1982 –
4 November 1982 		Christian
Democratic Appeal 		Dries van Agt
(Van Agt III)
[29]
Jan de Koning Jan de Koning
(1926–1994) 		4 November 1982 –
3 February 1987
[Minister] [App] 		Christian
Democratic Appeal 		Ruud Lubbers
(Lubbers I)
[30]
Ruud Lubbers
(Lubbers II)
[31]
Louw de Graaf Louw de Graaf
(1930–2020) 		3 February 1987 –
6 May 1987
[Acting] 		Christian
Democratic Appeal
Jan de Koning Jan de Koning
(1926–1994) 		6 May 1987 –
7 November 1989
[Minister] 		Christian
Democratic Appeal
Bert de Vries Dr.
Bert de Vries
(born 1938) 		7 November 1989 –
22 August 1994 		Christian
Democratic Appeal 		Ruud Lubbers
(Lubbers III)
[32]
Ad Melkert Ad Melkert
(born 1956) 		22 August 1994 –
3 August 1998 		Labour Party Wim Kok
(Kok I)
[33]
Klaas de Vries Klaas de Vries
(born 1943) 		3 August 1998 –
24 March 2000
[App] 		Labour Party Wim Kok
(Kok II)
[34]
Willem Vermeend Dr.
Willem Vermeend
(born 1948) 		24 March 2000 –
22 July 2002 		Labour Party
Aart Jan de Geus Aart Jan de Geus
(born 1955) 		22 July 2002 –
22 February 2007
[Minister] 		Christian
Democratic Appeal 		Jan Peter
Balkenende
(Balkenende I • II • III)
[35][36][37]
Piet Hein Donner Piet Hein Donner
(born 1948) 		22 February 2007 –
14 October 2010 		Christian
Democratic Appeal 		Jan Peter
Balkenende
(Balkenende IV)
[38]
Henk Kamp Henk Kamp
(born 1952) 		14 October 2010 –
5 November 2012 		People's Party
for Freedom and
Democracy 		Mark Rutte
(Rutte I)
[39]
Lodewijk Asscher Dr.
Lodewijk Asscher
(born 1974)
[Deputy] 		5 November 2012 –
26 October 2017 		Labour Party Mark Rutte
(Rutte II)
[40]
Wouter Koolmees Wouter Koolmees
(born 1977)
[Deputy] 		26 October 2017 –
10 January 2022 		Democrats 66 Mark Rutte
(Rutte III)
[41]
Karien van Gennip Karien
van Gennip
(born 1968) 		10 January 2022 –
2 July 2024 		Christian
Democratic Appeal 		Mark Rutte
(Rutte IV)
[42]
Eddy van Hijum Eddy van Hijum
(born 1972) 		2 July 2024 –
Incumbent 		New Social Contract Dick Schoof
(Schoof)
[43]
Resigned
Acting
Ad Interim
Deputy Prime Minister
Acting Deputy Prime Minister from 1 November 2019 until 14 May 2020
Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries
Minister for Kingdom Relations
Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport from 16 October 2002 until 27 May 2003
Appointed as acting Minister of the Interior
Appointed as Minister of the Interior

List of ministers without portfolio

Ministers without Portfolio Portfolio Term of office Party Prime Minister
(Cabinet)
Carola Schouten Carola Schouten
(born 1977)
[Deputy] 		• Welfare
• Civic Engagement
• Pensions 		10 January 2022 –
2 July 2024 		Christian Union Mark Rutte
(Rutte IV)
[42]

List of state secretaries for social affairs

State Secretary for
Social Affairs 		Portfolio(s) Term of office Party Prime Minister
(Cabinet)
Piet Muntendam Dr.
Piet Muntendam
(1901–1986) 		• Primary
Healthcare
• Elderly Care
• Disability Policy 		1 April 1950 –
15 September 1951 		Labour Party Willem Drees
(Drees–Van Schaik)
[15][16]
Aat van Rhijn Dr.
Aat van Rhijn
(1892–1986) 		• Social Security
• Unemployment
• Occupational
Safety
• Social Services 		15 February 1950 –
15 September 1951 		Labour Party
State Secretary for
Social Affairs and
Health 		Portfolio(s) Term of office Party Prime Minister
(Cabinet)
Piet Muntendam Dr.
Piet Muntendam
(1901–1986) 		• Primary
Healthcare
• Elderly Care
• Disability Policy 		15 September 1951 –
1 October 1953
[Res] 		Labour Party Willem Drees
(Drees I • II)
[16][17]
Aat van Rhijn Dr.
Aat van Rhijn
(1892–1986) 		• Social Security
• Unemployment
• Occupational
Safety
• Social Services 		15 September 1951 –
22 December 1958 		Labour Party Willem Drees
(Drees I • II • III)
[16][17][18]
Vacant
Bauke Roolvink Bauke Roolvink
(1912–1979) 		• Social Security
• Unemployment
• Occupational
Safety
• Social Services 		15 June 1959 –
24 July 1963 		Anti-Revolutionary
Party 		Jan de Quay
(De Quay)
[20]
Louis Bartels Dr.
Louis Bartels
(1915–2002) 		• Primary
Healthcare
• Elderly Care
• Disability Policy
• Medical Ethics 		3 September 1963 –
5 April 1967 		Catholic
People's Party 		Victor Marijnen
(Marijnen)
[21]
Jo Cals
(Cals)
[22]
Jelle Zijlstra
(Zijlstra)
[23]
José de Meijer Dr.
José de Meijer
(1915–2000) 		• Occupational
Safety
• Public
Organisations 		15 November 1963 –
5 April 1967 		Catholic
People's Party 		Victor Marijnen
(Marijnen)
[21]
Jo Cals
(Cals)
[22]
Jelle Zijlstra
(Zijlstra)
[23]
Roelof Kruisinga Dr.
Roelof Kruisinga
(1922–2012) 		• Primary
Healthcare
• Elderly Care
• Disability Policy
• Medical Ethics 		18 April 1967 –
6 July 1971 		Christian
Historical Union 		Piet de Jong
(De Jong)
[24]
State Secretary for
Social Affairs 		Portfolio(s) Term of office Party Prime Minister
(Cabinet)
Koos Rietkerk Koos Rietkerk
(1927–1986) 		• Social Security
• Unemployment
• Occupational
Safety 		28 July 1971 –
23 April 1973
[Res] 		People's Party
for Freedom and
Democracy 		Barend Biesheuvel
(Biesheuvel I • II)
[25]
Jan Mertens Jan Mertens
(1916–2000) 		• Social Security
• Occupational
Safety 		11 May 1973 –
19 December 1977 		Catholic
People's Party 		Joop den Uyl
(Den Uyl)
[26]
Louw de Graaf Louw de Graaf
(1930–2020) 		• Social Security
• Occupational
Safety 		28 December 1977 –
11 September 1981 		Anti-Revolutionary
Party 		Dries van Agt
(Van Agt I)
[27]
Christian
Democratic Appeal
State Secretary for
Social Affairs and
Employment 		Portfolio(s) Term of office Party Prime Minister
(Cabinet)
Ien Dales Ien Dales
(1931–1994) 		• Social Security
• Unemployment
• Elderly Care
• Disability Policy 		11 September 1981 –
29 May 1982
[Res] 		Labour Party Dries van Agt
(Van Agt II)
[28]
Hedy d'Ancona Hedy d'Ancona
(born 1937) 		• Occupational
Safety
• Adult
Education
• Equality
• Emancipation 		11 September 1981 –
29 May 1982
[Res] 		Labour Party
Piet van Zeil Piet van Zeil
(1927–2012) 		• Occupational
Safety
• Elderly Care
• Disability Policy 		12 June 1982 –
4 November 1982
[State Secretary] 		Christian
Democratic Appeal 		Dries van Agt
(Van Agt III)
[29]
Louw de Graaf Louw de Graaf
(1930–2020) 		• Social Security
• Unemployment
• Occupational
Safety 		5 November 1982 –
3 February 1987
[App] 		Christian
Democratic Appeal 		Ruud Lubbers
(Lubbers I • II)
[30][31]
6 May 1987 –
1 October 1989
[Res]
Hans Hoogervorst Annelien Kappeyne
van de Coppello
(1936–1990) 		• Disability Policy
• Family Policy
• Equality
• Emancipation 		8 November 1982 –
14 July 1986 		People's Party
for Freedom and
Democracy 		Ruud Lubbers
(Lubbers I)
[30]
Elske ter Veld Elske ter Veld
(1944–2017) 		• Social Services
• Equality
• Emancipation 		7 November 1989 –
4 June 1993
[Res] 		Labour Party Ruud Lubbers
(Lubbers III)
[32]
Jacques Wallage Jacques Wallage
(born 1946) 		9 June 1993 –
22 August 1994 		Labour Party
Robin Linschoten Robin Linschoten
(born 1956) 		• Social Security
• Unemployment
• Occupational
Safety 		22 August 1994 –
28 June 1998
[Res] 		People's Party
for Freedom and
Democracy 		Wim Kok
(Kok I)
[33]
Frank de Grave Frank de Grave
(born 1955) 		2 July 1996 –
3 August 1998 		People's Party
for Freedom and
Democracy
Hans Hoogervorst Hans Hoogervorst
(born 1956) 		• Social Security
• Occupational
Safety
• Social Services 		3 August 1998 –
22 July 2002 		People's Party
for Freedom and
Democracy 		Wim Kok
(Kok II)
[34]
Annelies Verstand
(born 1949) 		• Unemployment
• Equality
• Emancipation 		3 August 1998 –
22 July 2002 		Democrats 66
Mark Rutte Mark Rutte
(born 1967) 		• Social Security
• Unemployment
• Occupational
Safety
• Social Services 		22 July 2002 –
17 June 2004
[App] 		People's Party
for Freedom and
Democracy 		Jan Peter
Balkenende
(Balkenende I)
[35]
Jan Peter
Balkenende
(Balkenende II)
[36]
Henk van Hoof Henk van Hoof
(born 1947) 		17 June 2004 –
22 February 2007 		People's Party
for Freedom and
Democracy
Jan Peter
Balkenende
(Balkenende III)
[37]
Philomena Bijlhout Philomena Bijlhout
(born 1957) 		• Family Policy
• Equality
• Emancipation 		22 July 2002 –
24 July 2002
[Res] 		Pim Fortuyn List Jan Peter
Balkenende
(Balkenende I)
[35]
Khee Liang Phoa
(born 1955) 		9 September 2002 –
27 May 2003 		Pim Fortuyn List
Ahmed Aboutaleb Ahmed Aboutaleb
(born 1961) 		• Social Security
• Unemployment
• Occupational
Safety
• Social Services 		22 February 2007 –
18 December 2008
[App] 		Labour Party Jan Peter
Balkenende
(Balkenende IV)
[38]
Jetta Klijnsma Jetta Klijnsma
(born 1957) 		18 December 2008 –
23 February 2010
[Res] 		Labour Party
Paul de Krom Paul de Krom
(born 1963) 		• Social Security
• Unemployment
• Occupational
Safety
• Social Services 		14 October 2010 –
5 November 2012 		People's Party
for Freedom and
Democracy 		Mark Rutte
(Rutte I)
[40]
Jetta Klijnsma Jetta Klijnsma
(born 1957) 		• Social Security
• Unemployment
• Occupational
Safety
• Social Services
• Equality
• Emancipation 		5 November 2012 –
26 October 2017 		Labour Party Mark Rutte
(Rutte II)
[40]
Tamara van Ark Tamara van Ark
(born 1974) 		• Social Security
• Unemployment
• Occupational
Safety
• Social Services
• Youth Care
• Equality
• Emancipation 		26 October 2017 –
9 July 2020
[App] 		People's Party
for Freedom and
Democracy 		Mark Rutte
(Rutte III)
[41]
Bas van 't Wout Bas van 't Wout
(born 1979) 		9 July 2020 –
20 January 2021
[App] 		People's Party
for Freedom and
Democracy
Dennis Wiersma Dennis Wiersma
(born 1986) 		10 August 2021 –
10 January 2022 		People's Party
for Freedom and
Democracy
Jurgen Nobel
(born 1988) 		• Participation
• Integration 		2 July 2024 –
Incumbent 		People's Party
for Freedom and
Democracy 		Dick Schoof
(Schoof)
[43]
Resigned
Appointed as State Secretary for Education, Culture and Science
Appointed as Mayor of Rotterdam
Appointed as Minister without Portfolio for Health, Welfare and Sport
Appointed as Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy
State Secretary for Economic Affairs

See also

References

  1. ^ "Kabinet-Ruijs de Beerenbrouck I". RuijsDeBeerenbrouckI. Parlement & Politiek.
  2. ^ a b "Kabinet-Ruijs de Beerenbrouck II". RuijsDeBeerenbrouckII. Parlement & Politiek.
  3. ^ "Kabinet-Colijn I". ColijnI. Parlement & Politiek.
  4. ^ "Kabinet-De Geer I". DeGeerI. Parlement & Politiek.
  5. ^ a b "Kabinet-Ruijs de Beerenbrouck III". RuijsdeBeerenbrouckIII. Parlement & Politiek.
  6. ^ a b "Kabinet-Colijn II". ColijnII. Parlement & Politiek.
  7. ^ "Kabinet-Colijn III". ColijnIII. Parlement & Politiek.
  8. ^ "Kabinet-Colijn IV". ColijnIV. Parlement & Politiek.
  9. ^ "Kabinet-Colijn V". ColijnV. Parlement & Politiek.
  10. ^ "Kabinet-De Geer II". DeGeerII. Parlement & Politiek.
  11. ^ "Kabinet-Gerbrandy I / II". GerbrandyI/II. Parlement & Politiek.
  12. ^ "Kabinet-Gerbrandy III". GerbrandyIII. Parlement & Politiek.
  13. ^ "Kabinet-Schermerhorn-Drees". SchermerhornDrees. Rijksoverheid.
  14. ^ "Kabinet-Beel I". BeelI. Rijksoverheid.
  15. ^ a b "Kabinet-Drees-Van Schaik". DreesVanSchaik. Rijksoverheid.
  16. ^ a b c d e "Kabinet-Drees I". DreesI. Rijksoverheid.
  17. ^ a b c "Kabinet-Drees II". DreesII. Rijksoverheid.
  18. ^ a b "Kabinet-Drees III". DreesIII. Rijksoverheid.
  19. ^ "Kabinet-Beel II". BeelII. Rijksoverheid.
  20. ^ a b "Kabinet-De Quay". DeQuay. Rijksoverheid.
  21. ^ a b c "Kabinet-Marijnen". Marijnen. Rijksoverheid.
  22. ^ a b c "Kabinet-Cals". Cals. Rijksoverheid.
  23. ^ a b c "Kabinet-Zijlstra". Zijlstra. Rijksoverheid.
  24. ^ a b "Kabinet-De Jong". De Jong. Rijksoverheid.
  25. ^ a b "Kabinet-Biesheuvel". Biesheuvel. Rijksoverheid.
  26. ^ a b "Kabinet-Den Uyl". DenUyl. Rijksoverheid.
  27. ^ a b "Kabinet-Van Agt I". VanAgtI. Rijksoverheid.
  28. ^ a b "Kabinet-Van Agt II". VanAgtII. Rijksoverheid.
  29. ^ a b "Kabinet-Van Agt III". VanAgtIII. Rijksoverheid.
  30. ^ a b c "Kabinet-Lubbers I". LubbersI. Rijksoverheid.
  31. ^ a b "Kabinet-Lubbers II". LubbersII. Rijksoverheid.
  32. ^ a b "Kabinet-Lubbers III". LubbersIII. Rijksoverheid.
  33. ^ a b "Kabinet-Kok I". KokI. Rijksoverheid.
  34. ^ a b "Kabinet-Kok II". KokII. Rijksoverheid.
  35. ^ a b c "Kabinet-Balkenende I". BalkenendeI. Rijksoverheid.
  36. ^ a b "Kabinet-Balkenende II". BalkenendeII. Rijksoverheid.
  37. ^ a b "Kabinet-Balkenende III". BalkenendeIII. Rijksoverheid.
  38. ^ a b "Kabinet-Balkenende IV". BalkenendeIV. Rijksoverheid.
  39. ^ "Kabinet-Rutte-Verhagen". RutteI. Rijksoverheid.
  40. ^ a b c "Kabinet-Rutte-Asscher". RutteII. Rijksoverheid.
  41. ^ a b "Kabinet-Rutte III". RutteIII. Rijksoverheid.
  42. ^ a b "Kabinet-Rutte IV". RutteIV. Rijksoverheid.
  43. ^ a b "Kabinet-Schoof". Schoof. Rijksoverheid.

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هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) يوهان فريدريك أونغر معلومات شخصية اسم الولادة (بالألمانية: Johann Friedrich Gottlieb Unger)‏  الميلاد سنة 1753 [1][2]  برلين  الوفاة 26 ديسمبر 1804 (50–51 سنة)[3 ...

 

 

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Study of how social order is produced Part of a series onSociology History Outline Index Key themes Society Globalization Human behavior Human environmental impact Identity Industrial revolutions 3 / 4 / 5 Social complexity Social construct Social environment Social equality Social equity Social power Social stratification Social structure Perspectives Conflict theory Critical theory Structural functionalism Positivism Social constructionism Symbolic interactionism Branches Aging Architecture...

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International Academy of Astronautics

Independent non-governmental organization The International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) is a Paris-based non-government association for the field of astronautics. It was founded in Stockholm, Sweden) on August 16, 1960, by Dr. Theodore von Kármán.[1] It was recognised by the United Nations in 1996.[2] The stated purpose of the IAA is:[1] Recognize the accomplishments of their peers Explore and discuss cutting-edge issues in space research and technology Provide dir...

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此條目没有列出任何参考或来源。 (2014年12月26日)維基百科所有的內容都應該可供查證。请协助補充可靠来源以改善这篇条目。无法查证的內容可能會因為異議提出而被移除。 此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 (2019年5月11日)若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助参考外语维基百科扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议，译文...

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