San Marino (/ˌsænməˈriːnoʊ/ⓘSAN mə-REE-noh, Italian:[sammaˈriːno]; Romagnol: San Maréin or San Maroin), officially the Most Serene Republic of San Marino[1][2][8] (Italian: Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino) and also known as the Republic of San Marino[9] (Italian: Repubblica di San Marino), is the oldest existing representative republic and the European state with the smallest population, apart from Vatican City.[10] It is the larger of the two microstates surrounded by Italy.[11] Located on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains, it is the fifth-smallest country in the world,[12] with a land area of just over 61 km2 (23+1⁄2 sq mi) and a population of 33,642, as of 2023.[13]
San Marino is a landlocked country; however, its northeastern end is within ten kilometres (six miles) of the Adriatic coast through the Italian city of Rimini. The country's capital city, the City of San Marino, is located atop Monte Titano, while its largest settlement is Dogana, within the municipality of Serravalle. San Marino's official language is Italian.
The country derives its name from Saint Marinus, a stonemason from the then-Roman island of Rab in present-day Croatia. According to legendary accounts, he was born in 275 AD, participated in the rebuilding of Rimini's city walls after their destruction by Liburnianpirates, and later founded an independent monastic community on Monte Titano in 301 AD; thus, San Marino lays claim to being the oldest extant sovereign state, as well as the oldest constitutional republic.[14]
The country's economy is mainly based on finance, industry, services, retail, and tourism. It is one of the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) per capita, with a figure comparable to the most developed European regions.[1] The country ranks 44th in the Human Development Index.[15] San Marino is the first existing State that abolished the death penalty.[16]
Illustration of Saint Marinus, the founder of the Republic of San Marino and prominent cultural figure
According to legendary accounts that are first recorded centuries after he is suggested to have lived,[17][18]Saint Marinus left the island of Rab in present-day Croatia with his lifelong friend Leo, and went to the city of Rimini as a stonemason. After the Diocletianic Persecution following his Christian sermons, he escaped to the nearby Monte Titano, where he built a small church and thus founded what is now the city and state of San Marino.
According to William Miller, these accounts of the origin of San Marino "are a mixture of fables and miracles, but perhaps contain some grains of fact". The earliest historical evidence for a monastic community in San Marino dates to the 5th or 6th century AD, when a monk named Eugippus recorded that another monk had lived in a monastery in the area.[18] In 1291, San Marino appealed to the bishop of Arezzo, Ildebrandino Guidi di Romena, against the contribution demands by the Vicario del Montefeltro. Jurist Palamede di Rimini decided in favour of San Marino and recognised its tax exemption from tributes demands of Montefeltro. In 1296, when Guglielmo Durante was the governor of Romagna, Sammarinesi appealed to Pope Boniface VIII against the further requests by the Montefeltro podestas regarding tributes. Abbot Ranieri di Sant'Anastasio was assigned to judge the dispute. A long process was held using various witnesses and sources to determine San Marino tax's exemption status. The verdict was probably in favour of the autonomy of San Marino, as later the State did not pay taxes to the Montefeltro.[19]
In 1320, the community of Chiesanuova chose to join the country.[20] In 1463, San Marino was enlarged by the inclusion of the communities of Faetano, Fiorentino, Montegiardino, and Serravalle; since then, the country's borders have remained unchanged.[21]
In 1503, Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, occupied the Republic for six months until his father's successor, Pope Julius II, intervened and restored the country's independence.[22]
On 4 June 1543, Fabiano di Monte San Savino, nephew of the later Pope Julius III, attempted to conquer the republic, but his infantry and cavalry failed as they got lost in a dense fog, which the Sammarinesi attributed to Saint Quirinus, whose feast day it was.[23]
After the Duchy of Urbino was annexed by the Papal States in 1625, San Marino became surrounded by the papal states. This led to its seeking the formal protection of the Papal States in 1631, but this never amounted to a de facto Papal control of the republic.[24]
The country was occupied on 17 October 1739 by the legate (Papal governor) of Ravenna, Cardinal Giulio Alberoni, but independence was restored by Pope Clement XII on 5 February 1740, the feast day of Saint Agatha, after which she became a patron saint of the republic.[25]
The advance of Napoleon's army in 1797 presented a brief threat to the independence of San Marino, but the country was saved from losing its liberty by one of its regents, Antonio Onofri, who managed to gain the respect and friendship of Napoleon. Due to Onofri's intervention, Napoleon promised, in a letter to Gaspard Monge, scientist and commissary of the French Government for Science and Art, to guarantee and protect the independence of the Republic, even offering to extend its territory according to its needs. The offer was declined by the regents, fearing future retaliation from other states' revanchism.[26][27]
Anita and Giuseppe Garibaldi in San Marino, 1849The San Marino constitution, or more precisely statutes, of 1600
During the later phase of the Italian unification process in the 19th century, San Marino served as a refuge for many people persecuted because of their support for unification, including Giuseppe Garibaldi and his wife Anita. Garibaldi allowed San Marino to remain independent. San Marino and the Kingdom of Italy signed a Convention of Friendship in 1862.[28]
The government of San Marino made United States President Abraham Lincoln an honorary citizen. He wrote in reply, saying that the republic proved that "government founded on republican principles is capable of being so administered as to be secure and enduring".[29][30]
20th century onwards
During World War I, when Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary on 24 May 1915, San Marino remained neutral and Italy adopted a hostile view of Sammarinese neutrality, suspecting that San Marino could harbour Austrian spies who could be given access to its new radiotelegraph station. Italy tried to forcibly establish a detachment of Carabinieri in the republic and then cut the republic's telephone lines when it did not acquiesce. Two groups of ten volunteers joined the Italian forces in the fighting on the Italian front, the first as combatants and the second as a medical corps operating a Red Cross field hospital. The existence of this hospital later caused Austria-Hungary to suspend diplomatic relations with San Marino.[31]
After the war, San Marino suffered from high rates of unemployment and inflation, leading to increased tension between the lower and middle classes. The latter, fearing that the moderate government of San Marino would make concessions to the lower class majority, began to show support for the Sammarinese Fascist Party (Partito Fascista Sammarinese, PFS), founded in 1922 and styled largely on their Italian counterpart. PFS rule lasted from 1923 to 1943, and during this time they often sought support from Benito Mussolini's fascist government in Italy.[32] During World War II, San Marino remained neutral, although it was wrongly reported in an article in The New York Times that it had declared war on the United Kingdom on 17 September 1940.[33] The Sammarinese government later transmitted a message to the British government stating that they had not actually declared war.[34]
British troops at Monte Titano during the Battle of San Marino, September 1944
On 28 July 1943, three days after the fall of the Fascist regime in Italy, PFS rule collapsed and the new government declared neutrality in the conflict. The PFS regained power on 1 April 1944, but kept neutrality intact. On 26 June 1944, San Marino was bombed by four waves of Allied bombers under the belief that San Marino had been occupied by German forces and was being used to amass stores and ammunition. The Sammarinese government declared on the same day that no military installations or equipment were located on its territory, and that no belligerent forces had been allowed to enter.[35] San Marino accepted thousands of civilian refugees when Allied forces overran the Gothic Line.[36] In September 1944, it was briefly occupied by German forces, who were defeated by the Allies in the Battle of San Marino. Allied troops occupied San Marino for two months before departing.[37]
As of June 2020, San Marino had the highest death rate per capita of any country, due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.[40] In April 2021, it was reported that San Marino was using the Russian Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine rather than vaccines approved by the EU, following a slow rollout for the latter vaccines.[41][42]
On 31 August 2022, San Marino officials voted to legalize abortion in the republic, to be paid for by the public health system, "one of the last European states to have had the procedure outlawed under all circumstances".[43] Thirty-two members of the legislature approved the bill while 10 abstained and 7 voted against.[44]
The fortress of Guaita on Monte Titano, a UNESCO recognized World Heritage Site.[45]
San Marino is surrounded by Italy in Southern Europe, i.e. almost completely by the province of Rimini in the region of Emilia Romagna and, only on a stretch of about three kilometres in the south, by the province of Pesaro and Urbino in the Marche region. San Marino lies about ten kilometres (six miles) from the Adriatic coast at Rimini. Its hilly topography, with no substantial naturally flat ground, is part of the Apennine mountain range. The highest point in the country, the summit of Monte Titano, is 749 m (2,457 ft) above sea level; the lowest, the Ausa River (ending in the Marecchia),[46] is 55 m (180 ft). San Marino has no still or contained bodies of water of any significant size.
It is one of only three countries in the world to be completely surrounded by one other country. The other two are Vatican City, also surrounded by Italy, and Lesotho, surrounded by South Africa. It is the third smallest country in Europe, after Vatican City and Monaco, and the fifth-smallest country in the world.[12]
San Marino has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa), with some continental influences. It has warm to hot summers and cool winters, typical of inland areas of the central Italian Peninsula. Precipitation is scattered throughout the year with no real dry month. Snowfalls are common and heavy almost every winter, especially above 400–500 m (1,300–1,600 feet) of elevation.
San Marino is considered to have the earliest written governing documents still in effect, as the Statutes of 1600 are still at the core of its constitutional framework.[52]
San Marino was originally led by the Arengo, initially formed from the heads of each family. In the 13th century, power was given to the Grand and General Council. In 1243, the first two captains regent were nominated by the council. Still today, Captains Regent are elected every six months by the council.
The legislature of the republic is the Grand and General Council (Consiglio grande e generale). The council is a unicameral legislature with 60 members. There are elections every five years by proportional representation in all nine administrative districts. These districts (townships) correspond to the old parishes of the republic. All citizens 18 years or older are eligible to vote.
Besides general legislation, the Grand and General Council approves the budget and elects the captains regent, the State Congress (composed of ten secretaries with executive power), the Council of Twelve (which forms the judicial branch during the period of legislature of the council), the Advising Commissions, and the Government Unions. The council also has the power to ratify treaties with other countries. The council is divided into five different Advising Commissions consisting of fifteen councilors who examine, propose, and discuss the implementation of new laws that are on their way to being presented on the floor of the council.
Every six months, the council elects two captains regent to be the heads of state. The captains are chosen from opposing parties so that there is a balance of power. They serve a six-month term. The investiture of the captains regent takes place on 1 April and 1 October in every year. Once this term is over, citizens have three days in which to file complaints about the captains' activities. If they warrant it, judicial proceedings against the ex-head(s) of state can be initiated.
The practice of having two heads of state chosen in frequent elections is derived directly from the customs of the Roman Republic. The council is equivalent to the Roman Senate; the captains regent, to the consuls of ancient Rome. It is thought the inhabitants of the area came together as Roman rule collapsed to form a rudimentary government for their own protection from foreign rule.
On 1 October 2007, Mirko Tomassoni was elected as captain regent, making him the first disabled person elected to that office.[53]
San Marino has had more female heads of state than any other country: 15 as of October 2014, including three who served twice.
On 1 April 2022, 58-year-old Paolo Rondelli was elected as one of the two captains regent. He had previously been the Ambassador to the United States and is the world's first openly gay head of state.[54]
San Marino is geographically divided into nine castelli (lit.'castles', equivalent to a municipality),[55] each of which contains a capital (capoluogo), with other population centres sorted into curazie (equivalent to Italian frazioni). Each castello is led by a Castle Captain (Italian: Capitano di Castello) and a Castle Council (Giunta di Castello), elected every five years.[56]
San Marino's military forces are among the smallest in the world. National defence is, by arrangement, the responsibility of Italy's armed forces. Different branches have varied functions, including performing ceremonial duties, patrolling borders, mounting guard at government buildings, and assisting police in major criminal cases. The police are not included in the military of San Marino.
Crossbow Corps
Once at the heart of San Marino's army, the Crossbow Corps is now a ceremonial force of approximately 80 volunteers. Since 1295, the Crossbow Corps has provided demonstrations of crossbow shooting at festivals. Its uniform design is medieval. While still a statutory military unit, the Crossbow Corps has no military function today.
Guard of the Rock
Guards of the Rock
The Guard of the Rock is a front-line military unit in the San Marino armed forces, a state border patrol, with responsibility for patrolling borders and defending them.[57] In their role as Fortress Guards they are responsible for guarding the Palazzo Pubblico in San Marino City, the seat of national government.
In this role they are the forces most visible to tourists and are known for their colourful ceremony of Changing the Guard.[57] Under the 1987 statute the Guard of the Rock are all enrolled as "Criminal Police Officers" (in addition to their military role) and assist the police in investigating major crime. The uniform of the Guard of the Rock is a distinctive red and green.[57]
Guard of the Grand and General Council
The Guard of the Grand and General Council commonly known as The Guard of the council or locally as the "Guard of Nobles", formed in 1741,[57] is a volunteer unit with ceremonial duties. Due to its striking blue, white, and gold uniform, it is perhaps the best-known part of the Sammarinese military, and appears on countless postcard views of the republic. The functions of the Guard of the council are to protect the captains regent, and to defend the Grand and General Council during its formal sessions. They also act as ceremonial bodyguards to government officials at both state and church festivals.
Company of Uniformed Militia
In former times, all families with two or more adult male members were required to enroll half of them in the Company of Uniformed Militia. This unit remains the basic fighting force of the armed forces of San Marino, but is largely ceremonial. It is a matter of civic pride for many Sammarinese to belong to the force, and all citizens with at least six years' residence in the republic are entitled to enroll.[citation needed]
The uniform is dark blue, with a kepi bearing a blue and white plume. The ceremonial form of the uniform includes a white cross-strap, and white and blue sash, white epaulets, and white decorated cuffs.
Military Ensemble
Formally this is part of the Army Militia,[57] and is the ceremonial military band of San Marino. It consists of approximately 60 musicians.[58] The uniform is similar to that of the Army Militia. Military Ensemble music accompanies most state occasions in the republic.
Gendarmerie
Established in 1842, the Gendarmerie of San Marino is a militarised law enforcement agency.[57] Its members are full-time and have responsibility for the protection of citizens and property, and the preservation of law and order.
The entire military corps of San Marino depends upon the co-operation of full-time forces and their retained (volunteer) colleagues, known as the Corpi Militari Volontari, or Voluntary Military Force.
The corporate profits tax rate in San Marino is 8.5%. Capital gains are also subject to an 8.5% tax, and interest from bank deposits is subject to an 11% tax.[64] Several benefits apply to new businesses, which can strongly reduce the amount of taxes to be paid.
The personal income tax (IGR, Italian: Imposta Generale sui Redditi) was introduced in 1984 and it was heavily reformed in 2013 with the goal of increasing fiscal revenue. The nominal tax rate ranges from 9% for an annual revenue below €10,000 to 35% for revenues above €80,000.
In 1972, a value-added tax (VAT) system was introduced in Italy, and an equivalent tax was introduced also in San Marino, in accordance with the 1939 friendship treaty. However, this tax is not a standard value-added tax, but rather it is an import tax, thus, it is levied only on imported goods and raw resources. For this reason it is locally best known as single stage tax (Italian: imposta monofase), as it is only applied one time during importation, while VAT is applied at every exchange. Furthermore, while VAT also applies to services, the import tax only applies on physical goods. Another important difference is that while VAT is computed on the final price paid by the consumer, the import tax is levied on the importation cost paid by the company, which is generally much lower.
Under the European Union customs agreement, San Marino import tax is considered equivalent to the European VAT system. A separate tax on services, with a rate of 3%, has been introduced in 2011. The introduction of a true VAT system, not dissimilar from the European one, is under development.
Because San Marino's tax rate is lower than surrounding Italy's, many businesses choose to be based in San Marino to avoid the higher rates. San Marino boasts a corporate rate 14.5% lower than Italy (23%) and 12.5% lower than the EU average (21.3%). This has made San Marino the tax haven of choice for many wealthy Italians and businesses.[65]
The tourism sector contributes over 22% of San Marino's GDP,[66] with approximately 2 million tourists having visited in 2014.[67] On average tourists spend about 2 nights in the republic[68] making on average a tourist present per 3 residents at any given time.[citation needed]
Conventions with Italy
San Marino and Italy have engaged in conventions since 1862,[69] dictating some economic activities in San Marino's territory.
Cultivation of tobacco and production of goods which are subject to Italy's government monopoly are forbidden in San Marino. Direct import is forbidden; all goods coming from a third party have to travel through Italy before reaching the country. Although it is allowed to print its own postal stamps, San Marino is not allowed to coin its own currency and is obliged to use Italy's mint; the agreement does not affect the right of the Republic of San Marino to continue to issue gold coins denominated in Scudi[70] (the legal value of 1 gold Scudo is 37.50 euros). Gambling is legal and regulated; however, casinos were outlawed prior to 2007. There is one legally operating casino.[citation needed]
In exchange for these limitations, Italy provides San Marino with an annual stipend, provided at cost, of sea salt (not more than 250 tonnes per year), tobacco (40 tonnes), cigarettes (20 tonnes) and matches (unlimited amount).[71]
At the border there are no formalities with Italy. However, at the tourist office visitors can purchase officially cancelled souvenir stamps for their passports.[citation needed]
As of September 2023, San Marino is estimated to number 33,896 residents. Of these, 28,226 have Sammarinese citizenship, while 4,881 have Italian citizenship, with 789 citizens of other countries.[72] Another 13,000 Sammarinese live abroad (6,600 in Italy, 3,000 in the US, 2,000 in France and Argentina).[73]
The first census since 1976 was conducted in 2010. Results were expected by the end of 2011; however, 13% of families did not return their forms.[citation needed]
Alessandra Perilli (born 1988 in Rimini), shooting Olympic silver and bronze medalist and first San Marino citizen to win a medal (Tokyo 2020)
Gian Marco Berti (born 1982 in San Marino), shooting Olympic silver medalist and second San Marino citizen to win a medal (Tokyo 2020)
Myles Nazem Amine (born 1996 in Dearborn, Michigan), 2020 86 kg wrestling Olympic bronze medalist and third San Marino citizen to win a medal (Tokyo 2020)
San Marino is a predominantly Catholic state,[1] though Catholicism is not an established religion. 97.2% of the population professed the Catholic faith in 2011, and approximately half of those regularly attend church. There is no episcopal see in San Marino, although its name is part of the present diocesan title. Historically, the various parishes in San Marino were divided between two Italian dioceses, mostly in the Diocese of Montefeltro, and partly in the Diocese of Rimini. In 1977, the border between Montefeltro and Rimini was readjusted so that all of San Marino fell within the diocese of Montefeltro. The bishop of Montefeltro-San Marino resides in Pennabilli, in Italy's province of Pesaro e Urbino. The country's high Catholic majority can mainly be traced back to the country's founding, when Saint Marinus set up the first fortress to protect Christians from Roman persecution.[74] The small state's culture has primarily remained Catholic ever since.
There is a provision under the income tax rules that taxpayers have the right to request the allocation of 0.3% of their income tax to the Catholic Church or to charities.
Other faiths include the Waldensian Church and Jehovah's Witnesses.
There has been a Jewish presence in San Marino for at least 600 years.[77] The first mention of Jews in San Marino dates to the late 14th century, in official documents recording the business transactions of Jews. There are many documents throughout the 15th to 17th centuries describing Jewish dealings and verifying the presence of a Jewish community in San Marino.[78] Jews were permitted official protection by the government.
During World War II, San Marino provided a haven for more than 100,000 Jews and other Italians (approximately 10 times the Sammarinese population at the time) from Nazi persecution. As of 2012[update], few Jews remain.[79]
In 2019, the sculpture Dialogue by Michele Chiaruzzi was inaugurated at Saint Anne Chapel, the first monument of its kind devoted to interfaith dialogue.[80]
As of December 2023, eight bus routes operate entirely within San Marino. All but one line starts in the City of San Marino, with several lines serving Borgo Maggiore, Domagnano, Serravalle, Dogana, and San Marino Hospital.[83] Start Romagna SpA operates several routes that run entirely in Italian territory but near the Sammarinese border, providing connections to Rimini, Verucchio, and Novafeltria.[86][87][88]
Rimini and San Marino are connected by the coach companies Bonelli and Benedettini, which provide several services per day throughout the year.[89] In the City of San Marino, the coaches depart from the central bus stop in Piazzale Marino Calcigni,[89][90] then stop in Borgo Maggiore, Domagnano, Serravalle, Dogana, and Cerasolo, a frazione of Coriano, before reaching Rimini's Arch of Augustus and railway station.[89] The coaches complete the route in approximately fifty minutes.[89]
The cablecar system transports 500,000 passengers yearly across approximately 21,000 trips.[82][97] It was inaugurated on 1 August 1959.[97][98][99][100] In 1995 and 1996, it was modernised with double load-bearing cables built by Doppelmayr Italia,[101][98] and further renovated in spring 2017.[96][98]
The terminal of Fellini Airport in March 2018, since its repainting
Since the 1980s, the governments of San Marino and Italy have signed several bilateral agreements concerning San Marino's access to Fellini Airport.[102][103][104] After the Sammarinese government acquired a 3% stake in Fellini Airport's management company, Aeradria, in 2002,[105] the airport was officially named Rimini-San Marino Airport.[106] In June 2018, Ariminum, Aeradria's successor as Fellini Airport's management company, repainted the airport terminal to read Aeroporto Internazionale di Rimini e San Marino (Rimini and San Marino International Airport), replacing the previous Aeroporto Internazionale Federico Fellini (Federico Fellini International Airport).[107] The most significant bilateral agreement, ratified on 16 September 2013, provided San Marino a forty-year concession over some areas of Fellini Airport.[103][108][109] The areas were expected to host a private terminal, with a customs border allowing goods destined for San Marino not to pass through Italian customs.[109] As of August 2023, Sammarinese authorities still have no presence at the airport.[108]
Torraccia Airfield is San Marino's only aviation facility. It is a small general aviationaerodrome in Torraccia, a village east of the castello of Domagnano, less than 200 metres (660 feet) from the Italian border.[110] Torraccia's only grassrunway was first used in 1981, but the airfield's structure was opened in 1985.[111][112] In July 2012, the runway was extended to 650 metres (2,130 feet).[110] The airfield is owned and operated by Aeroclub San Marino,[110][111][113] a flying club with approximately 100 members.[112] In the summer, between ten and fifteen planes typically land at the airfield per day.[111][114] The airfield hosts a flight school, recreational flights and sports, and some tourist flights in small aircraft.[110][112][113]
At the site of the present-day parking lot for the Funivia's Borgo Maggiore terminus was a heliport,[115][116] which inaugurated its first flights in September 1950.[117] On 30 June 1959, a helicopter line running between Borgo Maggiore and a heliport by Rimini's port was inaugurated.[117][118][119] Operated by Compagnia Italiana Elicotteri, the service ran several times per day,[120][119] using a fleet of four-seater Bell 47J Rangers and a three-seater Agusta-Bell AB-47G,[117][120][119] which were serviced at Rimini's airport.[119] In 1964, the line was extended to San Leo.[120][119] Tickets would cost up to 12,500 lire,[120] including the cablecar to the City of San Marino and a shuttle to the Leonine fortress. The service would take fifteen minutes to reach Rimini and ten minutes to reach San Leo. The service closed in 1969.[120][119]
San Marino currently has no railway except an 800-metre (1⁄2-mile) heritage railway, which opened in 2012.[121]
Between 1932 and 1944, a 31.5-kilometre (19.6-mile) electrifiednarrow gauge railway operated between Rimini and the City of San Marino, serving Dogana, Serravalle, Domagnano, and Borgo Maggiore along its route.[122] During the Second World War, the line was bombed and closed,[122][123] after which its tunnels sheltered refugees during the Battles of Rimini and San Marino.[124][125] After the war, the railway was abandoned in favour of the San Marino Highway.[125][126] In 2012, an 800-metre (1⁄2-mile) section was reopened as a heritage railway in the City of San Marino, running between Piazzale della Stazione and near Via Napoleone.[121] The restored section comprises the original railway's final horseshoe turn through the 502-metre (1,647-foot) Montale tunnel.[127][128]
Despite its short operational history, the Rimini–San Marino railway retains an important place in Sammarinese culture and history,[126] and has featured on Sammarinese postal stamps.[129][130][131][132] Both the Sammarinese and Italian governments have expressed interest in reopening the line.[121][133][134][135][136]
Between 1921 and 1960, San Marino was also served by a station on the Rimini–Novafeltria railway in Torello, on the other side of the international border from Gualdicciolo in San Marino's west.[137] This provided San Marino its first railway station, albeit located in Italian territory.[138][139]
A painting in the Museo di Stato di San Marino by Pompeo Batoni
The Three Towers of San Marino are located on the three peaks of Monte Titano in the capital. They are depicted on both the flag of San Marino and its coat of arms. The three towers are: Guaita, the oldest of the three (it was constructed in the 11th century); the 13th-century Cesta, located on the highest of Monte Titano's summits; and the 14th-century Montale, on the smallest of Monte Titano's summits, still privately owned.
University
The Università degli Studi della Repubblica di San Marino (University of the Republic of San Marino)[140] is the main university, which includes the Scuola Superiore di Studi Storici di San Marino (Graduate School of Historical Studies), a distinguished research and advanced international study centre governed by an international Scientific Committee coordinated by the emeritus historian Luciano Canfora. An important music institution is the Istituto Musicale Sammarinese (Sammarinese Musical Institute).[141]
The Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj San Marino or Accademia Internazionale delle Scienze San Marino (International Academy of Sciences San Marino) was known for adopting Esperanto as the language for teaching and for scientific publications.[142] The Akademio was dissolved in 2020.[143]
Italian author Umberto Eco had attempted to create a "university without physical structures" in San Marino.[144]
The San Marino national football team has had little success, being made up of part-timers. The team has never qualified for a major tournament, and has recorded only three wins in the more than 25 years of its history. The first two,1–0 victories over Liechtenstein; the first came in a 2004 friendly, and the second, their first competitive victory, came during the group stage of the 2024-25 UEFA Nations League.[145] Their third win, a 3-1 victory against Liechtenstein was their first ever away victory. This carried additional prestige as it secured San Marino's promotion to league C for the 2026-27 UEFA Nations league, the greatest achievement in the team's history. They have drawn four more times, with their most notable result being a 1993 0–0 draw with Turkey during the European qualifiers for the 1994 FIFA World Cup.[146] In the same qualifying competition, Davide Gualtieri scored a goal 8.3 seconds into a match against England; this goal held the record for the fastest in international football until 2016.[147][148] San Marino has a club in the Italian league system called A.S.D.V. San Marino and a domestic amateur league, the Campionato Sammarinese, whose teams also participate in European club competitions. Together with Italy, San Marino held the 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, with teams playing at the Stadio Olimpico in Serravalle. With Italy being the sole automatic qualifiers, the Sammarinese team did not participate in the final tournament.
A piadina, a dish characteristic of the Italian region of Romagna and of San Marino
The cuisine of San Marino is extremely similar to central Italian cuisine, especially that of the adjoining Emilia-Romagna and Marche regions, but it has a number of its own unique dishes and products.[151] Its best known is probably the Torta Tre Monti ("Cake of the Three Mountains" or "Cake of the Three Towers"), a wafer layered cake covered in chocolate depicting the Three Towers of San Marino. The country also has a small wine industry.
UNESCO
The site San Marino: Historic Centre and Mount Titano became part of the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2008.[152] The decision was taken during the 32nd Session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee composed of 21 countries convened in Québec, Canada.
The country has a long and rich musical tradition, closely linked to that of Italy, but which is also highly independent in itself. A well-known 17th-century composer is Francesco Maria Marini.[153] The pop singer Little Tony achieved considerable success in the United Kingdom and Italy in the 1950s and 1960s.[154]
San Marino has taken part in the Eurovision Song Contest eleven times, achieving three final qualifications to date (with then-three, eventually four-time contestant and San Marino native Valentina Monetta with "Maybe" in 2014, Turkish singer Serhat with "Say Na Na Na" who achieved 19th place in the final in 2019 and Italian singer Senhit along with American rapper Flo Rida who qualified for the 2021 final with the song "Adrenalina").
Theatre
The Teatro Nuovo (Serravalle) is a theatre of the Republic of San Marino located in Dogana, a town in the Serravalle municipality ("castello"), not far from the border with Italy. It has a capacity of 872 seats of which 604 are in the stalls and is the largest theatre in the republic.[155][156]
Museums and galleries
There are a number of state-run national museums and galleries based in San Marino.[157][158]
Museo delle Armi Antiche
The Museum of Ancient Arms is dedicated to ancient weapons, uniforms, armour and experimental weapons.
Museo di Stato
The State Museum has a permanent art collection dedicated to the history and legends of the Republic. Many of these pieces originally came from public and religious buildings in the City of San Marino.[159] Also on display are paintings and objects from the Monastery of Saint Chiara. As well as the permanent collection, the museum also hosts temporary exhibitions such as Mario Ferretti: An Artistic Restlessness of the 20th Century.[160] The main room of the museum displays paintings by Guercino and his pupils, Cesare Gennari and Benedetto Gennari, Matteo Loves and Elisabetta Sirani. The works in an adjacent room are dedicated to the two patron saints of the Republic, Saint Marino and Saint Agata. There are also objects, such as urns and plates, that are used by San Marino institutions. Other items on display are panel paintings and sculptures from the 15th and 16th centuries.
Pinacoteca di San Francesco
The St Francis art gallery displays archaeological, artistic and numismatic collections.
Galleria Nazionale
The National Gallery is for the protection, conservation and enhancement of the UNESCO heritage.
Museo del Francobollo e della Moneta
The museum is dedicated to the stamps and coins of San Marino.
Galleria d’Arte Moderna e Contemporanea
The Modern and Contemporary Art Gallery hosts more than 1,000 works dating from the period between the first decade of the 20th century to the present.
Museo dell’Emigrante
The Museum of the Emigrant is a permanent study centre dedicated to emigration. It opened in 1997 and is housed in the Monastery of Santa Chiara.
Museo di Storia Naturale
The Museum of Natural History is based in the San Marino Natural History Centre in the Borgo Maggiore municipality.
^Chiaruzzi, Michele (2023). San Marino. Thomas W. Wilson (ed.), Europe. An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society, vol. 2, London-New York, Bloomsbury Academic, p. 796.
^Chiaruzzi, Michele (2023). San Marino. Thomas W. Wilson (ed.), Europe. An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society, vol. 2, London-New York, Bloomsbury Academic, p. 796.
^Edwards, Adrian, and Chris Michaelides. San Marino. Vol. 188. Abc-Clio Incorporated, 1996, 19.
^Histoire abrégée des traités de paix entre les puissances de l'Europe depuis la Paix de Westphalie, Christophe-Guillaume Koch, ed., Paris, 1817, vol. V, p. 19.
^"San Marino (War Damage Claim)". UK Parliament. 7 July 1961. In February, 1952, the Government of San Marino agreed to limit their claim only to compensation for damage caused by the bombing on 26th June, 1944, as they considered—and still consider—that the damage which occurred after the bombardment on 26th June, 1944, was the responsibility of the German Armed Forces.
^"Parco Ausa". Ecomuseo Rimini. Retrieved 14 March 2022. Nel corso della metà del secolo scorso "l'Ausa, che si stava trasformando sempre di più in una fogna", è stato deviato e fatto confluire nelle acque del Marecchia per mezzo di sponde cementificate che, dai pressi del casello autostradale di Rimini Sud, costeggiano la collina di Covignano. A partire dagli anni sessanta il vecchio corso che sfociava in mare all'altezza di Piazzale Kennedy, venne tombificato. [During the middle of the last century, "the Ausa, which was increasingly turning into a sewer", was diverted and made to flow into the waters of the Marecchia by means of cemented banks which, near the Rimini Sud motorway exit, skirt the Covignano hill. Starting from the sixties, the old course that flowed into the sea at Piazzale Kennedy was buried.]
^"Tourists flows"(PDF). statistica.sm. Statistical Office of San Marino. Archived from the original(PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
^"Bollettino di Statistica III Trimestre 2023" [Statistics Bulletin Third Trimester 2023] (PDF). Ufficio Informatica, Tecnologia, Dati e Statistica (in Italian). 2023. p. 9. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
^Santini, Simone (1 September 2017). "Rimini-San Marino, ma che Consolare è?" [But what kind of consular road is the Rimini-San Marino?]. Il Ponte (in Italian). Retrieved 1 January 2024.
^"Taxi". sanmarinopertutti.com (in Italian). Retrieved 31 December 2023.
^"Linea 7". Start Romagna SpA (in Italian). Retrieved 31 December 2023.
^"Linea 16". Start Romagna SpA (in Italian). Retrieved 31 December 2023.
^"Linea 160". Start Romagna SpA (in Italian). Retrieved 31 December 2023.
^ abcd"Torraccia". forgottenairfields.com. 20 August 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
^ abcBollini, Marco (5 July 2015). "San Marino avrà un aeroporto?" [Will San Marino have an airport?]. giornalesm.com (in Italian). Retrieved 1 January 2024.
^ abc"Chi Siamo" [Who we are]. Aeroclub San Marino (in Italian). Retrieved 1 January 2024.
^ abcScolari, Giancarlo (21 June 2012). "Torna il treno a San Marino" [The train returns to San Marino]. Ferrovie.it (in Italian). Retrieved 3 November 2023.
^ abGiuliani-Balestrino, Maria Clotilde (2005). "La superstrada Rimini-San Marino" [The Rimini-San Marino railway] (PDF). Studi e Ricerche di Geografia (in Italian). 29 (1): 1–4.
^Vilmos, Oszter (12 August 2012). "Kis ország, kis( )vasút" [Small country, small railway]. Indóház Online (in Hungarian). Retrieved 5 November 2023.
^Piccioni, Elisabetta (April 2011). "Il Viaggio Interrotto: La Ferrovia Elettrica Rimini–San Marino" [The Interrupted Journey: The Rimini–San Marino Electric Railway]. I Martedì (in Italian) (292). Bologna: Centro San Domenico: 18–22.
^Giuliani-Balestrino, Maria Clotilde (2005). "La superstrada Rimini-San Marino" [The Rimini-San Marino railway] (PDF). Studi e Ricerche di Geografia (in Italian). 29 (1): 1–4.
Elizabeth Báthory, seorang pembunuh berantai dan aristokrat Hungaria yang menyiksa dan membunuh beberapa wanita muda antara 1590 dan 1609. Pembunuh berantai adalah seseorang yang melakukan pembunuhan terhadap tiga orang atau lebih.[1] Menurut Steven Egger, suatu pembunuhan dapat digolongkan sebagai pembunuhan berantai ketika satu individu atau lebih telah melakukan dua pembunuhan secara berturut-turut.[1] Maka, terdapat sejumlah pembunuh yang digolongkan sebagai pembunuh bera...
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