Saint Pierre and Miquelon

This article is about the French overseas collectivity. For the individual islands, see Saint Pierre Island and Miquelon Island.

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon (French)
Overseas collectivity of France
Overseas Collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon
Collectivité d'outre-mer de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon
Official seal of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Coat of arms
Motto: 
"A Mare Labor" (Latin)
("From the Sea, Work")
Anthem: La Marseillaise
("The Marseillaise")
Location of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Location of Saint Pierre and Miquelon in North America.
Sovereign state France
Cession from the United Kingdom30 May 1814
Current status28 March 2003
Capital
and largest city
Saint-Pierre
46°46′40″N 56°10′40″W / 46.7778°N 56.1778°W / 46.7778; -56.1778
Official languagesFrench
Demonym(s)
  • Saint-Pierrais
  • Miquelonnais
  • Pierrian
GovernmentDevolved parliamentary local authority within French Republic
Emmanuel Macron
• Prefect
Bruno André[1]
Bernard Briand
LegislatureTerritorial Council
French Parliament
• Senate
1 senator (of 377)
• National Assembly
1 seat (of 577)
Area
• Total
242 km2 (93 sq mi)
• Water (%)
negligible
Highest elevation
240 m (790 ft)
Population
• 2020 census
6,092[2]
• Density
25/km2 (64.7/sq mi) (not ranked)
GDP (PPP)2004 estimate
• Total
€161.1 million[3]
• Per capita
€26,073[3]
Currency
Time zoneUTC−03:00
 • Summer (DST)
UTC−02:00
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy (AD)
Driving sideright
Calling code+508
INSEE code
975
ISO 3166 code
Internet TLD.pm
Map of Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Saint Pierre and Miquelon (/ˈmɪkəlɒn/ MIK-ə-lon),[4] officially the Overseas Collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (French: Collectivité d'outre-mer de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon [sɛ̃ pjɛʁ e miklɔ̃] ⓘ), is a self-governing territorial overseas collectivity of France in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, located near the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.[5][6] An archipelago of eight islands, St. Pierre and Miquelon is a vestige of the once-vast territory of New France.[5] Its residents are French citizens. The collectivity elects its own deputy to the National Assembly and participates in senatorial and presidential elections. It covers 242 km2 (93 sq mi) of land and had a population of 6,008 as of the March 2016 census.[2]

The islands are in the Gulf of St. Lawrence near the entrance of Fortune Bay, which extends into the southwestern coast of Newfoundland, near the Grand Banks of Newfoundland.[7] St. Pierre is 19 km (12 mi) from Point May on the Burin Peninsula of Newfoundland and 3,819 km (2,373 mi) from Brest, the nearest city in Metropolitan France.[8] The tiny Canadian Green Island lies 10 km (6 mi) east of Saint Pierre, roughly halfway to Point May.

Etymology

Saint-Pierre is French for Saint Peter, the patron saint of fishermen.[9]

The present name of Miquelon was first noted in the form of Micquetô, Miqueton or Micquellon in the French Basque sailor Martin de Hoyarçabal's 1579 navigational pilot for Newfoundland, Les voyages aventureux du Capitaine Martin de Hoyarsabal, habitant du çubiburu:

Giſant le cap de Breton & le pertuis de Miqueton est oest, y a 42 l." ... "Gisant la Colombe de S. Pierre le pertuis de Micquellon nord noroest & sud suest: y a 7 l.[10][a]

It has been claimed that the name Miquelon is a Basque form of Michael; Mikel and Mikels are usually named Mikelon in the Basque Country. Therefore, from Mikelon it may have been written in the French way with a q instead of a k.[11][12][13]

The Basque Country is divided between Spain and France, and most Basques live south of the border, so Miquelon may have been influenced by the Spanish name Miguelón, an augmentative form of Miguel meaning "big Michael". The adjoined island's name of "Langlade" is said to be an adaptation of l'île à l'Anglais (Englishman's Island).[13]

History

Main article: History of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint-Pierre, Quai La Roncière, 1887
Saint-Pierre in 1921

Before 1900

Archaeological evidence indicates that Indigenous peoples, such as the Beothuk, visited St Pierre and Miquelon. However, it is not thought that they settled on the islands permanently.[citation needed] On 21 October 1520, the Portuguese explorer João Álvares Fagundes landed on the islands and named the St. Pierre island group the 'Eleven Thousand Virgins' (Portuguese: ilhas das Onze Mil Virgens), as the day marked the feast day of St. Ursula and her virgin companions.[14] In 1536 Jacques Cartier claimed the islands as a French possession on behalf of the King of France, Francis I.[15] Though already frequented by Mi'kmaq people[16] and by Basque and Breton fishermen,[15] the islands were not permanently settled until the end of the 17th century: four permanent inhabitants were counted in 1670, and 22 in 1691.[15]

In 1670, during Jean Talon's second tenure as Intendant of New France, a French officer annexed the islands after he discovered a dozen fishermen from France encamped there, naming them Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. During King William's War and Queen Anne's War, English forces launched multiple attacks against French colonial settlements on the islands, and by the early 18th century the colonists had abandoned Saint-Pierre and Miquelon altogether.[16] In the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession, France ceded the islands to Britain.[16] The British renamed the island of Saint-Pierre to Saint Peter, and small numbers of colonists from Great Britain and Britain's American colonies began to settle on the islands.[17][18]

Under the terms of the 1763 Treaty of Paris, which put an end to the Seven Years' War, France ceded all its North American possessions to Britain, though the British granted fishing rights to French fishermen along the Newfoundland coast, and as part of that arrangement returned Saint-Pierre and Miquelon to France's control.[19] After France entered the American Revolutionary War on the side of the United States and declared war on Britain, a British force invaded Saint-Pierre and Miquelon and briefly occupied them, destroying all colonial settlements on the islands and deporting 2,000 colonists back to France.[20] In 1793, during the French Revolutionary Wars, another British force landed in Saint-Pierre and, in the following year, again deported the French colonial population, and tried to establish a community of Anglophone settlers.[16]

The nascent British colony was in turn attacked by the French Navy in 1796. The Treaty of Amiens of 1802 returned the islands to France, but Britain reoccupied them when hostilities recommenced the next year.[16] The 1814 Treaty of Paris gave the islands back to France, though the UK occupied them yet again during the Hundred Days War in 1815. France then reclaimed the now uninhabited islands, in which all structures and buildings had been destroyed or fallen into disrepair.[16] The islands were resettled in 1816. The settlers, mostly Basques, Bretons and Normans, were joined by various other peoples, particularly from the nearby island of Newfoundland.[15] Only around the middle of the century did increased fishing bring a certain prosperity to the little colony.[16]

1900–1945

In 1903, the colony toyed with the idea of joining the United States, but in the end nothing came of the idea.[21] During the early 1910s, the colony suffered severely as a result of unprofitable fisheries, and large numbers of its people emigrated to Nova Scotia and Quebec.[22] The draft imposed on all male inhabitants of conscript age after the beginning of World War I in 1914 crippled the fisheries, as their catch could not be processed by the older men or the women and children.[22] About 400 men from the colony served in the French military during World War I (1914–1918), 25% of whom died.[23] The increase in the adoption of steam trawlers in the fisheries also contributed to the reduction in employment opportunities.[22]

Smuggling had always been an important economic activity in the islands, but it became especially prominent in the 1920s with the institution of Prohibition in the United States from January 1920.[23] In 1931, the archipelago was reported by The New York Times to have imported 1,815,271 U.S. gallons (1,511,529 imperial gallons; 6,871,550 liters) of whisky from Canada in 12 months, most of it to be smuggled into the United States.[24][25] The end of Prohibition in 1933 plunged the islands once more into economic depression.[26]

During World War II, despite opposition from Canada, Britain,[27] and the United States, Charles de Gaulle's forces seized the archipelago from Vichy France, to which the local administrator had pledged its allegiance, in December 1941. In referendums on both islands, the population endorsed the takeover by Free France by over 98%.[27][28]

Rue Albert Briand, Saint-Pierre's pedestrianized street lined with bars and restaurants

After 1945

The colony became a French Overseas Territory in 1946. After the 1958 French constitutional referendum, the territory of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon was asked to choose one of three options: becoming fully integrated with France, becoming a self-governing state within the French Community, or preserving the status of an overseas territory; it decided to remain a territory.[29] The archipelago became an overseas territory in 1946, then an overseas department on 19 July 1976,[30] before it acquired the status of territorial collectivity on 11 June 1985, thus withdrawing from the European Communities.[31][32]

Politics

Main article: Politics of Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Since March 2003, Saint Pierre and Miquelon has been an overseas collectivity with a special status.[5] The archipelago has two communes: Saint-Pierre and Miquelon-Langlade.[33] A third commune, Isle-aux-Marins, existed until 1945, when it was absorbed by the municipality of Saint-Pierre.[15] The inhabitants possess French citizenship and suffrage.[34] Saint Pierre and Miquelon sends a senator and a deputy to the National Assembly of France in Paris and enjoys a degree of autonomy concerning taxes, customs, and excise.[20][5]

France appoints the prefect of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, who represents the national government in the territory.[26] The prefect is in charge of national interests, law enforcement, public order, and, under the conditions set by the statute of 1985, administrative control.[35] Since 21 August 2023, the prefect has been Bruno André.[36]

The local legislative body, the Territorial Council (French: Conseil territorial), has 19 members: four councillors from Miquelon-Langlade and 15 from Saint-Pierre.[33][5] The President of the Territorial Council is the head of a delegation of "France in the name of Saint Pierre and Miquelon" for international events such as the annual meetings of NAFO and ICCAT.[33]

On 10 January 2022, Saint Pierre and Miquelon made international news when MP Stéphane Claireaux, a member of the governing La République en Marche (LREM) was pelted with seaweed and stones in response to the government's new COVID-19 rules. The rule was announced by the state representative, the prefect, on 2 January for the island and angered residents.[37]

Defence and Gendarmerie

France is responsible for the defence of the islands.[5] The French Navy has maintained a patrol boat, the ex-trawler Fulmar, in the region since 1997.[38] Law enforcement in Saint Pierre and Miquelon is the responsibility of a branch of the French Gendarmerie Nationale; there are two police stations in the archipelago.[39]

Maritime boundary case

Main article: Canada–France Maritime Boundary Case
Map of the exclusive economic zone of Saint Pierre and Miquelon

France claimed a 200-nautical-mile (370 km; 230 mi) exclusive economic zone for Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, and in August 1983 the naval ship Lieutenant de vaisseau Le Hénaff and the seismic ship Lucien Beaufort were sent to explore for oil in the disputed zone.[40] In addition to the potential oil reserves, cod fishing rights on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland were at stake in the dispute. In the late 1980s, indications of declining fish stocks began to raise serious concern over the depletion of the fishery.[40] In 1992, an arbitration panel awarded the islands an exclusive economic zone of 12,348 square kilometres (4,768 sq mi) to settle a longstanding territorial dispute with Canada, although it represents only 25% of what France had sought.[5]

The 1992 decision fixed the maritime boundaries between Canada and the islands, but did not demarcate the continental shelf.[41]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Located off the western end of the Newfoundland's Burin Peninsula, the archipelago of Saint Pierre and Miquelon comprises eight islands, totalling 242 square kilometres (93 sq mi), of which only two are inhabited.[5][42] The islands are bare and rocky, with steep coasts, and only a thin layer of peat to soften the hard landscape.[43] The islands, like Newfoundland, are geologically part of the northeastern end of the Appalachian Mountains.[5]

Miquelon-Langlade, the largest island, is in fact composed of two islands; Miquelon Island (also called Grande Miquelon, 110 km2 or 42 sq mi) is connected to Langlade Island (Petite Miquelon, 91 km2 or 35 sq mi) by the Dune de Langlade (also known as the Isthme de Langlade), a 10-kilometre (6.2 mi) long sandy tombolo.[32][6] A storm severed them in the 18th century, separating the two islands for several decades, before currents reconstructed the isthmus.[15] Morne de la Grande Montagne, the tallest point in the territory at 240 meters high, is located on Grande Miquelon.[5] The waters between Langlade and Saint-Pierre were called "the Mouth of Hell" (French: Gueule d'Enfer) until about 1900, as more than 600 shipwrecks have been recorded in that point since 1800.[44] In the north of Miquelon Island is the village of Miquelon-Langlade (710 inhabitants), while Langlade Island is almost deserted (only one inhabitant in the 1999 census).[15]

Saint Pierre Island, whose area is smaller, 26 square kilometres (10 sq mi), is the most populous and the commercial and administrative center of the archipelago. Saint-Pierre Airport has been in operation since 1999 and is capable of accommodating long-haul flights from France.[32]

A third, formerly inhabited island, Isle-aux-Marins, known as Île-aux-Chiens until 1931 and located a short distance from the port of Saint-Pierre, has been uninhabited since 1963.[15] The other main islands are Grand Colombier, Île aux Vainqueurs, and Île aux Pigeons.

  • 3D image of the Saint Pierre and Miquelon archipelago
    3D image of the Saint Pierre and Miquelon archipelago
  • Saint-Pierre aerial photo, 2013. Saint-Pierre Airport is at the lower right.
    Saint-Pierre aerial photo, 2013. Saint-Pierre Airport is at the lower right.
  • Aerial view of St Pierre, the capital and largest town
    Aerial view of St Pierre, the capital and largest town

Environment

See also: South Avalon–Burin oceanic barrens

Seabirds are the most common fauna.[34] Seals and other wildlife can be found in the Grand Barachois Lagoon of Miquelon. Every spring, whales migrating to Greenland are visible off the coasts of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. Trilobite fossils have been found on Langlade. The stone pillars off the island coasts called "L'anse aux Soldats" eroded away and disappeared in the 1970s.[45] The rocky islands are barren, except for scrubby yews and junipers and thin volcanic soil.[44] The forest cover of the hills, except in parts of Langlade, had been removed for fuel long ago.[34]

Climate

Port of Miquelon during the winter

In spite of being located at a similar latitude to the Bay of Biscay, the archipelago is characterized by a cold borderline humid continental/subarctic climate, under the influence of polar air masses and the cold Labrador Current.[42] The mild winters for being a subarctic climate also means it has influences of subpolar oceanic climate, thus being at the confluence of three climatic types. The February mean is just below the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm for that classification.[46] Due to just three months being above 10 °C (50 °F) in mean temperatures and winter lows being so mild, Saint Pierre and Miquelon has a Köppen Climate Classification of Dfc, if bordering on Cfc due to the mildness of the winter and either Dfb or Cfb due to the closeness of the fourth-and fifth-warmest months to having mean temperatures at or above 10 °C (50 °F).

Typical maritime seasonal lag is also strong with September being warmer than June and March being colder than December. The average temperature is 5.3 °C (41.5 °F), with a temperature range of 19 °C (66 °F) between the warmest (15.7 °C (60.3 °F) in August) and coldest months (−3.6 °C (25.5 °F) in February).[42] Precipitation is abundant (1,312 mm or 51.7 in per year) and regular (146 days per year), falling as snow and rain.[42] Because of its location at the confluence of the cold waters of the Labrador Current and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream, the archipelago is also crossed a hundred days a year by fog banks, mainly in June and July.[42]

Two other climatic elements are remarkable: the extremely variable winds and haze during the spring to early summer.[47]

Town Sunshine

(hours/yr) 		Rain

(mm/yr)		 Snow

(days/yr)		 Storm

(days/yr)		 Fog

(days/yr)
National average 1,973 770 14 22 40
Saint Pierre and Miquelon 1,427 1,323.5 99.0 6.6 100.8[49]
Paris 1,661 637 12 18 10
Nice 2,724 767 1 29 1
Strasbourg 1,693 665 29 29 56
Brest 1,605 1,211 7 12 75
Climate data for St Pierre and Miquelon (1991–2020 averages, extremes 1941–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 9.8
(49.6) 		9.4
(48.9) 		12.2
(54.0) 		13.8
(56.8) 		22.0
(71.6) 		25.1
(77.2) 		28.3
(82.9) 		26.2
(79.2) 		26.8
(80.2) 		20.1
(68.2) 		15.1
(59.2) 		12.8
(55.0) 		28.3
(82.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 0.2
(32.4) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		1.4
(34.5) 		4.8
(40.6) 		8.9
(48.0) 		12.9
(55.2) 		17.1
(62.8) 		19.4
(66.9) 		16.6
(61.9) 		11.7
(53.1) 		7.2
(45.0) 		3.1
(37.6) 		8.6
(47.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.4
(27.7) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		2.1
(35.8) 		5.9
(42.6) 		9.9
(49.8) 		14.4
(57.9) 		16.8
(62.2) 		14.0
(57.2) 		9.3
(48.7) 		4.8
(40.6) 		0.8
(33.4) 		6.0
(42.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.9
(23.2) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		2.8
(37.0) 		6.8
(44.2) 		11.6
(52.9) 		14.2
(57.6) 		11.3
(52.3) 		6.9
(44.4) 		2.5
(36.5) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		3.4
(38.1)
Record low °C (°F) −17.4
(0.7) 		−18.7
(−1.7) 		−18.1
(−0.6) 		−9.8
(14.4) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		0.7
(33.3) 		4.9
(40.8) 		5.8
(42.4) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		−9.2
(15.4) 		−14.6
(5.7) 		−18.7
(−1.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 104.5
(4.11) 		98.5
(3.88) 		96.7
(3.81) 		88.0
(3.46) 		101.3
(3.99) 		93.8
(3.69) 		97.6
(3.84) 		101.0
(3.98) 		129.8
(5.11) 		134.4
(5.29) 		132.5
(5.22) 		117.2
(4.61) 		1,295.3
(51.00)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0mm) 15.7 14.0 11.5 10.4 10.5 9.9 10.1 10.1 9.9 12.8 14.4 15.3 144.6
Average rainy days 3.03 4.07 5.17 8.83 12.87 14.60 18.50 11.27 6.33 4.13 4.70 3.53 97.03
Average snowy days 22.63 19.00 15.25 7.36 0.89 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.00 4.40 3.20 73.77
Mean monthly sunshine hours 42.3 60.7 113.0 142.4 174.9 164.1 150.7 168.7 159.5 117.1 61.7 38.0 1,392.9
Source: Météo France[50][51] (Averages are for the period 1991–2020.)[52]

Economy

Fishing boats in Saint-Pierre harbour
Economy of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
CurrencyEuro, Canadian Dollar
Calendar year
Statistics
GDPIncrease$261.3 million (2015 est. PPP)
GDP per capita
Increase$46,200 (2006 est.)
GDP by sector
agriculture: 2%; industry: 15%; services: 83% (2006 est.)
Positive decrease1.5% (2015 est.)
Labour force
4,429 (2015 est.)
Labour force by occupation
agriculture: 18%; industry: 41%; services: 41% (1996 est.)
UnemploymentPositive decrease8.7% (2015 est.)
External
ExportsIncrease6.641 million (2010 est.)
Export goods
fish and fish products, soybeans, animal feed, mollusks and crustaceans, fox and mink pelts
ImportsIncrease95.35 million (2010 est.)
Import goods
meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building materials
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

The economy of the islands, due to their location, has been dependent on fishing and servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of Newfoundland. The economy has been declining, however, due to disputes with Canada over fishing quotas and a decline in the number of ships stopping at the islands.[53] In 1992 an arbitration panel awarded the islands an exclusive economic zone of 12,348 square kilometres (4,768 sq mi) to settle a longstanding territorial dispute with Canada, although it represents only 25 percent of what France had sought. The islands are heavily subsidized by France, which benefits the standard of living. The government hopes an expansion of tourism will boost economic prospects, and test drilling for oil may pave the way development of the energy sector.

Agriculture

The climate and the small amount of available land militate against activities such as farming and livestock raising (weather conditions are severe, confining the growing season to a few weeks, and the soil contains significant peat and clay and is largely infertile).[54] Since 1992 the economy has been in steep decline, following the depletion of fish stocks due to overfishing, the limitation of fishing areas and the ban imposed on all cod fishing by the Canadian Government.[55]

Unemployment

The labour market is characterized by high seasonality, due to climatic hazards. Traditionally, the inhabitants suspended all outdoor activities (construction, agriculture, etc.) between December and April.[56] In 1999, the unemployment rate was 12.8%, and a third of the employed worked in the public sector. The employment situation was worsened by the complete cessation of deep-sea fishing, the traditional occupation of the islanders, as the unemployment rate in 1990 was lower at 9.5%.[15] The unemployment for 2010 shows a decrease from 2009, from 7.7% to 7.1%.[56] Exports are very low (5.1% of GDP) while imports are significant (49.1% of GDP).[57] About 70% of the islands' supplies are imported from Canada or from other parts of France via Nova Scotia.[34]

Diversification

The rise in unemployment has been countered by state financial aid for the retraining of businesses and individuals. The construction of the airport in 1999 helped sustain activity in the construction industry and public works.[32] Fish farming, crab fishing and agriculture are being developed to diversify the local economy.[5] The future of Saint Pierre and Miquelon rests on tourism, fisheries and aquaculture.[citation needed] Explorations are under way to exploit deposits of oil and gas.[32] Tourism benefits from the proximity to similar tourist areas of Canada. Distribution, public service, care, minor wholesale, retail and crafts are notable in the business sector.[54]

Tourism

Tourism is increasingly important and the territory capitalises on its image as "France in North America".[58]

There are, as of mid-2024, six hotels on Saint-Pierre[59] as well as B&Bs and AirBnB rentals on both main islands.

There are, as of mid-2024, 13 restaurants and bistros on Saint-Pierre and one on Île aux Marins, and the islands' tourism bureau promotes their authentic French cuisine as well as other cuisines.[60]

Currency

See also: Saint Pierre and Miquelon franc
  • 20-CFA-franc banknote
    20-CFA-franc banknote
  • A 1948 Aluminum Franc coin
    A 1948 Aluminum Franc coin
  • 1891 postage stamp
    1891 postage stamp
Price list for a ferry, July 2024. A 3-euro ticket may be paid with 5 CAD, 11–13% higher than at the interbank rate during that month, where 1 euro equaled between 1.47 and 1.50 CAD.

The euro is the currency in Saint Pierre and Miquelon.[61]

Before 1890, Mexican dubloons and Canadian dollars both circulated on the islands. Starting in 1889, these were supplemented with local franc banknotes from the Banque des Îles de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon until the end of World War One.[62]

In 1945 the island started using the CFA franc, which otherwise was used by the French colonies in Africa. CFA banknotes issued by the Caisse Centrale de la France d'Outremer stamped with the text "Saint Pierre et Miquelon".[62]

In 1973, these were replaced with the ("regular") new French franc, which had been in use in Metropolitan France since 1960, equal to 100 pre-1960 French francs.[62] The Institut d'émission des départements d'outre-mer (IEDOM), the French public institution responsible for issuing currency in the overseas territories that used the French franc and later the euro on behalf of the Bank of France, has had an agency in Saint Pierre since 1978.[63][62]

Most businesses accept Canadian dollars (CAD), at a rate below the interbank exchange rate; prices in euros and change would be given in that currency.[64][65]

Stamps

Main article: Postage stamps and postal history of Saint Pierre and Miquelon

The islands have issued their own stamps from 1885 to the present, except for a period between 1 April 1978 and 3 February 1986 when French stamps not specific to Saint Pierre and Miquelon were used.[66]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Historical populations
YearPop.±%
1847 1,665—    
1860 2,916+75.1%
1870 4,750+62.9%
1897 6,352+33.7%
1902 6,842+7.7%
1907 4,760−30.4%
1911 4,209−11.6%
1921 3,918−6.9%
1926 4,030+2.9%
1931 4,321+7.2%
1936 4,175−3.4%
1945 4,354+4.3%
1951 4,606+5.8%
1957 4,879+5.9%
1962 5,025+3.0%
1967 5,235+4.2%
1974 5,840+11.6%
1982 6,041+3.4%
1990 6,277+3.9%
1999 6,316+0.6%
2006 6,125−3.0%
2011 6,080−0.7%
2016 6,008−1.2%
INSEE (1847–1962;[67] 1967–2011;[68] 2016[2])

The total population of the islands at the March 2016 census was 6,008,[2] of which 5,412 lived in Saint-Pierre and 596 in Miquelon-Langlade.[69] At the time of the 1999 census, 76% of the population was born on the archipelago, while 16.1% were born in metropolitan France, a sharp increase from the 10.2% in 1990. In the same census, less than 1% of the population reported being a foreign national.[15]

The archipelago has a high emigration rate, especially among young adults, who often leave for their studies without returning afterwards.[15] Even at the time of the great prosperity of the cod fishery, the population growth had always been constrained by the geographic remoteness, harsh climate and infertile soils.[15]

Ethnography

Ruins show that Indigenous American people visited the archipelago on fishing and hunting expeditions before it was colonized by Europeans.[47] The current population is the result of inflows of settlers from the French ports, mostly Normans, Basques, Bretons and Saintongeais, and also from the historic area of Acadia in Canada (Gaspé Peninsula, parts of New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton) as well as Francophones who settled on the Port au Port Peninsula on Newfoundland.[47]

Languages

The inhabitants speak French; their customs and traditions are similar to the ones found in metropolitan France.[34] The French spoken on the archipelago is closer to Metropolitan French than to Canadian French and maintains a number of unique features.[70] Basque, formerly spoken in private settings by people of Basque ancestry, had disappeared from the islands by the late 1950s.[71]

Religion

The population is overwhelmingly Christian,[72] with the majority being Catholic.[34] The Vicariate Apostolic of Iles Saint-Pierre and Miquelon managed the local church until it was merged into the Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes in 2018.[73]

Notable people

See also: Category:Saint Pierre and Miquelon people
Henry Hughes Hough, 1916

Sport

Culture

Basque centre in Saint-Pierre

Every summer there is a Basque Festival, which has demonstrations of harri-jasotzaileak (stone heaving), aizkolaritza (lumberjack skills), and Basque pelota (more widely known in the Americas as frontón/jai alai).[74] The local cuisine is mostly based on seafood such as lobster, snow crab, mussels, and especially cod.[75]

Street names are not commonly used on the islands. Directions and locations are commonly given using nicknames and the names of nearby residents.[76]

The only time the guillotine was used in North America was on Saint-Pierre in the late 19th century.[77] Joseph Néel was convicted of killing Mr Coupard on Île aux Chiens on 30 December 1888, and subsequently executed by guillotine on 24 August 1889. The device had to be shipped from the French territory of Martinique and it did not arrive in working order. It was very difficult to get anyone to perform the execution; finally a recent immigrant was coaxed into doing the job. This event was the inspiration for the 2000 film The Widow of Saint-Pierre. The guillotine is now in a museum in Saint-Pierre.[77]

Sports

Frontón in Saint-Pierre

Ice hockey is very popular in Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, with local teams often competing in Newfoundland-based leagues. Several players from the islands have played on French and Canadian club teams, and participated on the France men's national ice hockey team.[78] In 2008, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon played an exhibition match against the French national team,[79] though the territory has not fielded a national side since then.

Saint Pierre and Miquelon has a domestic football league comprising three teams. Starting in 2018, local clubs have competed in France's domestic knockout cup, the Coupe de France. The territory also has a national team, but it is presently not a member of FIFA or CONCACAF.[80]

Transportation

SPM Ferries' Nordet, serving the Fortune–Saint-Pierre route, in port at Saint-Pierre
Air Saint-Pierre aircraft taking off from Miquelon Airport
North American-style license plate in Saint-Pierre. European-style plates are also issued to suit cars brought over from Europe.

Sin Pierre and Miquelon has 114 km (71 mi) of highways plus 45 km (28 mi) of unpaved roads. Its only major harbour is at Saint-Pierre although there is a smaller harbour at Miquelon. The collectivity has no merchant marine but has two airports; the runway at Saint-Pierre Airport is 1,800 metres (5,910 ft) long, and at Miquelon Airport, 1,000 metres (3,280 ft). Ferry services connect the islands with each other and with Fortune, Newfoundland and Labrador, Newfoundland, Canada, 45 km away. Crossings take 90 minutes. Saint Pierre and Miquelon no longer has any functioning railways.[81][82]


Ferries

See also: SPM Ferries
Ferry Terminal Ferry Terminal Ferry Company Summer frequency (2024)
Fortune Saint-Pierre SPM Ferries Service 1–2 times per day; no service on Mondays.[83]
Miquelon town, Miquelon-Langlade island Saint-Pierre SPM Ferries Service 1–2 times per day; no service on Wednesdays[83]
Langlade, Miquelon-Langlade island Saint-Pierre SPM Ferries Service 1–2 times per day; no service on Tuesdays.[83]
Île aux Marins Saint-Pierre BPE 6 daytime crossings daily, in summer half-hourly daytime service[84][85]

Ferry services operated by SPM Ferries[86] connect Saint Pierre with Miquelon town and Langlade, and both Saint Pierre and Miquelon towns with the port of Fortune in Newfoundland, Canada. In the summer, additional services operate between St Pierre and Langlade and between Miquelon and Fortune.[87] SPM Ferries's Nordet and Suroît ferries can transport up to 188 passengers and 18 vehicles each.[88] Jeune France is a smaller ferry serving seasonal local service between St. Pierre and Langlade. The ship arrived in 2012 replacing Saint-George XII, and currently is used for tours.[89]

Several cruise ship lines visit Saint-Pierre.[90] They dock 2 km northeast of downtown, near the end of the coastal road. Boats also provide access to Ile aux Marins.

In the past from 2005 to 2009, Atlantic Jet provided a ferry service to the islands from Canada,[91] operated privately by SPM Express SA. It was replaced by the Arethusa, but the service was terminated in 2010 when the island opted to form a government-run ferry service. Due to COVID-19 restrictions, services to Fortune were suspended between March 2020[92] and August 2021.[93]

Air transport

See also: List of airports in Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint-Pierre Airport, and Miquelon Airport

There are two airports on the islands: Saint-Pierre Pointe-Blanche Airport (IATA: FSP, ICAO: LFVP) and Miquelon Airport (IATA: MQC, ICAO: LFVM).

Air transport is provided by Air Saint-Pierre which directly connects Saint-Pierre Pointe-Blanche Airport with:

Connections with mainland France

For many years there was no direct air link between Saint Pierre and mainland France, but in Summer 2018, Air Saint-Pierre began direct flights to and from Paris during the summer.[94]

Other than that option, travel to France requires a transfer, most commonly at Montreal–Trudeau, which has service:

Car transport

In the past, Saint Pierre and Miquelon used only standard French vehicle registration plates, rather than plates in the format of six inches (150 mm) high by twelve inches (300 mm) wide used by most other jurisdictions in North America. More recently however, American vehicles with North American plates are becoming more common, particularly since the new car ferry service to Canada began in 2021.[95]

The islands do not follow the standard French numbering system. Until 1952, cars were simply numbered from 1 onwards, without any code to identify them as being from Saint Pierre and Miquelon. Beginning in 1952, they had serial numbers followed by the letters SPM, e.g. 9287 SPM. Since 2000, all numbers have begun with the letters SPM followed by a serial number and serial letter, e.g. SPM 1 A.[96]

Road signs are in French and are European influenced.

Communications

Saint-Pierre and Miquelon have four radio stations; all stations operate on the FM band, with the last stations converted from the AM band in 2004. Three of the stations are on Saint-Pierre, two of which are owned by Outre-Mer 1ère, along with one 1ère station on Miquelon. At night, these stations broadcast France-Inter. The other station (Radio Atlantique) is an affiliate of Radio France Internationale. The nation is linked to North America and Europe by satellite communications for telephone and television service.[97]

The department of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon is served by three television stations: Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon 1ère (call sign FQN) on Channel 8, with a repeater on Channel 31, and France Ô on Channel 6. Before the conversion to the DVB-T standard for digital television broadcasts on 29 November 2011, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon used the French analog SECAM-K1 standard, and the local telecommunications provider (SPM Telecom) carried many North American television stations and cable channels, converted from North America's analog NTSC standard. In addition, Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon 1ère was carried on Shaw Direct satellite and most digital cable services in Canada, converted to NTSC.[citation needed]

SPM Telecom is also the department's main internet service provider, with its internet service being named Cheznoo (a play on Chez-Nous, French for "Our Place"). SPM Telecom also offers cellular phone and mobile phone service (for phones that adhere to the GSM standard). SPM Telecom uses the GSM 900 MHz band,[98] which is different from the GSM 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands used in the rest of North America.[99]

The islands are a well-known separate country-level entity among many radio amateurs, identifiable with ITU prefix "FP". Those visiting, mainly from the US, activate Saint-Pierre and Miquelon every year on amateur frequencies. Amateurs collect (records of) contacts with these stations for Islands on the Air and DX Century Club awards; the Atlantic coast gives great takeoff for shortwaves.[citation needed] A few kilometres away is Signal Hill, St. John's which first communicated across the Atlantic, namely with Marconi's Poldhu Wireless Station in England.[100]

News

SPM Telecom publishes local news online at the Cheznoo web portal.[101] Other publications include the magazine "Mathurin".[102]

Education

Collège Saint-Christophe, Saint-Pierre

The archipelago has four primary schools (Sainte Odile, Henriette Bonin, Feu Rouge, les Quatre-Temps), one middle school (Collège de Miquelon/Collège Saint-Christophe) with an annex in Miquelon, one state (government) high school (Lycée-Collège d'État Émile Letournel) and one vocational high school.[103]

The students who wish to further their studies after high school are granted access to scholarships to study overseas. Most students go to metropolitan France, although some go to Canada, mainly New Brunswick.[104]

Saint Pierre's institute for higher learning is the Institut Frecker, which is associated with Memorial University of Newfoundland.[105] Since 2000 Frecker had been operated by the Government of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, with support of the federal government of Canada and the provincial government of Newfoundland and Labrador.[106]

Health

Saint-Pierre and Miquelon's health care system is entirely public and free.[104] In 1994, France and Canada signed an agreement allowing the residents of the archipelago to be treated in St. John's.[104] In 2015, St. Pierre and Miquelon indicated that they would start looking for a new healthcare provider as recent rate increases by Eastern Health in Newfoundland were too expensive (increasing to $3.3 million in 2014 from $2.5 million in 2010). Halifax, Nova Scotia and Moncton, New Brunswick were mooted as possible locations.[107] Since 1985, Hôpital François Dunan provides basic care and emergency care for residents of both islands.[108] The island's first hospital was military in 1904 and became a civilian facility in 1905. L'Hôpital-Hospice-Orphelinat opened in 1937.[109] Advance paediatric health needs are serviced through Janeway Children's Health and Rehabilitation Centre in St. John’s.

Fire services

Fire stations:

  • Both airports, St Pierre and Miquelon, separately.
  • Service incendie Ville de St Pierre – Caserne Renaissance has five apparatuses: 2 pumpers, aerial ladders and a hazmat. This replaced Caserne Daguerre.[110]
  • Service incendie Miquelon has four apparatuses:[111] aerial, hazmat, two pumpers.

Most are second-hand units from North America but[112] St Pierre acquired an aerial ladder from France in 2016.[citation needed]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ transl. Lying on Cape Breton and the Pertuis de Miqueton east west, there are 42 l. [leagues]" ... "Lying the Dove of S. Pierre the pertuis de Micquellon north north-northeast & south-southeast: there are 7 l.

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Further reading

46°51′N 56°18′W / 46.850°N 56.300°W / 46.850; -56.300

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Piala Dunia Antarklub FIFA 2006

Kejuaraan Dunia Antarklub FIFA2006 FIFA Club World Cup (Bahasa Inggris) FIFAクラブワールドカップ2006 (Bahasa Jepang) Logo resmi Piala Dunia Antarklub FIFA 2006Informasi turnamenTuan rumahJepangKotaToyota, Tokyo, dan YokohamaJumlahtim peserta6 (dari 6 konfederasi)Tempatpenyelenggaraan3 (di 3 kota)Hasil turnamenJuara SC Internacional (gelar ke-1)Tempat kedua FC BarcelonaTempat ketiga Al Ahly S. C.Tempat keempat CF AméricaStatistik turnamenJumlahpertandingan7Jumlah gol17...

 

Perjantanan di Yunani Kuno

Pasangan orang yang melakukan perjantanan di simposium, seperti yang digambarkan pada lukisan dinding makam dari koloni Yunani Paestum di Italia Perjantanan di Yunani kuno adalah hubungan sosial yang diakui antara orang dewasa dan seorang laki-laki yang lebih muda biasanya yang masih di usia remaja.[1] Ini adalah karakteristik dari Kuno dan periode Klasik.[2] Beberapa ahli menemukan asal-usulnya dalam ritual inisiasi, terutama ritus peralihan di Kreta, di mana dikaitkan dengan...

 

Embassy of Turkmenistan, Washington, D.C.

Diplomatic mission of Turkmenistan to the United States Embassy of Turkmenistan, Washington, D.C.LocationWashington, D.C.Address2207 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.Coordinates38°54′43.1″N 77°2′57.4″W / 38.911972°N 77.049278°W / 38.911972; -77.049278AmbassadorMeret Bayramovich Orazov The Embassy of Turkmenistan in Washington, D.C. is the diplomatic mission of Turkmenistan to the United States. It is located at 2207 Massachusetts Avenue, Northwest, Washington, D.C...

History of the United States Congress

Main article: United States Congress George W. Bush delivered his annual State of the Union address to a joint session of Congress on January 28, 2003, in the House chamber. The history of the United States Congress refers to the chronological record of the United States Congress including legislative sessions from 1789 to the present day. It also includes a brief history of the Continental Congress from 1774 through 1781 and the Congress of the Confederation from 1781 to 1789. The United St...

 

Yvonne Brathwaite Burke

Yvonne Brathwaite Burke Yvonne Brathwaite Burke (lahir 5 Oktober 1932) adalah seorang politikus dan pengacara Amerika Serikat dari California.[1][2] Ia adalah wanita Afrika-Amerika pertama yang mewakili Pesisir Barat dalam Kongres. Ia menjabat dalam Kongres AS dari 1973 sampai Januari 1979. Suaminya adalah William Burke, seorang filontropis berpengaruh dan penyelenggara Maraton Los Angeles.[3] Referensi ^ BURKE, Yvonne Brathwaite | US House of Representatives: History,...

 

Gereja Katolik di Guyana

Bagian dari seriGereja Katolik menurut negara Afrika Afrika Selatan Afrika Tengah Aljazair Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Chad Eritrea Eswatini Etiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guinea Khatulistiwa Jibuti Kamerun Kenya Komoro Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagaskar Malawi Mali Maroko Mauritania Mauritius Mesir Mozambik Namibia Niger Nigeria Pantai Gading Republik Demokratik Kongo Republik Kongo Rwanda Sao Tome dan Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia Somaliland ...

Temporary Autonomous Zone

1991 book by Hakim Bey (Peter Lamborn Wilson) Part of a series onAnarchism History Outline Schools of thought Feminist Green Primitivist Social ecology Total liberation Individualist Egoist Free-market Naturist Philosophical Mutualism Postcolonial African Black Queer Religious Christian Jewish Social Collectivist Parecon Communist Magonism Without adjectives Methodology Agorism Illegalism Insurrectionary Communization Expropriative Pacifist Platformism Especifismo Relationship Syndicalist Syn...

 

University of Florida College of Medicine

Medical school of the University of Florida College of MedicineTypePublic medical schoolEstablished1956Parent institutionUniversity of FloridaEndowment$1.73 billion (2018)[1]DeanColleen G. KochStudents1,642 [2]LocationGainesville, Florida, United StatesWebsitemed.ufl.edu Entrance to the College of Medicine Teaching Hospital University of Florida Cancer Hospital Medical Plaza The University of Florida College of Medicine is the medical school of the University of Florida. It is...

 

Werner E. Reichardt

German physicist and biologist (1924–1992) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Werner E. Reichardt – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Werner Ernst ReichardtWerner Reichardt, 1982Born(1924-01-30)30 January 1924Berlin, GermanyDied...

Sergio Realini

Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori italiani è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Sergio Realini Realini nel 1955 con la maglia del Treviso Nazionalità  Italia Calcio Ruolo Centromediano Termine carriera 1968 - giocatore1986 - allenatore CarrieraSquadre di club1 1942-1943 Varese? (?)1944-1945 Varese9 (0)1945-1946 Lecco22 (0)1946-1947 Inter10 (0)1947-1948 Sanr...

 

Diode

Diode bán dẫnMột số loại diode bán dẫnLoạiChủ độngChânanode và cathodeKý hiệu điệnD Diode bán dẫn (gọi tắt là diode) là một loại linh kiện bán dẫn chỉ cho phép dòng điện đi qua nó theo một chiều mà không theo chiều ngược lại.[1] Có nhiều loại diode bán dẫn, như diode chỉnh lưu thông thường, diode Zener, LED. Chúng đều có nguyên lý cấu tạo chung là một khối bán dẫn loại P ghép vớ...

 

Lists of oldest cricketers

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Lists of oldest cricketers – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This is a set of lists of the oldest Test and first-class cricketers. Oldest living Test cricketers Name Country Date of birth ...

Magda Szubanski

Australian actress and comedian (born 1961) Magda SzubanskiAOSzubanski at Tropfest 2013BornMagdalene Mary Therese Szubanski[1][2] (1961-04-12) 12 April 1961 (age 63)Liverpool, EnglandNationalityAustralian[3][4][5]EducationSiena CollegeAlma materUniversity of MelbourneOccupationsActressauthorcomedianLGBT rights advocateYears active1986–presentNotable workEsme Cordelia Hoggett in Babe (1995) and its 1998 sequel Voice of Miss Viola in Happ...

 

Andi Oddang Makka

Untuk pemain sepak bola, lihat Andi Oddang. Artikel biografi ini ditulis menyerupai resume atau daftar riwayat hidup (Curriculum Vitae). Tolong bantu perbaiki agar netral dan ensiklopedis. Gaya atau nada penulisan artikel ini tidak mengikuti gaya dan nada penulisan ensiklopedis yang diberlakukan di Wikipedia. Bantulah memperbaikinya berdasarkan panduan penulisan artikel. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Andi Oddang Gubernur Sulawesi Selatan ke-3Masa jaba...

 

Ferenc József Nagy

Hungarian politician (1923–2019) Ferenc József NagyMinister of AgricultureIn office23 May 1990 – 16 January 1991Preceded byCsaba Hütter (Minister of Agriculture and Food)Succeeded byElemér Gergátz Personal detailsBorn(1923-04-22)22 April 1923Kisharsány, HungaryDied14 May 2019(2019-05-14) (aged 96)Political partyFKGP (1937–48, 1989–92)TFKGP (1992–93)EKGP (1993–94)Professionpolitician The native form of this personal name is Nagy Ferenc József. This article u...

Attaque de Bamba (2023)

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Attaque de Bamba. Attaque de Bamba Informations générales Date 1er octobre 2023 Lieu Bamba Issue Victoire du CSP Belligérants Mali CSP MNLA HCUA MAA GATIA 2 Forces en présence Inconnues Inconnues Pertes 25 morts6 prisonniers3 blindés VP11 capturés13 véhicules capturés(selon le CSP)[1] 1 mort4 blessés(selon le CSP)[1] Guerre du MaliBatailles Batailles de la guerre du Mali Rébellion touarègue de 2012 Ménaka (1re) Tessalit Aguel'hoc (1re) In Emsal A...

 

Thiérache campaign

Military campaign of 1339 during the Hundred Years' War Thiérache campaignChevauchée of Edward III of 1339Part of the Hundred Years' WarDate20 September – 24 October 1339LocationNorthern FranceResult English withdrawalBelligerents Kingdom of England County of Flanders Holy Roman Empire County of Hainaut Kingdom of FranceCommanders and leaders King Edward III King Philip VI vteHundred Years' WarEdwardian phase(1337–1360) 1337–1340 Cadzand Arnemuiden English Channel Thiérache campaign ...

 

زلزال سلماس 1930

زلزال سلماس 1930 معلومات التاريخ 6 مايو 1930  البلد إيران  إحداثيات 38°00′N 44°42′E / 38°N 44.7°E / 38; 44.7   ريختر 7.1 [1](مقياس ريختر)  النتائج الوفيات 2180 [2]  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   زلزال سلماس 1930 هو زلزالٌ وقعَ في سلماس في إيران بتاريخ 6 مايو 1930.[3][4][...

Faustino Barone

Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori uruguaiani è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Faustino BaroneNazionalità Uruguay Altezza181 cm Peso75 kg Calcio RuoloAttaccante Squadra River Plate (M) CarrieraGiovanili  River Plate (M) Squadre di club1 2023- River Plate (M)4 (2) 1 I due numeri indicano le presenze e le reti segnate, per le sole partite di campionato.Il simbolo �...

 

تقلية

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (فبراير 2016) التقلية أو التقليّة هو نوع من الطعام العطري يجهز في مصر لإعطاء أطباق الأكل طعما مميزا . وتوجد عدة أنواع لل...