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**Punan Ba people**
**Punan people**
	An elderly Punan man performing Bungan rites. Photo taken at Punan Sama village.
Total population
	approx. 5,000
Regions with significant populations
	Malaysia; Sarawak (Kapit and Bintulu Division) Indonesia; West Kalimantan and East Kalimantan
Languages
	Punan Bah, Malay, Indonesian, English
Religion
	Christianity and Animism
Related ethnic groups
	Dayak people, Sekapan, Kejaman, Lahanan'

Punan Bah or Punan^[1] is an ethnic group found in Sarawak, Malaysia and Kalimantan, Indonesia.^[2] The Punan Bah people are distinct and unrelated to the semi-nomadic Penan people.^[3]^[4] Their name stems from two rivers along the banks of which they have been living since time immemorial. They have other names including Mikuang Bungulan or Mikuang and Aveang Buan but those are used only ritually nowadays.

The Punan (or Punan Ba) have never been nomadic. In the old days,^[when?] they based their living on a mixed economy – Swidden agriculture^[5] with hill paddy as the main crop, supplemented by a range of tropical plants which include maniok, taro, sugar cane, tobacco, etc. Hunting, especially wild boar, fishing, and gathering of forest resources,^[5] are the other important factors in their economy.

However, in the late 1980s, many Punan, notably the younger, more educated, gradually migrated to urban areas such as Bintulu, Sibu, Kuching and Kuala Lumpur in search of better living. However, they didn't abandon their longhouses altogether. Many would still return home, especially during major festivities such as Harvest Festival or Bungan festival as it is known among Punan.

Punan is a stratified society of 'laja' (aristocrats), 'panyen' (commoners), and 'lipen' (slaves). This determines their historical traditions that have been preserved. Just like most of the history of European Middle Ages is linked to and mainly concerned the various ruling monarchs, so are the historical and mythical traditions of Punan closely connected to their rulings aristocrats.

Relation to sub-ethnic Punans

There is this common misunderstanding that all the so-called Punan on the island of Borneo are related and belong to the same tribe.^{[citation needed]} In Sarawak, for example, there is the confusion between Punan and Penan.^[4] On the other hand, throughout the island of Borneo, the term Punan was often indiscriminately used during colonial times to refer to the then (unknown or yet to be classified) tribes as such as Punan Busang, Penihing, Sajau Hovongan, Uheng Kareho, Merah, Aput, Tubu, Bukat, Ukit, Habongkot, Penyawung as Punan. This heritage from colonial times still remain until today.

As a result, there are now more than 20 different tribes or ethnics with the name Punan that may be related or unrelated to one another in the island of Borneo. These tribes include:

Punan Aoheng or Pnihing of East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Punan Aput of East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Punan Basap of East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Punan Batu of East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Punan Batu 1 of Sarawak, Malaysia
Dayak Bukat of Sarawak of Malaysia, East Kalimantan and West Kalimantan of Indonesia^[6]
Punan Busang
Punan Habongkot
Punan Hovongan of Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
- Punan Bungan of West Kalimantan, Indonesia
Punan Kelay / Kelai of Berau Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Punan Lisum
Punan Merah (Siau) of East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Punan Merap of East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Punan Murung of Murung Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
Punan Nibong of Brunei and Sarawak, Malaysia
Punan Panyawung
Punan Sajau of Bulungan Regency, North Kalimantan, Indonesia
Punan Tubu of East Kalimantan, Indonesia^[7]
Punan Uheng Kereho / Keriau of Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
Punan Ukit / Bukitan / Beketan of Sarawak, Malaysia and East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Ethnic classification

Officially, as under the Sarawak Interpretation Ordinance,^[8] Punan is group under Kajang together with Sekapan, Kejaman, Lahanan and Sihan.

Unofficially, they are also included in the politically coined term Orang Ulu – popularised by a political association known as Orang Ulu National Association or (OUNA). The association is a Kayan and Kenyah dominated association which they established in 1969.

Genetics

Schematic summary of population settlement in Insular Southeast Asia. Dispersals of ancestries associated with ancient Mainland Southeast Asian and ancestral Punan-related components (B) predating the coastal South Chinese, and hence Austronesian-related, ancestries.

Research on Northeast Bornean Punan communities revealed them to display strong genetic ancestry connections to each other, and that they form an outgroup to other Austronesian-speaking groups. The results of a 2023 study "support long-term occupation of Borneo by Punan-related people" predating the arrival of other Austronesian-speakers from which they diverged earlier.^[9]

Punan longhouses

Punan are mostly found around Bintulu, Sarawak. Punan peoples can only be found at Pandan, Jelalong and Kakus in Bintulu Division; along the Rajang River, their longhouses dotted areas spanning from Merit District to lower Belaga town.

The Punan are believed^{[by whom?]} to be one of the earliest peoples to have settled in the central part of Borneo, the Rajang River and Balui areas together with the Sekapan, Kejaman and Lahanan. However, the mass migrations of Kayans, subsequently followed by the warfaring Ibans into Rejang and Balui areas approximately some 200 years ago, forced the Punan communities living in these areas retreating to Kakus and subsequently to Kemena basin.

As of 2006, there were more than 10 Punan settlements (longhouses) found along the Rejang, Kakus, Kemena and Jelalong river. These settlements (longhouses) are:

Punan Lovuk Sama,
Punan Lovuk Ba,^[10]
Punan Lovuk Biau,
Punan Lovuk Meluyou,
Punan Lovuk Lirung Belang (name by Rumah Bilong before and now as known as Rumah Ado)
Punan Lovuk Mina,
Punan Lovuk Pandan (also Rumah Nyipa Tingang), and
Punan Lo'o Buong (Jelalong also known as Rumah Adi.

The total Punan population is estimated to be around 3000–5000 people.

Language

Punan speak the Bah-Biau Punan language, one of the Punan languages. Although often confused with Penan, Punan is closer to the language spoken by the Sekapans and Kejamans.

Here are some words spoken in Punan:

1. Nu denge? - How are you?
2. Nu ngaro no? - What is your name?
3. Piro umun no? - How old are you?
4. Tupu koman si - Do you have your lunch/dinner/breakfast?

Religion and beliefs

Punan traditional religion was a form of animist known as "Besavik". The Brooke era saw the arrival of Christian missionaries, bringing education and modern medicine into Sarawak. But the Punan communities remain with their traditional religion of Besavik and subsequently adopting a cult religion - Bungan brought by Jok Apui, a Kenyah from Kalimantan.^[11]

However, the late 1990s showed an increase in the number of Punan converting to Christianity. This is partly due to more and more Punan becoming educated and modernised. As of 2006, almost half of Punan are now Christian, leaving only the elderly, less educated still remain observing "Bungan" religion.

The Punan have a unique burial custom. In the early days they did not bury their aristocrats or lajar. Instead they built a pole known as kelirieng of 50-meter height to lay down their beloved leaders. In Sarawak it is estimated that there are fewer than 30 kelirieng left standing. The Punan still practise a secondary burial ceremony, whereby the dead body is kept at their longhouses for at least 3–7 days. This is partly to give more time for far-away relatives to pay their last respects to the deceased.

Current associations

There are two Punan associations in existence today:

Persatuan Kebangsaan Punan (Punan National Association), Malaysia.^[12]
Yayasan Adat Punan (Punan Culture Foundation), Indonesia.^[13]

References

^ Nicolaisen, Ida. 1976. "Form and Function of Punan Ba Ethno-historical Tradition" in Sarawak Museum Journal Vol XXIV No. 45 (New Series). Kuching.
^ Borrell, Brendan; Irwandi, Joshua (19 September 2023). "A Vanishing Nomadic Clan, With a Songlike Language All Their Own - New genetic research confirms the oral history of a small group of nomadic people living in Indonesia's rainforest". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
^ Wendy Hutton (2000). Adventure Guides: East Malaysia. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 962-593-180-5.
^ ^a ^b Peter G. Sercombe & Bernard Sellato (2008). Beyond the Green Myth. NIAS Press. ISBN 978-87-7694-018-8.
^ ^a ^b Vandana Shiva (2014). Wendell Berry (ed.). The Vandana Shiva Reader. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-4699-7.
^ Bernard Sellato (1994). Nomads of the Borneo Rainforest: The Economics, Politics, and Ideology of Settling Down. University of Hawaii Press. p. 18. ISBN 08-248-1566-1.
^ Bernard Sellato & Peter G. Sercombe (2008). Beyond the Green Myth: Borneo's Hunter-Gatherers in the Twenty-First Century. NIAS Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-87-769-4018-8.
^ Article 161A, Clause 6 of the Malaysia Constitution of Malaysia Federal Constitution
^ Kusuma, Pradiptajati; Cox, Murray P.; Barker, Graeme; Sudoyo, Herawati; Lansing, J. Stephen; Jacobs, Guy S. (November 2023). "Deep ancestry of Bornean hunter-gatherers supports long-term local ancestry dynamics". Cell Reports. 42 (11): 113346. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113346. ISSN 2211-1247.
^ Punan Ba longhouse razed in fire
^ Lake' Baling (2002). Jérôme Rousseau (ed.). The Old Kayan Religion and the Bungan Religious Reform. Institute of East Asian Studies, UNIMAS. ISBN 983-9257-23-4.
^ Jonathan Chia (11 April 2013). "Independent body for natives urged". The Borneo Post. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
^ Severianus Endi (12 March 2010). "Nenek Renta Itu Berubah Jadi Kodok". Kompas. Retrieved 5 November 2016.

External links

Nicolaisen, IDA. 1976. Form and Function of Punan Bah Ethno-historical Tradition in Sarawak Museum Journal Vol XXIV No. 45 (New Series). Kuching.
Punan National Association.
Leigh, Micheal. 2002. Mapping the People of Sarawak. UNIMAS. Samarahan.
The Official Punan Community site
A Vanishing Nomadic Clan, With a Songlike Language All Their Own, New York Times.