Ever since its publication, a film adaptation of the novel Ponniyin Selvan had been explored by several Tamil filmmakers, including an attempt by M. G. Ramachandran in the late 1950s; however, it never materialised. Decades later, Ratnam attempted to adapt the novel in the late-1980s and early-2010s but was unsuccessful due to financial constraints. He eventually managed to revive the effort in January 2019, after Lyca agreed to fund the film. Following several changes in cast and crew, production of Ponniyin Selvan began in December 2019 and concluded in September 2021, halting twice due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The film was shot in various locations across India, with a few sequences in Thailand. It was originally intended to be a single film but was split into two parts.
Ponniyin Selvan: I was released in theatres worldwide on 30 September 2022 in standard and IMAX formats. Ponniyin Selvan: I met with critical acclaim, with emphasis on the direction, musical score, technical aspects, and the cast's performances (with some reviews praising Vikram, Karthi, Jayam Ravi, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Trisha, Jayaram and entire cast performances).The film grossed ₹450–500 crore worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing Tamil film of 2022, third-highest-grossing Indian film of 2022. The film is currently the fourth highest-grossing Tamil film of all time. The film received six nominations at the 16th Asian Film Awards, including Best Film. It won the Best Tamil film award at the 68th Filmfare Awards.[7] The film also won four National Awards, in the 70th National Awards, announced on 16th August, 2024, including the best film.[8]
Plot
In the 10th century, Emperor Sundara Chola of the Chola Empire reigns prosperously in South India while his sons Aditha Karikalan and Arulmozhi Varman aka Ponniyin Selvan are heading their conquests respectively for the empire at Kanchi and Lanka. After winning the battle against Rashtrakutas, Aditha Karikalan dispatches his trusted associate and the Vaanar clan's prince Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan to go to Kadambur and investigate and subsequently pass on the information to his sister Princess Kundavai and Sundara Chozhar as he sensed something was amiss with his courtiers. Vandiyadevan encounters a VaishnaviteAzhwarkkadiyan Nambi before arriving at the fortress of Kadambur, where all the ministers have gathered. Vandiyadevan finds his way into the fortress using his companionship with Kadambur's prince Kandhamaran and overhears a conspiracy devised by the minister of finance and treasurer Periya Pazhuvettaraiyar and other ministers in a meeting to resist Aditha Karikalan from ascending the throne and install his uncle Madhuranthaka Chola on it.
Vandiyadevan witnesses Nambi spying over the conference and after exiting from the fortress, he confronts Nambi on a boat making him disclose that he was there to find his foster sister Nandini, who mysteriously disappeared from the house in his absence and later, married a much older Periya Pazhuvettaraiyar. Vandiyadevan later interrupts a convoy of Nandini and informs the latter that he is Nambi's acquaintance and would like to deliver her a message from him, intending to gain access to the palace of royalty in Thanjavur bypassing Periya Pazhuvettaraiyar's younger brother Chinna Pazhuvettaraiyar. Nandini gives him a ring that would help him enter the palace and leaves; Chinna Pazhuvettaraiyar, the fort's chief-in-charge permits Vandiyadevan as the latter presents the ring and claims that it was given to him by Periya Pazhuvettaraiyar. Vandiyadevan meets Sundara Chozhar and discloses to him about the conspirators but Chinna Pazhuvettaraiyar intervenes and attempts to have him apprehended. Vandiyadevan evades and out of misinterpretation, he is taken to Nandini's chamber where she discovers his motives for meeting Kundavai with Aditha Karikalan's message and asks him to bring the reply to her first. He obliges and is shown a secret tunnel out of the palace.
Vandiyadevan meets Kundavai in Pazhayarai through a friend and flower seller Sendhan Amudhan and relays the information about the scheme against the royalty to her. She issues an order to him to bring Ponniyin Selvan back from Lanka and he complies. Madhuranthaka's mother Sembiyan Madevi asks Madhuranthaka to desist plotting against Sundara Chozhar and his heirs but is rebuffed. Aditha Karikalan narrates in poetic detail to his comrade Parthibendran Pallavan that he was madly in love with Nandini in his teenage and describes how beautiful she was like a spotless flower. He adds that despite his wish to be with her, she was judged unworthy of being a queen of the empire as she was an orphan who sang in the temple. Heedless of his father's warnings, he had continued to love her and one day, he found that she was banished from the city. He explains to Parthibendran Pallavan that it was akin to dying for the first time in his life, which made him seek more and more war, and that he became ruthless in his journey to overcome the pain of broken heart. Aditha Karikalan happened to meet her after several years, tending to his enemy Veerapandiyan, whose he considers to have been her lover. Infuriated, he beheaded Veerapandiyan ruthlessly despite Nandini pleading with him to spare his life, folding her palms and bowing on the floor before him, and presently, emphasizes that Nandini married Periya Pazhuvettaraiyar to take revenge against the Chola Empire.
Ponniyin Selvan emerges victorious in a battle against Raja Mahinda of Lanka (present-day Sri Lanka) while Vandiyadevan engages a rowing woman Poonguzhali (Samuthirakumari) to take him to Lanka and discovers that she admires Ponniyin Selvan and harbors feelings for him. Divulged to be a spy of Sundara Chozhar's well-wisher Prime minister Aniruddha Brahmarayar, Nambi arrives in Lanka and chances upon Vandiyadevan. While Vandiyadevan transmits messages for Ponniyin Selvan from Kundavai and Vaanathi (Princess of Kodumbalur) who is expected to marry him, Nambi suggests that it is dangerous for Ponniyin Selvan to return. Kundavai returns to Thanjavur while Periya Pazhuvettaraiyar and other ministers manipulate Sundara Chozhar into dispatching a convoy to bring Ponniyin Selvan back to Thanjavur as a prisoner for rejecting the throne of Ashoka's daughter, offered to him by Buddhist monks. Sundara Chozhar commands Kundavai to convince Aditha Karikalan and return with him to Thanjavur as it would be inappropriate for the crown prince to be away from the capital.
Meanwhile in Lanka, Pandya Aabathudavigal, a group of rebel assassins of Pandya dynasty headed by Ravi Dasan who are devoted to avenging the death of their late ruler Veerapandiyan, attack Ponniyin Selvan, Nambi and Vandiyadevan intending to assassinate the former. However, they are routed by Oomai Rani, a veiled woman; Ponniyin Selvan claims that she was the one who rescued him from drowning in the river Ponni when he was a child. Kundavai and Vaanathi make it to Kanchi and Kundavai keeps persuading Aditha Karikalan to return, frustrated Aditha Karikalan tells her that she (Kundavai) is the reason why he does not want to come to Kanchi as he does not want to face Nandini for his ruthless behavior towards the girl he loved more than his life. He further adds that the separation from Nandini had turned him into a monster, and he killed Veera Pandiyan mercilessly, unmindful of Nandini's tearful pleas to spare his life. He tells her she haunts him every day through a memory of begging to spare Veera Pandya's life, with folded hands in front of him. Kundavai states that her decision of having Nandini banished from the city was for the dynasty's good but he refuses to agree and states she is jealous of Nandini's beauty and intelligence, he disagrees to come to Kanchi and does not oblige her. Meanwhile, a member of Pandya Aabathudavigal reaches Mahinda and gains from him, an army to accomplish the group's plan of assassinating Ponniyin Selvan. Poonguzhali chances upon the convoy, which is assigned on arresting Ponniyin Selvan, and realizing that it was sent by Pazhuvettaraiyar, she senses a conspiracy and refuses to disclose Ponniyin Selvan's details. She reveals the convoy to Ponniyin Selvan, Vandiyadevan, Nambi, Pallavan (who was sent by Aditha Karikalan to Ponniyin Selvan), and Periya Velar, Vaanathi's uncle.
His well-wishers repudiate sending him to the convoy but deciding to abide by his father's orders, Ponniyin Selvan seeks the help of Poonguzhali to meet the convoy and disguises himself as a mahout, while making Vandiyadevan look like a prince. Poonguzhali and Ponniyin Selvan discover that the convoy is ambushed by Pandya Aabathudavigal, who seizes Vandiyadevan, misunderstanding him to be Ponniyin Selvan. Intending to save Vandiyadevan, Ponniyin Selvan heads to the sailing ship of Pandya Aabathudavigal and fights the latter but the ship eventually drowns in the sea due to a storm while a helpless Poonguzhali tries to rescue them. Ponniyin Selvan and Vandiyadevan are presumed to be dead and the news is relayed to Sundara Chozhar, Kundavai, and Aditha Karikalan who are all devastated. Vowing to retaliate against his brother's apparent death, Aditha Karikalan sets out to Thanjavur to end the deviously deceptive Nandhini. Meanwhile, Oomai Rani, disclosed to be a lookalike of Nandini, deeply dives into the sea and intends to protect Ponniyin Selvan.
The film score and soundtrack were composed by Mani Ratnam's regular collaborator A. R. Rahman. The audio rights of the film were purchased by Tips.
The soundtrack consists of six original songs composed by A.R.Rahman, namely, "Ponni Nadhi", "Chola Chola", "Ratchasa Maamaney", "Sol", "Alaikadal" and "Devaralan Aattam". Lyrics were written by Ilango Krishnan, Kabilan, Krithika Nelson and Siva Ananth in the Tamil version and Mehboob Kotwal, Anantha Sriram, Rafeeq Ahamed and Jayanth Kaikini wrote the song lyrics in Hindi, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada respectively.
Marketing
Promotional campaign for the film was supposed to begin in July 2022, with the film's teaser trailer planned to be launched at the Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur, the city which served as the capital for the Chola Empire.[10] Following the launch event, the team also planned a promotional tour for the film.[10] The movie team later on decided to have a grand teaser trailer launch event in Chennai as per their previous schedule on 8 July 2022.[11] The film's teaser trailer was released on 8 July 2022 in Tamil and dubbed versions of Hindi, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada languages.[12]
Ponniyin Selvan: I released on 30 September 2022 worldwide. It was released in Tamil along with the dubbed versions of Hindi, Kannada, Telugu and Malayalam languages.[14] It was previously scheduled to release on summer (May–July) 2022, but was postponed due to production works.[15] It became the first Tamil film to release in IMAX format.[16]
The film's release across Canada was disrupted after large theatre chains Cineplex and Landmark Cinemas refused to exhibit the film due to ongoing anonymous threats of vandalism if Tamil films were released in their locations. The attacks, which have happened during screenings of Theri (2016) and Kurup (2021), are alleged to have been conducted by owners of Woodside Cinemas and York Cinemas, a local theatre chain in Toronto attempting to hold monopoly of screening Tamil films.[17][18]Ponniyin Selvan: I had a limited Canadian release in select private theatres amidst protection from law enforcement. It was also released in TIFF Bell Lightbox, home of the Toronto International Film Festival, a first for a Tamil film premiere.[19][20]
The digital streaming rights for the film were purchased by Amazon Prime Video for ₹125 crore (US$14 million).[25][26] The film was digitally premiered on Amazon Prime Video from 4 November 2022 in Tamil and dubbed versions of Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada languages.[27][28] The Hindi dubbed version was released on 26 November 2022 on the platform.[29][30]
Reception
Critical response
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 87% of 15 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.4/10.[31]Ponniyin Selvan: I met with critical acclaim, with emphasis on the direction, musical score, technical aspects, and the cast's performances (with some reviews praising Vikram, Karthi, Jayam Ravi, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Trisha, Jayaram and entire cast performances).[32][33][34]
Kirubhakar Purushothaman of The Indian Express rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Mani Ratnam understands Kalki's novel is a mainstream page-turner, so he retains its flavour and neither intellectualises it nor dumbs it down".[35] Sonil Dedhia of News 18 rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Ponniyan Selvan 1 is an engaging, involving movie-going experience, and proves once again why Mani Ratnam is one of India's finest filmmakers".[36] Sowmya Rajendran of The News Minute rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film does not try to amplify any aspect of the novel unnecessarily to fit a narrative that might be the flavour of the season. In fact, it downplays the praise that Kalki lavished on the Chola Empire".[37] Stutee Ghosh of The Quint rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Ponniyin Selvan 1 is grand and royal but unlike the bombastic, hyper-masculine world we are used to seeing these days with overwhelming VFX and CGI, here Mani Ratnam's hold on the narrative never slips".[38] Sukanya Verma of Rediff rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Mani Ratnam's eye for intimacy, enigma, humour and menace bring out the glory of its source and all the imagination in store. One seldom thinks of Mani Ratnam's excellence in terms of VFX but Ponniyin Selvan: 1 goes full steam".[39]
Krishna Selvaseelan of Tamil Guardian rated the film 4.5 out of 5 stars, writing, "The visuals are stunning. Ravi Varman captures the world of 10th century Thamizhakam (and its subcontinent) expertly, bringing life to the world."[40] Ritika Handoo of Zee News rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "The beauty of Part one of the two-part film lies in the fact that Mani Ratnam has not only made the story concise but has managed to do so carefully, taking adequate care not to dilute the essence of the novel or its charm".[41] Sudhir Srinivasan of Cinema Express rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Perhaps the foremost pleasure of a Mani Ratnam film is in experiencing his wizardry over the medium. We see plenty of evidence of this in Ponniyin Selvan 1".[42]Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "The sprawling, spectacularly mounted film is an ambitious, near-flawless adaptation of a much-loved literary work".[43] Devesh Sharma of Filmfare rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Watch the film for its visual grandeur, epic action sequences and some sublime acting by the entire cast".[44] Sanjana Deshpande of The Free Press Journal rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "the cherry on top of the cake was the cinematography by Ravi Varman. He catches the attention of the audience and never lets it go. Each shot is carefully placed and executed. There's so much nuance in the film that is hard to put down in words, it is best experienced!".[45]IANS rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Mani Ratnam's 'Ponniyin Selvan – Part I' is a masterpiece that deserves all your adulation and love".[46]
M. Suganth of The Times of India rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Mani Ratnam's adaptation of Kalki's Ponniyin Selvan is spectacular", adding "Mani Ratnam finally brings the dream alive with this spectacular adaptation that superbly captures the intrigue, thrills and page-turning quality of the books."[47] Soumyabrata Gupta of Zoom rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Perhaps not a film for the masses, Ponniyin Selvan 1 will ultimately be a cult classic, in time".[48] Vivek M V of Deccan Herald rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Ponniyin Selvan is a winner because Ratnam shows a new way to make epic films".[49] Priyanka Sundar of Firstpost rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and termed it as a "brilliant experience" which doesn't chase the same high as other recent commercial films did. The spectacle lies in the setting and the story of the film that unravels beautifully.[50] Bharathi Pradhan of Lehren rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and termed the film as "Royal and Spectacular".[51] Anupama Subramanian of Deccan Chronicle rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Ponniyin Selvan is a bit like Game of Thrones without as much grisly violence. The polished cast and crew will keep you engaged".[52] Movie Herald's Felix said 'Glorious attempt which was effective but too delicate'[53]
Janani K of India Today rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Technically, Ponniyin Selvan is top-notch. Be it Ravi Varman's brilliant cinematography or AR Rahman's excellent score, the film sucks us into the world that Mani Ratnam has created with so much detailing."[54]The Hans India rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "PS 1 is a fascinating drama narrating an epic historical story. Mani Ratnam brought the best of everything on screen for his dream project. The casting and AR Rahman's background score stand as the main highlights of the film. PS 1 is more about drama and less about action"[55] Lakshmi Subramanian of The Week rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Kalki's book gets Mani Ratnam's royal cinematic touch but lacks powerful storytelling".[56] Haricharan Pudipeddi of Hindustan Times stated "Mani Ratnam has managed the unthinkable—adapt the literary classic with finesse and impact. All actors do their parts well but Aishwarya Rai is a revelation".[57] Likewise, Srinivasa Ramanujam of The Hindu gave the film a positive review, noting that an "epic story gets Mani Ratnam's royal treatment", while adding "Kalki's source material of PS:1 is rich with myriad characters, and Mani Ratnam gleefully picks them all up to give it a cinematic touch, thanks to some powerhouse performances from his all-star cast".[58]
Box office
The film earned around ₹80 crore (US$9.2 million) on its opening day worldwide and debuted at the top of box offices in Singapore, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and Australia, while it reached the top 3 in the United States.[59] By its third day, the film earned around ₹80 crore (US$9.2 million) taking its first weekend worldwide collection to ₹230 crore (US$27 million).[60][61][62] The film performed exceptionally well in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and overseas market, but performed average in Karnataka, the Telugu states, and the Hindi belt. The dubbed Hindi version grossed ₹22 crore (US$2.5 million) at the domestic box office.[63] Nonetheless, the film emerged as the highest grossing Tamil movie in Malaysia, Singapore, United States, Australia and the 5th highest grossing Indian movie in the US at that time.[64]
Controversies
Ponniyin Selvan was initially involved in a controversy about ignoring the Shaivite nature of the Cholas and using the Sricharanam instead of Tripundra on the forehead.[65][66] Ahead of its release, this was corrected with visual effects and almost all Chola characters appear with a VFX Pattai in the released film series. Also, the assassins behind Aditha Karikalan were not shown to be all as Brahmins as in history whose names were mentioned in Udayarkudi inscriptions.[67]
On 17 September 2022, Ratnam in a press meet, confirmed that Ponniyin Selvan: II (PS:2) would be released in six to nine months after the theatrical release of Ponniyin Selvan: I.[78] On 28 December 2022, it was revealed by the unit that PS:2 would be releasing on 28 April 2023.[79]
Notes
^The box office estimates by different publications are: ₹450 crore by Zee News,[2]₹480 crore by Pinkvilla,[3]₹500 crore by Hindustan Times.[4]
^Karthi was nominated for two films – Ponniyin Selvan: I and Sardar
^Vikram was nominated for three films – Ponniyin Selvan: I, Mahaan and Cobra
Artikel ini memberikan informasi dasar tentang topik kesehatan. Informasi dalam artikel ini hanya boleh digunakan untuk penjelasan ilmiah; bukan untuk diagnosis diri dan tidak dapat menggantikan diagnosis medis. Wikipedia tidak memberikan konsultasi medis. Jika Anda perlu bantuan atau hendak berobat, berkonsultasilah dengan tenaga kesehatan profesional. Kardiomiopati restriktifGambaran histologi amyloidosis jantung, penyebab kardiomiopati restriktif.Informasi umumNama lainKardiomiopati oblite...
Istana CarondeletPalacio de Carondelet (Spanyol)Informasi umumJenisIstanaGaya arsitekturBarok SpanyolLokasiQuito, EkuadorAlamatGarcía Moreno St. dan Chile Rd.Koordinat0°13′11″S 78°30′45″W / 0.21972°S 78.51250°W / -0.21972; -78.51250Ketinggian2.820 mPenyewa sekarangPresiden EkuadorMulai dibangun1801KlienBarón Francisco Luis Héctor de CarondeletPemilikPemerintah Ekuador Istana Carondelet (Spanyol: Palacio de Carondelet) adalah pusat pemerintahan dan ke...
Village and civil parish in Suffolk, England Human settlement in EnglandFlowtonChurch of St MaryFlowtonLocation within SuffolkPopulation117 (2011 Census)OS grid referenceTM082468Civil parishFlowtonDistrictMid SuffolkShire countySuffolkRegionEastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townIpswichPostcode districtIP8Dialling code01473PoliceSuffolkFireSuffolkAmbulanceEast of England UK ParliamentCentral Suffolk and North Ipswich List of places UK E...
For the former local government district, see Sedgley Urban District. For the surname, see Sedgley (surname). Not to be confused with Sedgeley. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Sedgley – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Human s...
Revolusi Mesir 1952Pemimpin revolusi, Muhammad Naguib (kiri) dan Gamal Abdel Nasser (kanan)Tanggal23 Juli 1952LokasiMesirHasil Pelengseran, abdikasi, dan pengasingan Raja Farouk Akhir kekuasaan dinasti Muhammad Ali Pendirian Republik Mesir Akhir pendudukan Inggris di Mesir Permulaan era Nasser Arus revolusioner di seluruh dunia ArabPerubahanwilayah Kemerdekaan Sudan Inggris-Mesir.Pihak terlibat Kerajaan Mesir Gerakan Perwira MesirTokoh dan pemimpin Raja Farouk I Ali Mahir Pasha Muhammad...
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Pos Pelayanan Terpadu – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Penimbangan bayi di Posyandu Kampung Benawa 1, Kais, Sorong Selatan, Papua Barat Posyandu Nusa Indah Sei. Jambu Desa Pasir Jaya, ...
Swedish German chemist who discovered oxygen (1742–1786) Carl Wilhelm ScheeleAn interpretation of Scheele from the late 19th or early 20th century as no contemporary portraits of him are known (by xylographer Ida Amanda Maria Falander (1842–1927))[1]Born(1742-12-09)9 December 1742Stralsund, Swedish PomeraniaDied21 May 1786(1786-05-21) (aged 43)Köping, SwedenNationalityGerman-SwedishKnown forDiscovered oxygen (independently), molybdenum, manganese, barium, chlorine, tung...
Russian realist painter (1844–1930) In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Yefimovich and the family name is Repin. Ilya RepinИлья РепинSelf-portrait (1887), Tretyakov Gallery, MoscowBorn5 August [O.S. 24 July] 1844Chuguev, Kharkov Governorate, Russian Empire(now Chuhuiv, Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine)Died29 September 1930(1930-09-29) (aged 86)Kuokkala, Viipuri Province, Finland(now Repino, Saint Petersburg, Russia)Nationalit...
For other places with the same name, see Adams Avenue. United States historic placeAdams Avenue Bridge in PhiladelphiaU.S. National Register of Historic Places Adams Ave Bridge in 2010Show map of PhiladelphiaShow map of PennsylvaniaShow map of the United StatesLocationAdams Ave. over Tacony CreekPhiladelphia, PennsylvaniaCoordinates40°2′31″N 75°6′48″W / 40.04194°N 75.11333°W / 40.04194; -75.11333Built1901MPSHighway Bridges Owned by the Commonwealth of Penns...
Calcium nitride Unit cell containing 31 nitride ions (red) and 48 calcium ions (white). Each nitride is surrounded by six calcium, and each calcium by four nitride ions. Names IUPAC name Calcium nitride Other names tricalcium dinitride Identifiers CAS Number 12013-82-0 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive imageInteractive imageInteractive image ECHA InfoCard 100.031.435 EC Number 234-592-9 PubChem CID 3387080 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID30892172 InChI InChI=1S/3Ca.2NInChI=1S/3Ca.2N/q3*+2;2*...
Henry Hyde Membro della Camera dei rappresentanti - Illinois, distretto n.6Durata mandato3 gennaio 1975 - 3 gennaio 2007 PredecessoreHarold R. Collier SuccessorePeter Roskam Dati generaliPartito politicoRepubblicano Henry John Hyde (Chicago, 18 aprile 1924 – Chicago, 29 novembre 2007) è stato un politico statunitense, membro della Camera dei Rappresentanti per lo stato dell'Illinois dal 1975 al 2007. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Onorificenze 3 Altri progetti 4 Collegamenti esterni Biogra...
Russian polymath, scientist and writer (1711–1765) Lomonosov redirects here. For other uses, see Lomonosov (disambiguation). In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Vasilyevich and the family name is Lomonosov. Mikhail LomonosovМихаил ЛомоносовPortrait by G. Prenner, 1787BornMikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov(1711-11-19)19 November 1711Mishaninskaya, Archangelgorod Governorate, Tsardom of RussiaDied15 April 1765(1765-04-15) (aged 53)Sain...
US-Soviet/Russian treaty (1987–2019) Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces TreatyTreaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range MissilesMikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan sign the INF Treaty.TypeNuclear disarmamentSigned8 December 1987, 1:45 pm.[1]LocationWhite House, Washington, D.C., United StatesEffective1 June 1988ConditionRatification by the Soviet Union and United States...
Aloïs Biebuyck Le général Biebuyck et Emile Claus Surnom Beste vriend Naissance 19 juin 1860Vive-Saint-Éloi, Waregem, Flandre-Occidentale, Belgique Décès 28 janvier 1944 (à 83 ans)Ixelles, Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Belgique Origine Belge Allégeance Armée belge Arme Infanterie Grade Lieutenant général Années de service 1877 – 1925 Commandement 6e Division d'armée Conflits Première Guerre mondiale Faits d'armes Passendaele Distinctions Grand cordon de l'ordre de...
Bài này viết về một quốc gia từng tồn tại trong lịch sử từ năm 927 tới năm 1707. Đối với quốc gia có chủ quyền hiện đại, xem Vương quốc Liên hiệp Anh và Bắc Ireland. Đối với các ý nghĩa khác, xem Vương quốc Anh (định hướng). Vương quốc Anh Tên bản ngữ Kingdom of England (tiếng Anh) 927–17071649–1660: Thịnh vượng chung Trên: Quốc kỳ AnhDưới: Hoàng kỳ(1406–1603) Vương huy(1399–1603)...
جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولميكانيكا الكم i ℏ ∂ ∂ t | ψ ( t ) ⟩ = H ^ | ψ ( t ) ⟩ {\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}|\psi (t)\rangle ={\hat {H}}|\psi (t)\rangle } معادلة شرودنغر مقدمة معجم تاريخ خلفية ميكانيكا كلاسيكية النظرية الكمومية القديمة ترميز برا-كيت هاملتوني تداخل أساسيات مكاملة ...
1835–1836 Rebellion For the American indoor football team of the same name, see Texas Revolution (indoor football). Texas RevolutionThe campaigns of the Texas RevolutionDateOctober 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836(6 months, 2 weeks and 5 days)LocationTexasResult Texian victoryTerritorialchanges De facto Texian independence from the Centralist Republic of MexicoBelligerents Republic of Texas Mexican RepublicCommanders and leaders Sam Houston (WIA)James Fannin (POW) Wi...
Nerve of the perineum Muscular branches of perineal nervePudendal nerve, its course through the lesser sciatic foramen, and branches, including deep perineal nerve at bottom.The superficial branches of the internal pudendal artery. (Deep branch of the perineal nerve visible but not labeled.)DetailsFromperineal nerveInnervatessuperficial transverse perineal muscle, bulbospongiosus muscle, ischiocavernosus muscle, bulb of penis, levator ani, external anal sphincterIdentifiersLatinnervus perinea...