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Polemoniaceae
	Polemonium caeruleum (type species)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Ericales
Family:	Polemoniaceae; Juss.
Genera
	27; see text

The Polemoniaceae (Jacob's-ladder or phlox family) are a family of flowering plants consisting of about 27 genera^[2] with 270–400 species of annuals and perennials native to the Northern Hemisphere and South America, with the center of diversity in western North America.

Only one genus (Polemonium) is found in Europe, and two (Phlox and Polemonium) in Asia, where they are confined to cool temperate to arctic regions; both genera also occur more widely in North America, suggesting relatively recent colonization of the Old World from North America.

The family can be distinguished from most other eudicot families by the ovary made up of three fused carpels (usually with three chambers, but with one chamber in some species).^[3] The members of the family have five sepals, five petals fused, and five stamens that alternate with the lobes of the corolla.

For decades, most sources used a classification of the family published by Grant in 1959, but new evidence, including molecular phylogeny, veins of the corolla, pollen, and the flavonoids present, have led to reclassifications, such as the 1998 classification by Grant.^[3] It recognizes two subfamilies. The subfamily Cobaeoideae is tropical/subtropical and composed of six genera organized into five tribes. The subfamily Polemonioideae consists of 13 temperate genera. Grant divides it into three tribes, but with the disclaimer that it is not clear what the correct division is and that the genus classifications may be more useful in this subfamily.^[3]

Human uses

A number are widely grown as ornamental plants, such as Ipomopsis aggregata (skyrocket or scarlet gilia), and many species of Phlox, Gilia and Polemonium. The kantuta (Cantua buxifolia) is the national flower of Bolivia and Peru.

Genera

27 genera are accepted.^[2]

Acanthogilia A.Day & R.C.Moran
Aliciella Brand
Allophyllum (Nutt.) A.D.Grant & V.E.Grant
Bonplandia Cav.
Bryantiella J.M.Porter
Cantua Juss. ex Lam.
Cobaea Cav.
Collomia Nutt.
Dayia J.M.Porter
Eriastrum Wooton & Standl.
Gilia Ruiz & Pav.
Giliastrum (Brand) Rydb.
Gymnosteris Greene
Ipomopsis Michx.
Langloisia Greene
Lathrocasis L.A.Johnson
Leptosiphon Benth.
Linanthus Benth.
Loeselia L.
Loeseliastrum (Brand) Timbrook
Maculigilia V.E.Grant
Microgilia J.M.Porter & L.A.Johnson
Microsteris Greene
Navarretia Ruiz & Pav.
Phlox L.
Polemonium L.
Saltugilia (V.E.Grant) L.A.Johnson

One extinct genus, Gilisenium, has been placed in the family based on an Early Eocene (Ypresian) fossil found in the Green River Formation of Utah.^[4]

References

^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. hdl:10654/18083. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
^ ^a ^b ^c Polemoniaceae Juss. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Grant, Verne (1998), "Primary Classification and Phylogeny of the Polemoniaceae, with Comments on Molecular Cladistics", American Journal of Botany, 85 (6): 741–752, doi:10.2307/2446408, JSTOR 2446408, PMID 21684957
^ Lott, T.A.; Manchester, S.R.; Dilcher, D.L. (1998). "A unique and complete polemoniaceous plant from the middle Eocene of Utah, USA". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 104 (1): 39–49. doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(98)00048-7.