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Bindweed family
	Ipomoea imperati
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Solanales
Family:	Convolvulaceae; Juss.
Type genus
	Convolvulus; L.
Genera
	See text

Convolvulaceae (/kənˌvɒlvjəˈleɪsi.iː, -aɪ/), commonly called the bindweeds or morning glories, is a family of about 60 genera and more than 1,650 species. These species are primarily herbaceous vines, but also include trees, shrubs and herbs. The tubers of several species are edible, the best known of which is the sweet potato.

Description

Convolvulaceae can be recognized by their funnel-shaped, radially symmetrical corolla; the floral formula for the family has five sepals, five fused petals, five epipetalous stamens (stamens fused to the petals), and a two-part syncarpous and superior gynoecium. The stems of these plants are usually winding, hence their Latin name (from convolvere, "to wind"). The leaves are simple and alternate, without stipules. In parasitic Cuscuta (dodder) they are reduced to scales. The fruit can be a capsule, berry, or nut, all containing only two seeds per one locule (one ovule/ovary).

The leaves and starchy, tuberous roots of some species are used as foodstuffs (e.g. sweet potato and water spinach), and the seeds are exploited for their medicinal value as purgatives. Some species contain ergoline alkaloids that are likely responsible for the use of these species as ingredients in psychedelic drugs (e.g. ololiuhqui). The presence of ergolines in some species of this family is due to infection by fungi related to the ergot fungi of the genus Claviceps. A recent study of Convolvulaceae species, Ipomoea asarifolia, and its associated fungi showed the presence of a fungus, identified by DNA sequencing of 18s and ITS ribosomal DNA and phylogenetic analysis to be closely related to fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae, was always associated with the presence of ergoline alkaloids in the plant. The identified fungus appears to be a seed-transmitted, obligate biotroph growing epiphytically on its host.^[1] This finding strongly suggests the unique presence of ergoline alkaloids in some species of the family Convolvulaceae is due to symbiosis with clavicipitaceous fungi. Moreover, another group of compounds, loline alkaloids, commonly produced by some members of the clavicipitaceous fungi (genus Neotyphodium), has been identified in a convolvulaceous species, but the origin of the loline alkaloids in this species is unknown.^[2]

Members of the family are well known as food plants (e.g. sweet potatoes and water spinach), as showy garden plants (e.g. morning glory) and as troublesome weeds (e.g. bindweed (mainly Convolvulus and Calystegia) and dodder), while Humbertia madagascariensis is a medium-sized tree and Ipomoea carnea is an erect shrub. Some parasitic members of this family are also used medicinally.^[3]

Genera

Tribe Aniseieae

Aniseia Choisy
Odonellia K.R.Robertson
Tetralocularia O'Donell^[4]

Tribe Cardiochlamyeae

Cardiochlamys Oliv.
Cordisepalum Verdc.
Dinetus Buch.-Ham. ex Sweet
Duperreya Gaudich.
Poranopsis Roberty
Tridynamia Gagnep.^[5]

Tribe Convolvuleae

Calystegia R.Br. – Bindweed, morning glory
Convolvulus L. – bindweed, morning glory
Jacquemontia Choisy
Polymeria R.Br.^[6]

Tribe Cresseae

Bonamia Thouars
Cladostigma Radlk.
Cressa L.
Evolvulus L.
Hildebrandtia Vatke
Seddera Hochst.
Stylisma Raf.
Wilsonia R. Br.^[7]

Tribe Cuscuteae

Cuscuta L. – dodder^[8]

Tribe Dichondreae

Dichondra J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Falkia Thunb.
Nephrophyllum A.Rich.
Petrogenia I.M.Johnst.^[9]

Tribe Erycibeae

Erycibe Roxb.^[10]

Tribe Humbertieae

Humbertia^[11]

Tribe Ipomoeeae

Argyreia Lour. – Hawaiian baby woodrose
Astripomoea A.Meeuse
Blinkworthia Choisy
Ipomoea L. – morning glory, sweet potato
Lepistemon Blume
Lepistemonopsis Dammer
Paralepistemon Lejoly & Lisowski
Rivea Choisy
Stictocardia Hallier f.^[12]

Tribe Maripeae

Dicranostyles Benth.
Itzaea Standl. & Steyerm.
Lysiostyles Benth.
Maripa Aubl.^[13]

Tribe Poraneae

Calycobolus Willd. ex Schult.
Dipteropeltis Hallier f.
Metaporana N.E.Br.
Neuropeltis Wall.
Neuropeltopsis Ooststr.
Porana Burm.f.
Rapona Baill.

Incertae sedis^[14]

Camonea Raf.
Daustinia Buril & Simões
Decalobanthus Ooststr.
Distimake Raf.
Hewittia Wight & Arn.
Hyalocystis Hallier f.
Merremia Dennst. ex Endl. – Hawaiian woodrose
Operculina Silva Manso
Remirema Kerr
Xenostegia D.F.Austin & Staples

References

^ Ulrike Steiner; Mahalia A. Ahimsa-Müller; Anne Markert; Sabine Kucht; Julia Groß; Nicole Kauf; Monika Kuzma; Monika Zych; Marc Lamshöft; Miroslawa Furmanowa; et al. (2006). "Molecular characterization of a seed transmitted clavicipitaceous fungus occurring on dicotyledoneous plants (Convolvulaceae)". Planta. 224 (3): 533–544. Bibcode:2006Plant.224..533S. doi:10.1007/s00425-006-0241-0. PMID 16525783. S2CID 25682792.
^ Britta Tofern; Macki Kaloga; Ludger Witte; Thomas Hartmann; Eckart Eich (1999). "Occurrence of loline alkaloids in Argyreia mollis (Convolvulaceae)". Phytochemistry. 51 (8): 1177–1180. Bibcode:1999PChem..51.1177T. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00121-1.
^ O'Neill, A.R.; Rana, S.K. (2019). "An ethnobotanical analysis of parasitic plants (Parijibi) in the Nepal Himalaya". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 12 (14): 14. doi:10.1186/s13002-016-0086-y. PMC 4765049. PMID 26912113.
^ "Genera of Convolvulaceae tribe Aniseieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
^ "Genera of Convolvulaceae tribe Cardiochlamyeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
^ "Genera of Convolvulaceae tribe Convolvuleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
^ "Genera of Convolvulaceae tribe Cresseae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
^ "Genera of Convolvulaceae tribe Cuscuteae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
^ "Genera of Convolvulaceae tribe Dichondreae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
^ "Genera of Convolvulaceae tribe Erycibeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
^ "Genera of Convolvulaceae tribe Humbertieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
^ "Genera of Convolvulaceae tribe Ipomoeeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
^ "Genera of Convolvulaceae tribe Maripeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
^ Simões, A. R.; Staples, G. (2017-04-01). "Dissolution of Convolvulaceae tribe Merremieae and a new classification of the constituent genera". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 183 (4): 561–586. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/box007. ISSN 0024-4074.