The growth of plants in outer space has elicited much scientific interest.[1] In the late 20th and early 21st century, plants were often taken into space in low Earth orbit to be grown in a weightless but pressurized controlled environment, sometimes called space gardens.[1] In the context of human spaceflight, they can be consumed as food and provide a refreshing atmosphere.[2] Plants can metabolize carbon dioxide in the air to produce valuable oxygen, and can help control cabin humidity.[3] Growing plants in space may provide a psychological benefit to human spaceflight crews.[3] Usually the plants were part of studies or technical development to further develop space gardens or conduct science experiments.[1] To date plants taken into space have had mostly scientific interest, with only limited contributions to the functionality of the spacecraft, however the Apollo Moon tree project was more or less forestry inspired mission and the trees are part of a country's bicentennial celebration.
The first challenge in growing plants in space is how to get plants to grow without gravity.[4] This runs into difficulties regarding the effects of gravity on root development, soil integration, and watering without gravity, providing appropriate types of lighting, and other challenges. In particular, the nutrient supply to root as well as the nutrient biogeochemical cycles, and the microbiological interactions in soil-based substrates are particularly complex, but have been shown to make possible space farming in hypo- and micro-gravity.[5][6]
NASA plans to grow plants in space to help feed astronauts and to provide psychological benefits for long-term space flight.[7] In 2017, aboard ISS in one plant growth device, the 5th crop of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) from it included an allotment for crew consumption, while the rest was saved for study.[8] An early discussion of plants in space, were the trees on the brick moon space station, in the 1869 short story "The Brick Moon".[9]
In the 2010s there was an increased desire for long-term space missions, which led to desire for space-based plant production as food for astronauts.[10] An example of this is vegetable production on the International Space Station in Earth orbit.[10] By the year 2010, 20 plant growth experiments had been conducted aboard the International Space Station.[1]
Several experiments have been focused on how plant growth and distribution compares in micro-gravity, space conditions versus Earth conditions. This enables scientists to explore whether certain plant growth patterns are innate or environmentally driven. For instance, Allan H. Brown tested seedling movements aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia in 1983. Sunflower seedling movements were recorded while in orbit. They observed that the seedlings still experienced rotational growth and circumnutation despite lack of gravity, showing these behaviors are instinctual.[11]
Other experiments have found that plants have the ability to exhibit gravitropism, even in low-gravity conditions. For instance, the ESA's European Modular Cultivation System[12] enables experimentation with plant growth; acting as a miniature greenhouse, scientists aboard the International Space Station can investigate how plants react in variable-gravity conditions. The Gravi-1 experiment (2008) utilized the EMCS to study lentil seedling growth and amyloplast movement on the calcium-dependent pathways.[13] The results of this experiment found that the plants were able to sense the direction of gravity even at very low levels.[14] A later experiment with the EMCS placed 768 lentil seedlings in a centrifuge to stimulate various gravitational changes; this experiment, Gravi-2 (2014), displayed that plants change calcium signalling towards root growth while being grown in several gravity levels.[15]
Many experiments have a more generalized approach in observing overall plant growth patterns as opposed to one specific growth behavior. One such experiment from the Canadian Space Agency, for example, found that white spruce seedlings grew differently in the anti-gravity space environment compared with Earth-bound seedlings;[16] the space seedlings exhibited enhanced growth from the shoots and needles, and also had randomized amyloplast distribution compared with the Earth-bound control group.[17]
Food production is key to making Space exploration feasible. Currently, the cost of sending food to the International Space Station (ISS) is estimated as USD$20 000–40 000/kg, with each crew member receiving ~1.8 kg of food (plus packaging) per day . Re-stocking from Earth, a lunar orbiting Space station or Mars habitation with food will be significantly more costly. The first trips to Mars are expected to be a three-year round trip, and it has been estimated that a four-person crew would need 10–11 000 kgs of food.[18]
The first organisms in space were "specially developed strains of seeds" launched to 134 km (83 mi) on 9 July 1946 on a U.S. launched V-2 rocket. These samples were not recovered. The first seeds launched into space and successfully recovered were maize seeds launched on 30 July 1946. Soon followed rye and cotton. These early suborbital biological experiments were handled by Harvard University and the Naval Research Laboratory and were concerned with radiation exposure on living tissue.[19] On September 22 1966, Kosmos 110 launched with two dogs and moisturized seeds. Several of those seeds germinated, the first to do so, resulting in lettuce, cabbage and some beans that had greater yield than their controls on Earth.[20] In 1971, 500 tree seeds (Loblolly pine, Sycamore, Sweetgum, Redwood, and Douglas fir) were flown around the Moon on Apollo 14. These Moon trees were planted and grown with controls back on Earth where no changes were detected.
In 1982, the crew of the Soviet Salyut 7 space station conducted an experiment, prepared by Lithuanian scientists (Alfonsas Merkys and others), and grew some Arabidopsis using Fiton-3 experimental micro-greenhouse apparatus, thus becoming the first plants to flower and produce seeds in space.[22][23] A Skylab experiment studied the effects of gravity and light on rice plants.[24][25] The SVET-2 Space Greenhouse successfully achieved seed to seed plant growth in 1997 aboard space station Mir.[3] Bion 5 carried Daucus carota and Bion 7 carried maize (aka corn).
Plant research continued on the International Space Station. Biomass Production System was used on the ISS Expedition 4. The Vegetable Production System (Veggie) system was later used aboard ISS.[26] Plants tested in Veggie before going into space included lettuce, Swiss chard, radishes, Chinese cabbage and peas.[27] Red Romaine lettuce was grown in space on Expedition 40 which were harvested when mature, frozen and tested back on Earth. Expedition 44 members became the first American astronauts to eat plants grown in space on 10 August 2015, when their crop of Red Romaine was harvested.[28] Since 2003 Russian cosmonauts have been eating half of their crop while the other half goes towards further research.[29] In 2012, a sunflower bloomed aboard the ISS under the care of NASA astronaut Donald Pettit.[30] In January 2016, US astronauts announced that a zinnia had blossomed aboard the ISS.[31]
In 2017 the Advanced Plant Habitat was designed for ISS, which was a nearly self-sustaining plant growth system for that space station in low Earth orbit.[32] The system is installed in parallel with another plant grown system aboard the station, VEGGIE, and a major difference with that system is that APH is designed to need less upkeep by humans.[32] APH is supported by the Plant Habitat Avionics Real-Time Manager.[32] Some plants that were to be tested in APH include Dwarf Wheat and Arabidopsis.[32] In December 2017 hundreds of seeds were delivered to ISS for growth in the VEGGIE system.[33]
In 2018 the Veggie-3 experiment at the ISS, was tested with plant pillows and root mats.[34] One of the goals is to grow food for crew consumption.[34] Crops tested at this time include cabbage, lettuce, and mizuna.[34] In 2018, the PONDS system for nutrient deliver in microgravity was tested.[35]
In December 2018, the German Aerospace Center launched the EuCROPIS satellite into low Earth orbit. This mission carries two greenhouses intended to grow tomatoes under simulated gravity of first the Moon and then Mars (6 months each) using by-products of human presence in space as source of nutrients.[citation needed][needs update]
The Seedling Growth series of experiments to study the mechanisms of tropisms and the cell/cycle were performed on the ISS between 2013 and 2017.[36][37] These experiments also involved using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and were a collaboration between NASA (John Z. Kiss as PI) and ESA (F. Javier Medina as PI).[38][37]
On 30 November 2020, astronauts aboard the ISS collected the first harvest of radishes grown on the station. A total of 20 plants was collected and prepared for transportation back to Earth. There are currently plans to repeat the experiment and grow a second batch.[39]
Chang'e 4 lunar lander in January 2019, carried a 3 kg (6.6 lb) sealed "biosphere" with many seeds and insect eggs to test whether plants and insects could hatch and grow together in synergy.[40] The experiment included seeds of potatoes, tomatoes, and Arabidopsis thaliana (a flowering plant), as well as silkworm eggs. These became[citation needed] the first plants grown on the Moon. Environmental systems will keep the container hospitable and Earth-like, except for the low lunar gravity.[41] If the eggs hatch, the larvae would produce carbon dioxide, while the germinated plants would release oxygen through photosynthesis. It is hoped that together, the plants and silkworms can establish a simple synergy within the container. A miniature camera will photograph any growth. The biological experiment was designed by 28 Chinese universities.[42][needs update][43]
Lunar soil has also been proven to allow plants to grow on, tested in a laboratory at the University of Florida.[44] These experiments showed that while the plant Arabidopsis thaliana can germinate and grow in lunar soil, that there are challenges presented in the plants ability to thrive, as many were slow to develop. Plants that did germinate showed morphological and transcriptomic indications of stress.[45]
Plants grown in space include:
Some experiments involving plants include:
Slag bij Leuven Datum 1 september 891 Locatie Leuven, aan de Dijle Resultaat Overwinning van Oost-Francië Strijdende partijen Oost-Francië Deense Vikingen Leiders en commandanten Arnulf van Karinthië Koning Arnulf van Karinthië leidde de Oost-Franken naar de overwinning tegen de Vikingen De Slag bij Leuven, ook wel Slag bij de Dijle, was een veldslag op 1 september 891 bij Leuven, aan de rivier de Dijle, waarbij de Franken de Vikingen versloegen en daarmee de invallen in de Lage Landen tot e…
Indian actor and film director M. G. SrinivasPersonal detailsBornMadihalli Gopalakrishna Srinivas(1984-07-09)9 July 1984Hassan, Karnataka, IndiaSpouse Shruti. I. L (m. 2019)[1]Alma materSeshadripuram CollegeOccupationActor, director, screenwriter M.G. Srinivas is an Indian actor, film director and screenwriter who works in Kannada cinema. He made his debut as a director in the Kannada film industry with Topiwala (2013), a commercial entertainer starring Upe…
منتخب إيران لكرة القدم (بالفارسية: تیم ملی فوتبال ایران) منتخب إيران لكرة القدم معلومات عامة اللقب تیم ملی (الفريق الوطني) بلد الرياضة إيران الفئة كرة القدم للرجال رمز الفيفا IRN الاتحاد اتحاد إيران لكرة القدم كونفدرالية آفك (آسيا) كونفدرالية فرعية كافا (وسط آسيا…
Australian politician Brian PaynterPaynter outside the Parliament of VictoriaMember of the Victorian Legislative Assemblyfor BassIn office29 November 2014 – 24 November 2018Preceded byKen SmithSucceeded byJordan Crugnale Personal detailsBorn (1965-05-02) 2 May 1965 (age 58)Pakenham, Victoria, AustraliaPolitical partyLiberal PartyOccupationAccountant Brian Francis Paynter (born 2 May 1965) is an Australian politician. He was a Liberal Party member of the Victorian Legislative Asse…
Yuu Yamagata Nombre Yuko YamagataNacimiento Tomakomai, Japón6 de julio de 1976 (47 años)[1]Nombres artísticos Miss Yuu XPeso 62 kg (136 lb)Estatura 1,64 m (5′ 5″)[2]Nacionalidad JaponesaEntrenador Takao YoshidaMariko YoshidaEstadísticasDebut 2000[editar datos en Wikidata] Yuu Yamagata (en japonés: 山縣優, Yamagata Yuu) (Tomakomai, 6 de julio de 1976) es una luchadora profesional japonesa, conocida por su paso como luchadora independiente en prom…
Daewoo Nexia Daewoo Nexia 3дв. хетчбек (1995-2008)Виробник GM Daewoo Uz-DaewooБатьківська компанія General MotorsРоки виробництва 1995-2016Місце виробництва Південна Корея, Узбекистан, РосіяПопередник(и) Daewoo RacerНаступник(и) Daewoo NubiraRavon Nexia (Узбекистан)Клас Клас CСтиль кузова седанхетчбекКомпонуванн
Dom zu CarpiBasilica di Santa Maria Assunta Fassadenfront des Doms von Carpi Daten Ort Carpi Baumeister div. Baujahr 1541–1791 Der Dom zu Carpi (im Regionaldialekt: Dòm ed Chèrp, italienisch Duomo di Carpi; eigentlich Basilica di Santa Maria Assunta) ist eine römisch-katholische Kirche in Carpi unter dem Patrozinium der Himmelfahrt Marias. Er stellt die Kathedrale des Bistums Carpi dar. Anlässlich der 200-Jahr-Feier des Bistums im Jahr 1979 wurde der Dom zu Carpi in den Rang einer Basilica…
José Mourinho José Mourinho (2017) Personalia Voller Name José Mário dos Santos Félix Mourinho Geburtstag 26. Januar 1963 Geburtsort Setúbal, Portugal Größe 176 cm Position Zentrales Mittelfeld Junioren Jahre Station Belenenses Lissabon Vitória Setúbal Herren Jahre Station Spiele (Tore)1 1980–1982 Rio Ave FC 16 (2) 1982–1983 Belenenses Lissabon 16 (2) 1983–1985 GD Sesimbra 35 (1) 1985–1987 Comércio e Indústria 27 (8) Stationen als Trainer Jahre Station 1990–1991 C…
Muhammad XII., «El Rey Chico de Granada» Muhammad XII.[1] Abu Abdallah (arabisch أبو عبد الله محمد الثاني عشر, DMG Abū ʿAbdi-llāh Muḥammad aṯ-ṯānī ʿašar, maghrebinische Kurzform: بو عبدالله, DMG Bū ʿAbdil [lāh]; geboren um 1459 in Granada; gestorben 1518, 1533 oder 1536 in Fès), bei den christlichen Spaniern seiner Zeit als Boabdil bekannt, auch genannt el chico, „der Junge“ oder الزغبي, DMG az-Zuġbī ‚der Unglückli…
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع عنتر (توضيح). هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أكتوبر 2018) عنتر (مجلة)معلومات عامةالشعار التَّرويجيّ السلسلة التاريخية المصورة للكبار والصغاربلد المنشأ لبنانأول نشر 1977مالقط
جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولالمغالطات المنطقية عام المنطق الفلسفي الرياضي الاستدلال الحجة المفارقة المغالطة التفكير النقدي مغالطات صوريَّة في حساب القضايا تأكيد الانفصال تأكيد النتيجة نفي المقدمات مغالطة المغالطة في المكممات الوجودية تأكيد النتيجة استدلال بالأمثلة تبديل مح
Gobernador de MontserratGovernor of Montserrat Estandarte del Gobernador Andrew Pearce Desde el 1 de febrero de 2018Residencia Casa de GobiernoDuración A gusto de Su MajestadDesignado por Monarca del Reino UnidoCreación 1971Primer titular Willoughby Harry ThompsonSitio web Gobernador de Montserrat[editar datos en Wikidata] El Gobernador de Montserrat es el representante del monarca británico en el territorio de ultramar británico de Montserrat. El gobernador es nombrado por el…
Перегузня УкраїнаНомінал 2 гривніМаса 12,8 гДіаметр 31,0 ммГурт рифленийМетал нейзильберРоки карбування 2017Аверс Реверс У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Перегузня (значення). «Перегу́зня» — пам'ятна монета номіналом 2 гривні, випущена Націон
Richard II doet afstand van de troon 1399 Eeuwen: 13e eeuw · 14e eeuw · 15e eeuw Decennia: 1380-1389 · 1390-1399 · 1400-1409 Jaren: << · < · 1398 · 1399 · 1400 · > · >> Jaartelling in verschillende culturen Ab urbe condita: 2152 MMCLII Armeense jaartelling: 848 – 849ԹՎ ՊԽԸ – ՊԽԹ Chinese jaartelling: 4095 – 4096乙寅 – 丙卯 Christelijke jaartelling: 13…
Activity that holds attention or gives pleasure General entertainment redirects here. For the television channel format, see Generalist channel. For other uses, see Entertainment (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Entertainment – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March …
Шахта «Відродження»Шахта №4 «Великомостівська»Країна УкраїнаРозташування Україна,с. Межиріччя, Сокальського району Львівської області 50°20′49″ пн. ш. 24°10′13″ сх. д. / 50.34694444447177375° пн. ш. 24.17027777780577935° сх. д. / 50.34694444447177375; 24.17027777780577935Коор…
Mashed potato in grill shape Not to be confused with Waffle or Waffle fries. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Potato waffle – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Potato wafflePotato waffle (far left), as part of a full b…
American actress Marion AyeAye in 1924Born(1903-04-05)April 5, 1903Chicago, Illinois, U.S.DiedJuly 21, 1951(1951-07-21) (aged 48)Hollywood, California, U.S.Other namesMaryon AyeOccupation(s)Actress, model, vaudeville performerYears active1919–1926Spouses Sherman William Plaskett (m. 1918; died 1918) Harry Wilson (m. 1920; div. 1924) Ross Wilson Forrester …
Lúcio Cornélio Lêntulo Cônsul da República Romana Consulado 327 a.C. Lúcio Cornélio Lêntulo (em latim: Lucius Cornelius Lentulus) foi um político da gente Cornélia nos primeiros anos da República Romana eleito cônsul em 327 a.C. com Quinto Publílio Filão. É possível que tenha sido nomeado ditador em 320 a.C., o ano seguinte da desgraça em Forcas Caudinas. Sérvio Cornélio Lêntulo, cônsul em 303 a.C., era seu filho. Segunda Guerra Samnita Ver artigo principal: Segunda Guer…
For the basic information of Lithuania, see Lithuania. Politics of Lithuania Constitution Taxation Executive President Gitanas Nausėda Prime Minister Ingrida Šimonytė Legislature Seimas Seimas Palace Speaker: Viktorija Čmilytė-Nielsen Judiciary Constitutional Court Supreme Court Elections Recent elections Seimas: 201220162020 Presidential: 200920142019 European: 201420192024 Referendums Political parties Administrative divisions Counties Municipalities Elderships Foreign relations Ministers…
Lokasi Pengunjung: 3.144.42.200