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Pancreatic polypeptide
Pancreatic polypeptide
Identifiers
Symbol	PPY
NCBI gene	5539
HGNC	9327
OMIM	167780
RefSeq	NM_002722
UniProt	P01298
Other data
Locus	Chr. 17 p11.1-qter
Structures
Search for
Structures	Swiss-model
Domains	InterPro

Immunohistochemistry for pancreatic polypeptide in a mouse pancreas, 200×

Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a polypeptide secreted by PP cells in the endocrine pancreas. It is a hormone and it regulates pancreatic secretion activities, and also impacts liver glycogen storage and gastrointestinal secretion. Its secretion may be impacted by certain endocrine tumours.

Gene

The PPY gene encodes an unusually short protein precursor of 95 amino acids in length.^[1] This precursor is cleaved to produce the signal peptide, the pancreatic polypeptide, the pancreatic icosapeptide, and a 5- to 7- amino-acid oligopeptide.^[1]

Structure

Pancreatic polypeptide consists of 36 amino acids.^[2]^[3] It has a molecular weight about 4200 Da.^[2] It has a similar structure to neuropeptide Y.^[3]

Synthesis

Pancreatic polypeptide is synthesised and secreted by PP cells (also known as gamma cells or F cells) of the pancreatic islets of the pancreas.^[3]^[4] These are found predominantly in the head of the pancreas.^{[citation needed]}

Function

Pancreatic polypeptide regulates pancreatic secretion activities by both endocrine and exocrine tissues. It also affects hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal secretions.

Its secretion in humans is increased after a protein meal, fasting, exercise, and acute hypoglycaemia, and is decreased by somatostatin and intravenous glucose.

Plasma pancreatic polypeptide has been shown to be reduced in conditions associated with increased food intake and elevated in anorexia nervosa. In addition, peripheral administration of polypeptide has been shown to decrease food intake in rodents.^[5] Pancreatic polypeptide inhibits pancreatic secretion of fluid, bicarbonate, and digestive enzymes.^[3] It also stimulates gastric acid secretion.^[3] It is the antagonist of cholecystokinin and opposes pancreatic secretion stimulated by cholecystokinin.^[3] It may stimulate the migrating motor complex, synergistic with motilin.^[3]

On fasting, pancreatic polypeptide concentration is 80 pg/ml; after the meal, it rises up from 8 to 10 times more; glucose and fats also induce PP's level increase, but on parenteral introduction of those substances, the level of hormones doesn't change. The administration of atropine, the vagotomy, blocks pancreatic polypeptide secretion after meals. The excitation of the vagus nerve, the administration of gastrin, secretin or cholecystokinin induce PP secretion.

Clinical significance

The secretion of pancreatic polypeptide may be increased by pancreatic tumours (insulin, glucagon), by Verner-Morrison syndrome, and by gastrinoma.

References

^ ^a ^b Boel E, Schwartz TW, Norris KE, Fiil NP (April 1984). "A cDNA encoding a small common precursor for human pancreatic polypeptide and pancreatic icosapeptide". The EMBO Journal. 3 (4): 909–12. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01904.x. PMC 557446. PMID 6373251.
^ ^a ^b Lonovics J, Devitt P, Watson LC, Rayford PL, Thompson JC (October 1981). "Pancreatic polypeptide. A review". Archives of Surgery. 116 (10): 1256–64. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1981.01380220010002. PMID 7025798.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Washabau RJ (2013). "Chapter 1 - Integration of Gastrointestinal Function". Canine and Feline Gastroenterology. Saunders. pp. 1–31. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4160-3661-6.00001-8. ISBN 978-1-4160-3661-6.
^ Cozzi B, Huggenberger S, Oelschläger H (2017-01-01). "Chapter 7 - Body Control: The Endocrine System and the Peripheral Nervous System". Anatomy of Dolphins. Academic Press. pp. 305–338. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-407229-9.00007-5. ISBN 978-0-12-407229-9.
^ Batterham RL, Le Roux CW, Cohen MA, Park AJ, Ellis SM, Patterson M, et al. (August 2003). "Pancreatic polypeptide reduces appetite and food intake in humans". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 88 (8): 3989–92. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030630. PMID 12915697.