The city is home to Ontario International Airport, which is the 9th-busiest airport in the United States by cargo carried, as of 2021.[8] Ontario handles the mass of freight traffic between the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach and the rest of the country.[9]
It takes its name from the Ontario Model Colony development established in 1882 by the Canadian engineer George Chaffey and his brothers William Chaffey and Charles Chaffey.[10] They named the settlement after their home province of Ontario.
Ontario was inhabited by the Tongva people for over 1,000 years.[11] Their country is now known as Tovaangar. The Ontario area was connected to the village of Cucamonga, whose location is not now precisely known.
Juan Bautista de Anza is said to have passed through the area on his 1774 expedition, which created a land route between the province of Sonora and San Gabriel.[16] An Ontario city park[16] and a middle school[17] now bear his name. The route became known as the El Camino Real.
In 1804, the northern part of Las Californias became the new province of Nueva California.[18]
In 1810, the San Gabriel Franciscans took over the Tongva village of Kaawchama (in today's west Redlands), replacing it with the Guachama rancheria. This included a chapel devoted to San Bernardino (beginning the association of the saint with the area). The rancheria was destroyed by the Serrano in 1812, and was rebuilt nearby as the San Bernardino de Sena estancia in 1819.
In 1822, word of the Mexican triumph in the Mexican War of Independence reached Nueva California,[19] and the lands previously controlled by the Spanish Empire passed to the custody of the Mexican government.
In 1824, the province of Nueva California was renamed Alta California.
In 1845, Rancho Cucamonga was inherited by Tapia's daughter, Maria Prudhomme, and her husband Leon Prudhomme.[23]
United States (1847 onward)
1800s
In January 1847, the area became controlled by the United States following the conquest of California as part of the Mexican-American War, and was formalised by the Treaty of Cahuenga.[24] Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, the United States recognised the existing land tenure, and took formal control of the land. It ruled it under a military administration until a new civilian body was established in December 1849, which became the state of California in September 1850. In February 1850, the interim California government established Los Angeles County. (The earlier Los Angeles municipal government did not cover today's Ontario.)[25]
San Bernardino County was founded in 1853, following the establishment of a new Mormon settlement. A road was built between San Bernardino and Los Angeles that year, passing through Rancho Cucamonga.[23]
Slavery of Native Americans became illegal in California in 1865.[27]
John Rain's heirs sold Rancho Cucamonga in 1870 to an Isaias Hellman-led syndicate,[28] the "Cucamonga Company".[29] 20 years after the initial application, the California government formally converted the title of the rancho to freehold in 1872.[21][30]
In 1881, the Chaffey brothers, George and William, purchased a parcel of Hellman's Rancho Cucamonga land, and rights to Mount San Antonio water. The brothers established a settlement they named "Ontario" in honor of the province of Ontario in Canada, where they were from.[31]
The land was sometimes referred to the "San Antonio lands", as they included half the water rights to Mount San Antonio[32] (colloquially known as "Mount Baldy"). They engineered a drainage system channelling water from the foothills of the mountain down to the flatter lands below that performed the dual functions of allowing farmers to water their crops and preventing the floods that periodically afflict them.
They also created the main thoroughfare of Euclid Avenue (California Highway 83), with its distinctive wide lanes and grassy median. A mule-drawn passenger tramway was used from 1887 to 1895 on the central reservation the Avenue, operated by the Ontario and San Antonio Heights Railroad Company.[33]
The San Antonio Water Company was incorporated in October 1882. Since then it has served the area that is today Ontario, Upland and San Antonio Heights, and to a lesser extent Montclair.[34]
Also in 1885, the Ontario Record newspaper was founded. (It would later be known as The Daily Report.)
The new "Model Colony" (called so because it offered the perfect balance between agriculture and the urban comforts of schools, churches, and commerce) was originally conceived as a dry town, early deeds containing clauses forbidding the manufacture or sale of alcoholic beverages within the town.
Interior of citrus packing house in Ontario, 1905
Ontario attracted farmers (primarily growing citrus) and ailing Easterners seeking a drier climate (often to treat tuberculosis). To impress visitors and potential settlers with the "abundance" of water in Ontario, a fountain was placed at the Southern Pacific railway station. It was turned on when passenger trains were approaching and frugally turned off again after their departure. The original "Chaffey fountain", a simple spigot surrounded by a ring of white stones, was later replaced by the more ornate "Frankish Fountain", an art nouveau creation now located outside the Ontario Museum of History and Art.[35] Agriculture was vital to the early economy, and many street names recall this legacy. The Sunkist plant remains as a living vestige of the citrus era.
The Chaffey brothers left in 1886 to found the Australian irrigation settlements of Mildura and Renmark, selling their Ontario assets to the Ontario Land & Improvement Company. Its president was Charles Frankish.[36] He founded the Ontario State Bank in 1887, the settlement's first bank.[37]
Central Ontario was incorporated as a city in 1891.[29] The San Antonio Electric Light & Power Company was organized in 1891 to provide electricity to Ontario, Pomona and Redlands.[29]
The olive vat room at Graber Olive House in Ontario, California. In 1894, two years after planting olive trees in Ontario, C. C. Graber began selling vat cured olives from the pictured vat room in vats similar to the ones pictured. Graber Olive House is the oldest operating olive packer in the United States.
The Graber Olive House was established in 1894, and is now the longest operating olive packing business in the United States.
In 1895, the Ontario Electric Company was established by Charles Frankish.[37] In its first year it took over the mule-cars, and replaced them with electrical powered vehicles.[37]
1900s
The City of Ontario's territory was greatly expanded in 1900.[29]
Tens of thousands of European immigrants came to work in agriculture. In the early 1900s, the first Filipinos and Japanese farm laborers arrived, and later many came to own plant nurseries.[38]
In 1901, the original college closed, and a new Ontario High School replaced it. This soon became Chaffey College, and offered college courses as well as high school education.
Ontario was declared a "model colony" by an act of Congress in 1903.[39]
North Ontario broke away from the city in 1906, calling itself Upland.[29]
In 1929, the city of Ontario established the Ontario Municipal Airport. This is now the Ontario International Airport, and is the largest employer in the city.
AM radio station KOCS began in 1946,[40] which was followed by sister station KOCS-FM in 1947. The stations initially operated as part of The Daily Report, and would go on to change their name, format and ownership many times.
In 1960, the higher education part of Chaffey College moved to nearby Rancho Cucamonga.
An Ontario station of the Metrolink rail service opened in 1993 (it later became known as "Ontario – East").
Large shopping mall Ontario Mills opened to the public on November 14, 1996, on the old Ontario Motor Speedway parking lot.
On December 13, 1996, AMC Theatres opened AMC Ontario Mills 30 in Ontario, which it billed as the "world's largest theater".[41] Three months later, Edwards Theaters opened the Edwards Ontario Palace 22 across the street.[41] Ontario now had 52 screens on the one site, more than any other location in the United States.[41] The opening of that many screens in the Inland Empire came about as the culmination of a lifelong rivalry between AMC's Stanley Durwood and Edwards Theaters' James Edwards.[41] Edwards was infuriated when he learned Durwood had beaten him to a deal with Ontario Mills, and later told him, "I had to teach you a lesson".[41]
In 1999, the large agricultural area in the south of Ontario (the "ag preserve") was re-zoned for residential and commercial use. This area was now described as the "New Model Colony", before being renamed Ontario Ranch, and finally New Haven.[43]
Amazon opened their largest United States warehouse in Ontario in 2024.[45]
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 50.0 square miles (129 km2). Of that, 49.9 square miles (129 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) is water. The total area is 0.13% water.
Climate
The climate of Ontario is influenced by BShsemi-arid conditions, with hot summers and mild winters. Santa Ana Winds hit the area frequently in autumn and winter. Extremes range from 118 °F (48 °C) down to 25 °F (−4 °C). According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Ontario has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps.[46]
The most common country of origin in Ontario besides the United States is Mexico. 19.04% of Ontario's population is Mexican-born. The other most common countries of origin outside the United States in Ontario are the Philippines, El Salvador, Guatemala, Vietnam, Korea, China, Honduras, Thailand and Peru. The most common spoken languages in Ontario besides English are Spanish, Vietnamese, Chinese, Tagalog, other Pacific Island language, Korean, Portuguese, Urdu and Arabic. Roman Catholicism is the most practiced religion.[49] German, Irish, English, Italian and Dutch are the most common ancestries.[50]
Ontario, California – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
The U.S. Census accounts for race by two methodologies. "Race alone" and "Race alone less Hispanics" where Hispanics are delineated separately as if a separate race.
The 2010 United States Census[56] reported that Ontario had a population of 163,924. The population density was 3,278.1 inhabitants per square mile (1,265.7/km2). The racial makeup of Ontario was 83,683 (51.0%) White (18.2% Non-Hispanic White),[57] 10,561 (6.4%) African American, 1,686 (1.0%) Native American, 8,453 (5.2%) Asian, 514 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 51,373 (31.3%) from other races, and 7,654 (4.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 113,085 persons (69.0%).
The Census reported that 163,166 people (99.5% of the population) lived in households, 411 (0.3%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 347 (0.2%) were institutionalized.
There were 44,931 households, out of which 23,076 (51.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 23,789 (52.9%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 7,916 (17.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 3,890 (8.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 3,470 (7.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 384 (0.9%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 6,741 households (15.0%) were made up of individuals, and 2,101 (4.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.63. There were 35,595 families (79.2% of all households); the average family size was 3.98.
The population was spread out, with 49,443 people (30.2%) under the age of 18, 19,296 people (11.8%) aged 18 to 24, 49,428 people (30.2%) aged 25 to 44, 34,703 people (21.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 11,054 people (6.7%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.8 males.
There were 47,449 housing units at an average density of 948.9 units per square mile (366.4 units/km2), of which 24,832 (55.3%) were owner-occupied, and 20,099 (44.7%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.8%. 90,864 people (55.4% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 72,302 people (44.1%) lived in rental housing units.
During 2009–2013, Ontario had a median household income of $54,249, with 18.1% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[57]
2000
As of the census[58] of 2000, there were 158,007 people, 43,525 households, and 34,689 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,173.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,225.4/km2). There were 45,182 housing units at an average density of 907.6 units per square mile (350.4 units/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 47.8% White, 7.5% African American, 1.1% Native American, 3.9% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 34.1% from other races and 5.3% were from two or more races. 59.9% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 43,525 households, out of which 49.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were married couples living together, 15.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.3% were non-families. 15.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.6 and the average family size was 4.0.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 34.4% under the age of 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 32.4% from 25 to 44, 16.1% from 45 to 64, and 5.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $42,452, and the median income for a family was $44,031. Males had a median income of $31,664 versus $26,069 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,244. 15.5% of the population and 12.2% of families were below the poverty line. 19.1% of those under the age of 18 and 7.6% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
In the years following Ontario's founding, the economy was driven by its reputation as a health resort. Shortly thereafter, citrus farmers began taking advantage of Ontario's rocky soil to plant lemon and orange groves. Agricultural opportunities also attracted vintners and olive growers. The Graber Olive House, which continues to produce olives, is a city historical landmark and one of the oldest institutions in Ontario.[citation needed]Dairy farming is also prevalent, as it continues to be in neighboring Chino. Much of southern Ontario still contains dairy farms and other agricultural farms.[59] However, the area is currently under planning to be developed into a mixed-use area of residential homes, industrial and business parks, and town centers, collectively known as the New Model Colony.[60]
A major pre-war industry was the city's General Electric plant that produced clothing irons. During and after World War II, Ontario experienced a housing boom common to many suburbs. The expansion of the Southern California defense industry attracted many settlers to the city.[61] With California's aerospace industry concentrated in Los Angeles and the Bay Area, the Ontario International Airport was used as a pilot training center.[62] Today, Ontario still has a manufacturing industry, the most notable of which are Maglite, which produces flashlights. Manufacturing has waned, and Ontario's economy is dominated by service industries and warehousing. Major distribution centers are operated by companies such as AutoZone, Cardinal Health, MBM, Genuine Parts/NAPA, and Nordstrom.[63]
The Greater Ontario Convention and Visitors Bureau implemented a tourism marketing district and adopted an aggressive five-year strategic plan focusing on marketing initiatives to bring visitors to the region, build brand and destination awareness while enhancing the local economy.[65]
Arts and culture
Ontario is home to three museums, the Ontario Museum of History and Art, the Chaffey Community Museum of Art, and the Ontario Police Museum.
Granada Theatre, c. 1940
Built in 1925, The Granada Theatre was leased to West Coast Junior Theater. By the 1940s, the theater had become part of the Fox West Coast Theater chain. The Granada Theatre was designed by architect L.A. Smith.[66]
Ontario is also the home to the second largest consumer Quilt Show in the United States, Road to California. The quilt show books over 2,400 room nights and has a recorded attendance of over 40,000 attendees.[67]
The Ontario post office contains two oil on canvas murals, The Dream depicting founder Chaffey with surveyors and The Reality which shows a view of the completed Euclid Avenue, painted by WPA muralist Nellie Geraldine Best in 1942.[68]
Since 1958, Ontario has placed three-dimensional nativity scenes on the median of Euclid Avenue during the Christmas season.[69] The scenes, featuring statues by the sculptor Rudolph Vargas, were challenged in 1998 as a violation of church-state separation under the California Constitution by an atheist resident, but the dispute was resolved when private organizations began funding the storage and labor involved in the set-up and maintenance of the scenery in its entirety.[70] To support the nativity scenes the Ontario Chamber of Commerce started a craft fair called "Christmas on Euclid".
The All-States Picnic, an Independence Day celebration, began in 1939 to recognize the varied origins of the city's residents. Picnic tables lined the median of Euclid Avenue from Hawthorne to E Street, with signs for each of the country's 48 states. The picnic was suspended during World War II, but when it resumed in 1948, it attracted 120,000 people. A 1941 Ripley's Believe It or Not! cartoon listed Ontario's picnic table as the "world's longest". As native Californians came to outnumber the out-of-state-born, the celebration waned in popularity until it was discontinued in 1981. It was revived in 1991 as a celebration of civic pride.[71]
Sports
Toyota Arena
The Toyota Arena is a multipurpose arena which opened in late 2008. It is owned by Ontario, but is operated by SMG Worldwide. It is an 11,000-seat multi-purpose arena, the largest enclosed arena in the Inland Empire. Over 125 events are held annually featuring sporting competitions, concerts, and family shows.
The arena had been the home of the Ontario Reign, a former team in the ECHL, that called the arena home from 2008 to 2015. The Los Angeles Kings' affiliate played at the 9,736-seat Toyota Arena. In their debut season of 2008–09, they were second in the league in attendance, averaging 5856 fans per game.[72] The Reign led the ECHL in average attendance in every subsequent year.
In January 2015, the American Hockey League, a minor league above the ECHL, announced that it was forming a new Pacific Division and would be replacing the ECHL Ontario Reign with a relocated team. The Kings relocated the Manchester Monarchs, a franchise they had owned and operated since 2012, and became the Ontario Reign beginning with the 2015–16 AHL season.
According to the 2009 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the city's various funds had $399.4 million in revenues, $305.3 million in expenditures, $1,606.0 million in total assets, $317.6 million in total liabilities, and $412.4 million in cash and investments.[74]
The Ontario International Airport provides domestic and international air travel. Because of the many manufacturing companies and warehouses in the city, the airport also serves as a major hub for freight, especially for FedEx and UPS.
Because Ontario is a major hub for passengers and freight, the city is also served by several major freeways. Interstate 10 and the Pomona Freeway (State Route 60) run east–west through the city. Interstate 10 is north of the Ontario airport while the Pomona freeway is south of the airport. Interstate 15 runs in the north–south directions at the eastern side of the city. State Route 83, also known as Euclid Avenue, also runs in the north–south direction at the western side of the city.
The Ontario-East Metrolinkstation is located off of Haven Avenue. It connects Ontario with much of the Greater Los Angeles area, Orange County, and the San Fernando Valley.
Public bus transportation is provided by Omnitrans. Additional bus and rail connections to Los Angeles and elsewhere are available at the nearby Montclair station. A bus rapid transit line known as the sbX Purple Line is currently being constructed, which will run through the city.
Ontario Mills is a major shopping mall in Ontario; it is also the largest outlet mall in all of California.[82]Cardenas, a supermarket chain specializing in Latin American cuisine, was founded in and is based in Ontario.
Notable people
Hobie Alter, pioneer surfboard maker and catamaran builder
^Nuttall, Donald A. (1972). "The Gobernantes of Spanish Upper California: A Profile". California Historical Quarterly. 51 (3): 253–280. doi:10.2307/25157389. ISSN0097-6059. JSTOR25157389.
^Guinn, J. M.; Stearns, Abel; Valdez, Bacillo; Herrera, Jose M. (1907). "FROM PUEBLO TO CIUDAD. The Municipal and Territorial Expansion of Los Angeles". Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California. 7 (2/3): 216–221. doi:10.2307/41168646. ISSN2162-9145. JSTOR41168646.
^Dutschke, Dwight (2014). "A History of American Indians in California"(PDF). California Office of Historic Preservation, Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
^Bakken, Gordon Morris; Alexandra Kindell (2006). Encyclopedia of immigration and migration in the American West. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.
^Miles, Barry (2004). Frank Zappa. London: Atlantic Books. p. 58. ISBN978-1-84354-092-2.
^"Sister Cities". City of Ontario, California. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
^"Partnerstädte" (official site) (in German). Winterthur, Switzerland: Stadt Winterthur. 2016. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
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