North Efate language

North Efate
Nakanamanga
Nguna
RegionEfate, Vanuatu
Native speakers
9,500 (2001)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3llp
Glottolognort2836
North Efate is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
A Nakanamanga, or North Efate, speaker.

North Efate, also known as Nakanamanga or Nguna, is an Oceanic language spoken on the northern area of Efate in Vanuatu, as well as on a number of islands off the northern coast – including Nguna, and parts of Tongoa, Emae and Epi.

The population of speakers is recorded to be 9,500.[2] This makes Nakanamanga one of the largest languages of Vanuatu, an archipelago known for having the world's highest linguistic density.[3]

Phonology

The consonant and vowels sounds of North Efate (Nguna).[4]

Consonant sounds
Labial Dental Velar
Plosive plain p t̪ k
implosive ɓʷ
Fricative v s
Nasal plain m n ŋ
prenasal ᵑm
Liquid l r
Semivowel w
Vowel sounds
Front Central Back
High i u
Mid e o
Low a

Subdialects of North Efate include:[5]

  • Buninga
  • Emau
  • Livara
  • Nguna
  • Paunangis
  • Sesake

References

  • Ray, Sidney H. (1887). "Sketch of Nguna Grammar". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 16. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 409–418. doi:10.2307/2841882. JSTOR 2841882.
  • Schütz, Albert J. (1969). "Nguna Grammar". Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications.

Notes

  1. ^ North Efate at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ "Efate, North". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-11-13.
  3. ^ François, Alexandre; Franjieh, Michael; Lacrampe, Sébastien; Schnell, Stefan (2015), "The exceptional linguistic density of Vanuatu", in François, Alexandre; Lacrampe, Sébastien; Franjieh, Michael; Schnell, Stefan (eds.), The Languages of Vanuatu: Unity and Diversity, Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia, Canberra: Asia Pacific Linguistics Open Access, pp. 1–21, ISBN 9781922185235
  4. ^ Schütz, Albert J. (1969). Nguna Grammar. Vol. 5. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. ISBN 0-87022-744-0. ISSN 0078-3188. JSTOR 20019123. OCLC 70697.
  5. ^ "Glottolog 3.3 - North Efate". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2018-11-13.