Nonlinear control theory is the area of control theory which deals with systems that are nonlinear, time-variant, or both. Control theory is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and mathematics that is concerned with the behavior of dynamical systems with inputs, and how to modify the output by changes in the input using feedback, feedforward, or signal filtering. The system to be controlled is called the "plant". One way to make the output of a system follow a desired reference signal is to compare the output of the plant to the desired output, and provide feedback to the plant to modify the output to bring it closer to the desired output.
Control theory is divided into two branches. Linear control theory applies to systems made of devices which obey the superposition principle. They are governed by linear differential equations. A major subclass is systems which in addition have parameters which do not change with time, called linear time invariant (LTI) systems. These systems can be solved by powerful frequency domain mathematical techniques of great generality, such as the Laplace transform, Fourier transform, Z transform, Bode plot, root locus, and Nyquist stability criterion.
Nonlinear control theory covers a wider class of systems that do not obey the superposition principle. It applies to more real-world systems, because all real control systems are nonlinear. These systems are often governed by nonlinear differential equations. The mathematical techniques which have been developed to handle them are more rigorous and much less general, often applying only to narrow categories of systems. These include limit cycle theory, Poincaré maps, Lyapunov stability theory, and describing functions. If only solutions near a stable point are of interest, nonlinear systems can often be linearized by approximating them by a linear system obtained by expanding the nonlinear solution in a series, and then linear techniques can be used.[1] Nonlinear systems are often analyzed using numerical methods on computers, for example by simulating their operation using a simulation language. Even if the plant is linear, a nonlinear controller can often have attractive features such as simpler implementation, faster speed, more accuracy, or reduced control energy, which justify the more difficult design procedure.
An example of a nonlinear control system is a thermostat-controlled heating system. A building heating system such as a furnace has a nonlinear response to changes in temperature; it is either "on" or "off", it does not have the fine control in response to temperature differences that a proportional (linear) device would have. Therefore, the furnace is off until the temperature falls below the "turn on" setpoint of the thermostat, when it turns on. Due to the heat added by the furnace, the temperature increases until it reaches the "turn off" setpoint of the thermostat, which turns the furnace off, and the cycle repeats. This cycling of the temperature about the desired temperature is called a limit cycle, and is characteristic of nonlinear control systems.
Some properties of nonlinear dynamic systems are
There are several well-developed techniques for analyzing nonlinear feedback systems:
Control design techniques for nonlinear systems also exist. These can be subdivided into techniques which attempt to treat the system as a linear system in a limited range of operation and use (well-known) linear design techniques for each region:
Those that attempt to introduce auxiliary nonlinear feedback in such a way that the system can be treated as linear for purposes of control design:
And Lyapunov based methods:
An early nonlinear feedback system analysis problem was formulated by A. I. Lur'e. Control systems described by the Lur'e problem have a forward path that is linear and time-invariant, and a feedback path that contains a memory-less, possibly time-varying, static nonlinearity.
The linear part can be characterized by four matrices (A,B,C,D), while the nonlinear part is Φ(y) with Φ Φ --> ( y ) y ∈ ∈ --> [ a , b ] , a < b ∀ ∀ --> y {\displaystyle {\frac {\Phi (y)}{y}}\in [a,b],\quad a<b\quad \forall y} (a sector nonlinearity).
Consider:
The Lur'e problem (also known as the absolute stability problem) is to derive conditions involving only the transfer matrix H(s) and {a,b} such that x = 0 is a globally uniformly asymptotically stable equilibrium of the system.
There are two well-known wrong conjectures on the absolute stability problem:
Graphically, these conjectures can be interpreted in terms of graphical restrictions on the graph of Φ(y) x y or also on the graph of dΦ/dy x Φ/y.[2] There are counterexamples to Aizerman's and Kalman's conjectures such that nonlinearity belongs to the sector of linear stability and unique stable equilibrium coexists with a stable periodic solution—hidden oscillation.
There are two main theorems concerning the Lur'e problem which give sufficient conditions for absolute stability:
The Frobenius theorem is a deep result in differential geometry. When applied to nonlinear control, it says the following: Given a system of the form
where x ∈ ∈ --> R n {\displaystyle x\in R^{n}} , f 1 , … … --> , f k {\displaystyle f_{1},\dots ,f_{k}} are vector fields belonging to a distribution Δ Δ --> {\displaystyle \Delta } and u i ( t ) {\displaystyle u_{i}(t)} are control functions, the integral curves of x {\displaystyle x} are restricted to a manifold of dimension m {\displaystyle m} if span --> ( Δ Δ --> ) = m {\displaystyle \operatorname {span} (\Delta )=m} and Δ Δ --> {\displaystyle \Delta } is an involutive distribution.
Confine tra l'Etiopia e il SudanLocalizzazione dell'Etiopia (verde) e del Sudan (arancione).Dati generaliStati Sudan Etiopia Lunghezza744 km Dati storiciIstituito nel1902 Manuale Tracciato del confine tra l'Etiopia e il Sudan anglo-egiziano (1907). Il confine tra l'Etiopia e il Sudan ha una lunghezza di 744 km e va dal triplice confine con l'Eritrea a nord e termina al triplice confine con il Sudan del Sud, a sud. Fino all'indipendenza dell'Eritrea nel 1993, il confine correva fino al …
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The Romanization of Hispania is the process by which Roman or Latin culture was introduced into the Iberian Peninsula during the period of Roman rule. Glass jar, at the Museum of Valladolid. The Romans were pioneers in the technique of glass blowing.Throughout the centuries of Roman rule over the provinces of Hispania, Roman customs, religion, laws and the general Roman lifestyle gained much favour in the indigenous population. Together with a substantial minority of Roman immigrants, these even…
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