The first Mexicans who came to Chicago, mostly entertainers and itinerants, came before the turn of the 20th century.[1] In the mid to late 1910s Chicago had its first significant wave of Mexican immigrants. Originally the immigrants were mostly men working in semiskilled and unskilled jobs who originated from Texas and from Guanajuato, Jalisco, and Michoacán.[2] After immigration was largely reduced in the 1920s, internal migration from the Southwestern United States became the primary driver of Mexican population growth in Chicago.[3]
Circa the 1920s Mexicans were used as a buffer between Whites and Blacks. René Luis Alvarez, a professor at Northeastern Illinois University, stated that Whites perceived Mexicans to be apolitical and docile and treated the people originating from Mexico "with a kind of benign neglect and largely ignored their social needs or living conditions."[3] By the end of the 1930s the Mexican population had declined from 20,000 in the 1920s to 14,000; this was due to repatriations to Mexico in the post-Great Depression; Louise A. N. Kerr of the Illinois Periodicals Online (IPO) of Northern Illinois University Libraries stated that officials "seem to have been" less harsh towards those of Mexican origins compared to officials in areas of the Southwest United States. Circa 1941 the Mexican population had risen to 16,000. During the 1940s braceros were brought to Chicago and became a part of the Mexican-American community.[2]
There were 35,000 people categorized as Spanish-speaking in Chicago by 1950, including Mexicans and Puerto Ricans.[2] In 1960 there were 23,000 Chicagoans who were born in Mexico. In 1970 that number was 47,397, and that year, of all major U.S. cities, Chicago had the fourth-largest Spanish-speaking population; Mexicans made up the majority of Chicago's Hispanophones at that time. From 1960 to 1970 there was an 84% increase in the number of Chicagoans who had at least one parent born in Mexico.[4] In the late 1960s and early 1970s Mexican-origin people in Chicago increasingly became politically active.[5]
Demographics
From the 1990 U.S. Census to the 2000 U.S. Census, the percentage of Mexican Americans in all of Cook County, Illinois increased by 69%, and the percentage of Mexicans in the City of Chicago in particular increased by 50% in the same time period. As a result, Chicago's number of Mexicans surpassed the number in the cities of Houston and San Antonio, Texas.
As of the 2000 U.S. Census there were 786,423 residents of full or partial Mexican origin in Cook County, giving it the largest ethnic Mexican population in the United States that is not in the Southwest and the third largest ethnic Mexican population of any county after Los Angeles County, California and Harris County, Texas. As of that year the number of ethnic Mexicans in Cook County is greater than that of each of the metropolitan areas of Acapulco, Cuernavaca, Chihuahua, and Veracruz.[6] The total includes over 350,000 residents of the City of Chicago.[6]
As of the 2010 Census, 961,963 residents of Cook County, including 578,100 residents of the City of Chicago, had full or partial Mexican origins.[7] The Mexican population of Cook County increased to 1,034,038 as per 2018-2022 estimates, an increase of 31.5% over the 2000 figure.[8] Census Bureau estimates as of 2023 put the Mexican population of the Chicago metropolitan area at 1,702,582.[9]
2018-2022 ACS 5-year Estimates show the mean income for Chicagoland Mexicans was $44,024 and the mean $35,072, on par with other major Mexican hubs such as Los Angeles, Dallas, and Phoenix.[8] The homeownership rate among Mexican households was 63.0%, ranking it fourth among the 10 metropolitan areas with the largest Mexican share of population after McAllen, TX, El Paso, and San Antonio.[8]
The Mexicans in the Near West Side settled south of Hull House along Halsted and patronized the St. Francis of Assisi church. Beginning in the 1930s the athletic team Saint Francis Wildcats, which had Mexican members, began meeting in the gymnasium of St. Francis of Assisi, and the members moved on to fight in World War II. The Hull House residents were displaced by the 1960s construction of the University of Illinois Chicago, and they moved to Pilsen and/or to suburban communities.[2]
Mexicans began moving into South Chicago in the post-1920s period, and there they stuck to defined neighborhoods and were a part of the working class. They joined area unions by the 1940s.[2]
In the post-1920s period the Mexicans in Back of the Yards mostly worked in meatpacking. In 1945 the first Mexican church opened there.[2]
In the 1990s 40% of the Mexican origin population in Pilsen had migrated directly there from Mexico, and about one third of the Mexican origin population in the Chicago area lived in Pilsen.[4]
In 2000, six Chicago community areas had a population that was majority Mexican. This number has grown to 15 as of 2020, with new hubs on the Southwest Side including Brighton Park, Archer Heights, McKinley Park, and New City.[10] Additionally, nearly two-thirds of Chicagoland Mexicans now live beyond the city's borders, expanding their presence far into suburbs such as Elgin and Aurora.
Since 2000, 26th Street in Little Village has been the busiest area for Mexican-American commerce in the city of Chicago. The thoroughfare was identified as being the highest grossing shopping and tax revenue hub in the city after Michigan Avenue, causing some to call it "the Mexican Magnificent Mile" or "the Second Magnificent Mile."[11]
At the broader metropolitan level, from 2018-2022, Mexicans comprised the greatest share of the population in Kane County, followed by Cook and Lake. In absolute numbers, Cook County continued to hold the highest Mexican population, followed by Kane and Lake. A table outlining these figures can be found below:
From 2000 to the 2018-2022 survey period, the Mexican population grew most rapidly in Will County (+207.3% growth), McHenry County (+115.8%), and Lake County (+78.8%), indicating that Mexican population centers are increasingly dispersing throughout the region.[9]
Mexicans focused on improving their own neighborhoods and establishing their own organizations to do so after the 1920s. Fraternal organizations and mutual aid groups or mutualistas were established;[3] the latter promoted positive views of Mexicans,[12] financially assisted families facing deaths, unemployment, and/or illnesses, and promoted Mexican nationalism.[3]
By the middle of the 20th century newer organizations had been established. The Committee on Mexican American Interests promoted Mexican American student councils to encourage students to participate in higher education, promoted the G.I. Bill in the post-World War II period, and established a project with the Mexican Community Committee of South Chicago to gather potential recipients of scholarships and applicants to universities, and doing so by asking high school teachers working in Chicago neighborhoods with large numbers of Mexican-origin students to provide lists of names.[12] Circa the middle of the 20th century the Mexican Community Committee of South Chicago and the Mexican Civic Committee of the West Side worked with LULAC to promote the value of getting an education among Mexican-American youth.[13] In general the newer organizations worked within existing power structures to promote education instead of trying to establish their own independent educational programs.[12]
Politics
In 2001, despite being by far the largest Hispanic and Latino ethnic group in Chicago, Mexicans had some, but less political representation than Puerto Ricans.[14] The situation has changed with steady immigration; Chicago's Latino population now exceeds its Black population, primarily driven by absolute growth in the Mexican community. A Politico article from 2021 remarked on the impending redistricting conflict as the Chicago City Council's Black Caucus attempts to preserve the majority of their current seats, while Latino council members are pushing for greater representation for their growing population: "Latino residents are beginning to replace Black residents, forcing a realignment in Chicago's political scene - and a return of the bare-knuckle tribal fights that made Chicago's City Hall legendary."[15]
Religion
The first ethnic Mexican church was Our Lady of Guadalupe.[16] In the Vietnam War twelve men who were members of the church were killed in action, the highest death toll from any such parish in Chicago.[17]
Education
Alvarez stated that establishment of the Benito Juarez Community Academy in Pilsen, "[i]n many ways", originated from the Chicano movement and its desire for greater recognition of Mexican-American history and identity.[18] During the opening ceremony, a bust sculpture of Juárez and the flag of Mexico were presented, and the anthems of the United States and of Mexico were both played. The choice of the day of the ceremony was influenced by the fact that September 16 is the anniversary of the Cry of Dolores, the Mexican independence day, as well as near the beginning of the school year in Chicago.[19]
Amezcua, Mike. Making Mexican Chicago: From Postwar Settlement to the Age of Gentrification (University of Chicago Press. 2022)
Amezcua, Mike. "A machine in the barrio: Chicago’s conservative colonia and the remaking of Latino politics in the 1960s and 1970s." The Sixties 12.1 (2019): 95-120.
Andrade, Juan, Jr. "A Historical Survey of Mexican Immigration to the U.S. and an Oral History of the Mexican Settlement in Chicago, 1920–1990" (Ph.D. diss.). Northern Illinois University, 1998.
Arredondo, Gabriela F. "Navigating ethno-racial currents: Mexicans in Chicago, 1919-1939." Journal of Urban History 30.3 (2004): 399-427.
Arredondo, Gabriela F. Mexican Chicago: Race, Identity, and Nation, 1916-39 (University of Illinois Press, 2008). excerpt
Belenchia, Joanne. "Latinos and Chicago politics." in After Daley: Chicago Politics in Transition (1982): 118-45.
Betancur, John J. "The settlement experience of Latinos in Chicago: Segregation, speculation, and the ecology model." Social Forces 74.4 (1996): 1299-1324.
Burwell, Rebecca, et al. "The Chicago Latino Congregations Study (CLCS): Methodological Considerations" (University of Notre Dame, Institute for Latino Studies, Center for the Study of Latino Religion, 2010).
Davalos, KarenMary. "Ethnic Identity among Mexican and Mexican American Women in Chicago, 1920–1991" (Ph.D. diss. Yale University, 1993).
De Genova, Nicholas. "Race, space, and the reinvention of Latin America in Mexican Chicago." Latin American Perspectives 25.5 (1998): 87-116.
Farr, Marcia. Latino language and literacy in ethnolinguistic Chicago (Routledge, 2005).
Fernández, Lilia. Brown in the Windy City: Mexicans and Puerto Ricans in Postwar Chicago (2012). excerpt
Flores, John. H. The Mexican Revolution in Chicago: Immigration Politics from the Early Twentieth Century to the Cold War (University of Illinois Press, 2018).
Gómez Zapata, Tania. "Civil Society as an Advocate of Mexicans and Latinos in the United States: The Chicago Case." in Latin American Diasporas in Public Diplomacy (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2021) pp. 189–213.
González, Juan et al. Fuerza Mexicana: The Past, Present, and Power of Mexicans in Chicagoland (Great Cities Institute, U of Illinois, Chicago, 2024) online
Innis-Jiménez, Michael. Steel Barrio: The Great Mexican Migration to South Chicago, 1915–1940 (New York University Press, 2013). excerpt; also see online review
Kerr, Louise Ano Nuevo. “Chicano Settlements in Chicago: A Brief History,” Journal of Ethnic Studies (winter 1975).
Kerr, Louise Año Nuevo. "Mexican Chicago: Chicano Assimilation Aborted, 1939-1954." in The Ethnic Frontier, ed. by Melvin G. Holli and Peter Jones, (Eerdman's, 1977) pp: 294-328.
Kerr, Louise Ano Nuevo. "The Chicano Experience in Chicago, 1920-1970" (PhD disst. University of Illinois at Chicago, 1976).
Padilla, Felix M. Latino ethnic consciousness: the case of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans in Chicago (University of Notre Dame Press, 1985).
Pallares, Amalia, and Nilda Flores-González, eds. ¡Marcha!: Latino Chicago and the immigrant rights movement (University of Illinois Press, 2010).
Paral, Rob, et al. "Latino demographic growth in metropolitan Chicago." (University of Notre Dame, Institute for Latino Studies, Center for the Study of Latino Religion, 2004) online.
Ramírez, Leonard G., et al. Chicanas of 18th Street: Narratives of a movement from Latino Chicago (University of Illinois Press, 2011).
Ruiz, Vicki L., et al. Pots of promise: Mexicans and pottery at Hull-House, 1920-40 (University of Illinois Press, 2004). excerpt
