List of sovereign states by research and development spending

World map by research and development spending, according to Our World in Data[1]
World map of sovereign states by research and development spending per capita, according to OECD[2]
  $2000-$2249
  $1750-$1999
  $1500-$1749
  $1250-$1499
  $1000-$1249
  $750-$999
  $500-$749
  $250-$499
  $0-$249
  No data

This is a list of countries by research and development (R&D) spending in real terms, based on data published by World Bank, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

According to World Bank, ″Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D) include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.″[3]

According to United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, ″Research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the total intramural expenditure on research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the national territory during a specific reference period expressed as a percentage of national gross domestic product (GDP).″[4]

According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ″Gross domestic spending on R&D is defined as the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D carried out by all resident companies, research institutes, university and government laboratories, etc., in a country. It includes R&D funded from abroad, but excludes domestic funds for R&D performed outside the domestic economy.″[2]

As of 2022, Israel leads the world in R&D spending as a percentage of GDP, followed by South Korea, the United States, Japan, Belgium and Sweden.

List

The following table provides information on R&D spending, based on data published by World Bank,[5] United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,[6] and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.[2] The indicator is measured in USD constant prices using 2015 base year and purchasing power parities (PPPs) by OECD and as percentage of GDP.

Research and development expenditure
Country WB[7] UNECE[8] OECD[9][10]
Research and development expenditure Research and development expenditure Gross domestic spending on R&D
% of GDP Year % of GDP Year % of GDP mil USD PPC Year
 Albania 0.15% 2008
 Algeria 0.53% 2017
 American Samoa 0.40% 2006
 Angola 0.03% 2016
 Argentina 0.52% 2021
 Armenia 0.21% 2022 0.21% 2022
 Australia 1.83% 2019
 Austria 3.26% 2021 3.26% 2021 3.20% 15,247.24 2022
 Azerbaijan 0.15% 2022 0.15% 2022
 Bahrain 0.10% 2014
 Belarus 0.48% 2022 0.48% 2022
 Belgium 3.43% 2021 3.43% 2021 3.41% 19,815.99 2022
 Bermuda 0.23% 2020
 Bolivia 0.16% 2009
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.19% 2022 0.19% 2022
 Botswana 0.56% 2013
 Brazil 1.15% 2020
 Brunei 0.28% 2018
 Bulgaria 0.77% 2021 0.77% 2021
 Burkina Faso 0.25% 2021
 Burundi 0.21% 2018
 Cabo Verde 0.07% 2011
 Cambodia 0.12% 2015
 Canada 1.55% 2022 1.55% 2022 1.71% 32,444.09 2022
 Chad 0.30% 2016
 Chile 0.33% 2020
 China 2.43% 2021
 Colombia 0.29% 2020
 Costa Rica 0.28% 2021
 Croatia 1.24% 2021 1.24% 2021
 Cuba 0.32% 2021
 Cyprus 0.83% 2021 0.83% 2021
 Czech Republic 2.00% 2021 2.00% 2021 1.96% 8,065.57 2022
 Côte d'Ivoire 0.07% 2016
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.41% 2015
 Denmark 2.81% 2021 2.81% 2021 2.89% 9,482.75 2022
 Ecuador 0.44% 2014
 Egypt 1.02% 2022
 El Salvador 0.16% 2021
 Estonia 1.75% 2021 1.75% 2021 1.78% 851.98 2022
 Eswatini 0.27% 2015
 Ethiopia 0.27% 2017
 Faroe Islands 0.85% 2003
 Finland 2.99% 2021 2.99% 2021 2.96% 7,630.49 2022
 France 2.22% 2021 2.22% 2021 2.18% 63,972.56 2022
 Gabon 0.58% 2009
 Gambia 0.07% 2018
 Georgia 0.24% 2022 0.24% 2022
 Germany 3.14% 2021 3.14% 2021 3.13% 131,833.55 2022
 Ghana 0.38% 2010
 Greece 1.46% 2021 1.46% 2021 1.49% 4,673.54 2022
 Greenland 0.65% 2004
 Guam 0.26% 2005
 Guatemala 0.06% 2021
 Honduras 0.06% 2019
 Hong Kong 1.07% 2022
 Hungary 1.64% 2021 1.64% 2021 1.39% 4,632.64 2022
 Iceland 2.81% 2021 2.81% 2021 2.60% 533.65 2022
 India 0.65% 2020
 Indonesia 0.28% 2020
 Iran 0.79% 2019
 Iraq 0.04% 2021
 Ireland 1.13% 2021 1.13% 2021 0.96% 5,346.65 2022
 Israel 5.56% 2021 5.56% 2021 6.02% 24,338.76 2022
 Italy 1.45% 2021 1.45% 2021 1.32% 31,678.33 2022
 Jamaica 0.06% 2002
 Japan 3.30% 2021 3.41% 180,459.43 2022
 Jordan 0.70% 2016
 Kazakhstan 0.12% 2022 0.12% 2022
 Kenya 0.41% 2022
 Kuwait 0.08% 2022
 Kyrgyzstan 0.08% 2022 0.08% 2022
 Laos 0.04% 2002
 Latvia 0.74% 2021 0.74% 2021 0.76% 441.57 2022
 Lesotho 0.05% 2015
 Lithuania 1.11% 2021 1.11% 2021 1.02% 1,086.65 2022
 Luxembourg 1.04% 2021 1.04% 2021 0.98% 715.64 2022
 Macau 0.49% 2022
 Madagascar 0.01% 2017
 Malaysia 0.95% 2020
 Mali 0.17% 2021
 Malta 0.67% 2021 0.67% 2021
 Mauritania 0.01% 2018
 Mauritius 0.31% 2022
 Mexico 0.27% 2022
 Moldova 0.23% 2022 0.23% 2022
 Monaco 0.04% 2005
 Mongolia 0.00% 2022
 Montenegro 0.36% 2019 0.36% 2019
 Morocco 0.66% 2010
 Mozambique 0.31% 2015
 Myanmar 0.04% 2022
 Namibia 0.35% 2014
 Nepal 0.30% 2010
 Netherlands 2.31% 2021 2.31% 2021 2.30% 22,861.22 2022
 New Zealand 1.45% 2021
 Nicaragua 0.11% 2015
 Nigeria 0.28% 2019
 North Macedonia 0.38% 2022 0.38% 2022
 Norway 1.94% 2021 1.94% 2021 1.56% 7,209.06 2022
 Oman 0.28% 2022
 Pakistan 0.16% 2021
 Palestine 0.45% 2013
 Panama 0.18% 2022
 Papua New Guinea 0.03% 2016
 Paraguay 0.14% 2021
 Peru 0.16% 2022
 Philippines 0.32% 2018
 Poland 1.44% 2021 1.44% 2021 1.45% 19,638.97 2022
 Portugal 1.73% 2022 1.73% 2022 1.70% 6,039.44 2022
 Puerto Rico 0.43% 2015
 Qatar 0.68% 2021
 Republic of the Congo 0.41% 2022
 Romania 0.47% 2021 0.47% 2021
 Russia 0.94% 2022 0.94% 2022
 Rwanda 0.76% 2019
 Saint Lucia 0.27% 1999
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.11% 2002
 Saudi Arabia 0.46% 2022
 Senegal 0.58% 2015
 Serbia 0.97% 2022 0.97% 2022
 Seychelles 0.22% 2016
 Singapore 2.16% 2020
 Slovakia 0.92% 2021 0.92% 2021 0.98% 1,843.37 2022
 Slovenia 2.13% 2021 2.13% 2021 2.11% 1,708.27 2022
 South Africa 0.60% 2020
 South Korea 4.93% 2021 5.21% 119,643.78 2022
 Spain 1.43% 2021 1.43% 2021 1.44% 25,758.29 2022
 Sri Lanka 0.12% 2020
 Sudan 0.22% 2005
 Sweden 3.42% 2021 3.42% 2021 3.41% 19,031.00 2022
 Switzerland 3.36% 2021 3.36% 2021
 Syria 0.02% 2015
 Tajikistan 0.09% 2020 0.09% 2020
 Tanzania 0.51% 2013
 Thailand 1.21% 2021
 Togo 0.20% 2014
 Trinidad and Tobago 0.05% 2021
 Tunisia 0.75% 2019
 Turkey 1.40% 2021 1.40% 2021 1.32% 36,986.66 2022
 Uganda 0.14% 2014
 Ukraine 0.33% 2022 0.33% 2022
 United Arab Emirates 1.50% 2021
 United Kingdom 2.91% 2021 2.91% 2021
 United States Virgin Islands 0.03% 2007
 United States 3.46% 2021 3.46% 2021 3.59% 761,582.95 2022
 Uruguay 0.42% 2021
 Uzbekistan 0.16% 2022 0.16% 2022
 Venezuela 0.69% 2016
 Vietnam 0.43% 2021
 Zambia 0.28% 2008
 European Union 2.11% 408,322.10  2022
OECD 2.73% 1,707,220.86  2022

References

  1. ^ Our World in Data. "Research and development spending as a share of GDP". ourworldindata.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  2. ^ a b c Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. "Gross domestic spending on R&D". data.oecd.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  3. ^ World Bank. "Metadata Glossary | Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". databank.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  4. ^ United Nations. "Indicator 9.5.1: Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  5. ^ World Bank. "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  6. ^ United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. "Indicator 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, %". w3.unece.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  7. ^ "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". World Bank. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  8. ^ "Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, %". United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  9. ^ "Gross domestic spending on R&D (% of GDP)". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  10. ^ "Gross domestic spending on R&D (Million US dollars)". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 2024-10-16.

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