List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom

The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the principal minister of the crown of His Majesty's Government, and the head of the British Cabinet.

There is no specific date for when the office of prime minister first appeared, as the role was not created but rather evolved over time through a merger of duties.[1] The term was regularly, if informally, used by Robert Walpole by the 1730s.[2] It was used in the House of Commons as early as 1805,[3] and it was certainly in parliamentary use by the 1880s,[4] although did not become the official title until 1905, when Arthur Balfour was prime minister.

Historians generally consider Robert Walpole, who led the government of the Kingdom of Great Britain for over twenty years from 1721,[5] to be the first prime minister. Walpole is also the longest-serving British prime minister by this definition.[6] The first prime minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was William Pitt the Younger at its creation on 1 January 1801.[7] The first to use the title in an official act was Benjamin Disraeli who signed the 1878 Treaty of Berlin as "Prime Minister of Her Britannic Majesty".[8]

In 1905, the post of prime minister was officially given recognition in the order of precedence,[9] with the incumbent Henry Campbell-Bannerman the first officially referred to as "prime minister". The first prime minister of the current United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland upon its effective creation in 1922 (when 26 Irish counties seceded and created the Irish Free State) was Bonar Law,[10] although the country was not renamed officially until 1927, when Stanley Baldwin was the serving prime minister.[11]

The incumbent prime minister is Keir Starmer, who assumed the office on 5 July 2024.

Before the Kingdom of Great Britain

Before the Union of England and Scotland in 1707, the Treasury of England was led by the Lord High Treasurer.[12] By the late Tudor period, the Lord High Treasurer was regarded as one of the Great Officers of State,[12] and was often (though not always) the dominant figure in government: Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (lord high treasurer, 1547–1549),[13] served as lord protector to his young nephew King Edward VI;[13] William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (lord high treasurer, 1572–1598),[14] was the dominant minister to Queen Elizabeth I;[14] Burghley's son Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, succeeded his father as Chief Minister to Elizabeth (1598–1603) and was eventually appointed by King James I as lord high treasurer (1608–1612).[15]

By the late Stuart period, the Treasury was often run not by a single individual (i.e., the lord high treasurer) but by a commission of lords of the Treasury,[16] led by the first lord of the Treasury. The last lords high treasurer, Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin (1702–1710) and Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford (1711–1714),[17] ran the government of Queen Anne.[18]

From 1707 to 1721

Following the succession of George I in 1714, the arrangement of a commission of lords of the Treasury (as opposed to a single lord high treasurer) became permanent.[19] For the next three years, the government was headed by Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend, who was appointed Secretary of State for the Northern Department.[20] Subsequently, Lords Stanhope and Sunderland ran the government jointly,[21] with Stanhope managing foreign affairs and Sunderland domestic.[21] Stanhope died in February 1721 and Sunderland resigned two months later;[21] Townshend and Robert Walpole were then invited to form the next government.[22] From that point, the holder of the office of first lord also usually (albeit unofficially) held the status of prime minister. It was not until the Edwardian era that the title prime minister was constitutionally recognised.[23] The prime minister still holds the office of first lord by constitutional convention,[24] the only exceptions being the Earl of Chatham and the Marquess of Salisbury.[25]

Since 1721

Prime ministers

List of prime ministers of Great Britain or the United Kingdom since 1721
Portrait Prime minister
Office
(Lifespan)
 Term of office Mandate[a] Ministerial offices held as prime minister Party Government Monarch
Reign
Start End Duration
​ Robert Walpole [26]
3 April
1721
11 February
1742 		20 years, 315 days 1722 Whig Walpole–Townshend George I
George I of Great Britain
r. 1714–1727
1727 George II
George II of Great Britain
r. 1727–1760
1734 Walpole
1741
Spencer Compton [27]
16 February
1742
2 July
1743 		1 year, 137 days[b] — Carteret
Henry Pelham [28]
27 August
1743[c]
6 March
1754[c] 		10 years, 192 days[b] — Broad Bottom I
1747 Broad Bottom II
Thomas Pelham-Holles [29]
16 March
1754
11 November
1756 		2 years, 241 days 1754 Newcastle I
William Cavendish [30]
16 November
1756
29 June
1757 		226 days — Pitt–Devonshire
1757 Caretaker
Thomas Pelham-Holles [31]
29 June
1757
26 May
1762 		4 years, 332 days 1761 Pitt–Newcastle
Bute–Newcastle George III
George III of Great Britain
r. 1760–1820
John Stuart [32]
26 May
1762
8 April
1763 		318 days — Tory Bute
George Grenville [33]
16 April
1763
10 July
1765 		2 years, 86 days — Whig Grenville
(mainly Whig)
Charles Watson-Wentworth [34]
13 July
1765
30 July
1766 		1 year, 18 days — Whig Rockingham I
William Pitt the Elder [35]
30 July
1766
14 October
1768 		2 years, 77 days 1768 Whig Chatham
Augustus FitzRoy [36]
14 October
1768
28 January
1770 		1 year, 107 days — Grafton
Frederick North, Lord North [37]
28 January
1770
27 March
1782 		12 years, 59 days 1774 Tory North
1780
Charles Watson-Wentworth [34]
27 March
1782
1 July
1782 		97 days[b] — Whig Rockingham II
William Petty [38]
4 July
1782
26 March
1783 		266 days — Whig Shelburne
William Cavendish-Bentinck [39]
2 April
1783
18 December
1783 		261 days — Whig Fox–North
William Pitt the Younger [40]
19 December
1783
14 March
1801 		17 years, 86 days 1784 Tory Pitt I
1790
1796
Henry Addington [41]
17 March
1801
10 May
1804 		3 years, 55 days 1801 Tory Addington
1802
William Pitt the Younger [42]
10 May
1804
23 January
1806 		1 year, 259 days[b] — Tory Pitt II
William Grenville [43]
11 February
1806
25 March
1807 		1 year, 43 days 1806 Whig All the Talents
William Cavendish-Bentinck [44]
31 March
1807
4 October
1809 		2 years, 188 days 1807 Tory Portland II
Spencer Perceval [45]
4 October
1809
11 May
1812 		2 years, 221 days[b] — Perceval
Robert Jenkinson [46]
8 June
1812
9 April
1827 		14 years, 306 days 1812 Liverpool
1818 George IV
George IV of Great Britain
r. 1820–1830
1820
1826
George Canning [47]
12 April
1827
8 August
1827 		119 days[b] — Tory Canning
F. J. Robinson [48]
31 August
1827
8 January
1828 		131 days — Tory Goderich
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington [49]
22 January
1828
16 November
1830 		2 years, 299 days — Tory Wellington–Peel
(1830) William IV
William IV of Great Britain
r. 1830–1837
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey [50]
22 November
1830
9 July
1834 		3 years, 230 days 1831 Whig Grey
1832
William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne [51]
16 July
1834
14 November
1834 		122 days[f] — Melbourne I
photograph [52]
17 November
1834
9 December
1834 		23 days (—) Tory Wellington Caretaker
Robert Peel [53]
10 December
1834
8 April
1835 		120 days (—) Conservative Peel I
William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne [54]
18 April
1835
30 August
1841 		6 years, 135 days 1835 Whig Melbourne II
1837 Victoria
Queen Victoria
r. 1837–1901
Robert Peel [53]
30 August
1841
29 June
1846 		4 years, 304 days 1841 Conservative Peel II
photograph [55]
30 June
1846
21 February
1852 		5 years, 237 days (1847) Whig Russell I
painting [56]
23 February
1852
17 December
1852 		299 days 1852 Conservative Who? Who?
engraving [57]
19 December
1852
30 January
1855 		2 years, 43 days (—) Peelite Aberdeen
(Peelite–Whig–others)
photograph [58]
6 February
1855
19 February
1858 		3 years, 14 days 1857 Whig Palmerston I
engraving [59]
20 February
1858
11 June
1859 		1 year, 112 days (—) Conservative Derby–Disraeli II
photograph [60]
12 June
1859
18 October
1865 		6 years, 129 days[b] 1859 Liberal Palmerston II
1865
photograph [55]
29 October
1865
26 June
1866 		241 days — Russell II
engraving [61]
28 June
1866
25 February
1868 		1 year, 243 days (—) Conservative Derby–Disraeli III
photograph [62]
27 February
1868
1 December
1868 		279 days (—)
photograph [63]
3 December
1868
17 February
1874 		5 years, 77 days 1868 Liberal Gladstone I
photograph [64]
20 February
1874
21 April
1880 		6 years, 62 days 1874 Conservative Disraeli II
photograph [65]
23 April
1880
9 June
1885 		5 years, 48 days 1880 Liberal Gladstone II
photograph [66]
23 June
1885
28 January
1886 		220 days (—) Conservative Salisbury I
photograph [65]
1 February
1886
20 July
1886 		170 days (1885) Liberal Gladstone III
photograph [67]
25 July
1886
11 August
1892 		6 years, 18 days (1886) Conservative Salisbury II
photograph [65]
15 August
1892
2 March
1894 		1 year, 200 days (1892) Liberal Gladstone IV
photograph [68]
5 March
1894
22 June
1895 		1 year, 110 days (—) Rosebery
photograph [69]
25 June
1895
11 July
1902 		7 years, 17 days 1895 Conservative Salisbury III
1900 Salisbury IV
(Con–Lib.U)
Edward VII
Edward VII
r. 1901–1910
photograph [70]
12 July
1902
4 December
1905 		3 years, 146 days — Balfour
(Con–Lib.U)
photograph [71]
5 December
1905
3 April
1908 		2 years, 121 days 1906 Liberal Campbell-Bannerman
photograph [72]
8 April
1908
5 December
1916 		8 years, 243 days — Asquith I
(Jan.1910) Asquith II George V
George V
r. 1910–1936
(Dec.1910) Asquith III
(—) Asquith Coalition
(Lib–Con–others)
photograph [73]
6 December
1916
19 October
1922 		5 years, 318 days (—) Lloyd George War
1918 Lloyd George II
(Lib–Con)
photograph [74]
23 October
1922
20 May
1923 		210 days 1922 Conservative Law
photograph [75]
22 May
1923
22 January
1924 		246 days — Conservative Baldwin I
photograph [76]
22 January
1924
4 November
1924 		288 days (1923) Labour MacDonald I
photograph [77]
4 November
1924
4 June
1929 		4 years, 213 days 1924 Conservative Baldwin II
photograph [78]
5 June
1929
7 June
1935 		6 years, 3 days (1929) Labour MacDonald II
(—) National Labour National I
(Nat.Lab–Con–others)
1931 National II
​ photograph [79]
7 June
1935
28 May
1937 		1 year, 356 days 1935 Conservative National III
Edward VIII
Edward VIII
r. 1936
George VI
George VI
r. 1936–1952
photograph [80]
28 May
1937
10 May
1940 		2 years, 349 days — National IV
Chamberlain War
photograph [81]
10 May
1940
26 July
1945 		5 years, 78 days — Churchill War
Churchill Caretaker
photograph [82]
26 July
1945
26 October
1951 		6 years, 93 days 1945 Labour Attlee I
1950 Attlee II
photograph [83]
26 October
1951
5 April
1955 		3 years, 162 days 1951 Conservative Churchill III
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II
r. 1952–2022
photograph [84]
6 April
1955
9 January
1957 		1 year, 279 days 1955 Eden
photograph [85]
10 January
1957
18 October
1963 		6 years, 282 days — Macmillan I
1959 Macmillan II
photograph [86][h]
18 October
1963
16 October
1964 		365 days — Conservative Douglas-Home
photograph [87]
16 October
1964
19 June
1970 		5 years, 247 days 1964 Labour Wilson I
1966 Wilson II
photograph [88]
19 June
1970
4 March
1974 		3 years, 259 days 1970 Conservative Heath
photograph [87]
4 March
1974
5 April
1976 		2 years, 33 days (Feb.1974) Labour Wilson III
Oct.1974 Wilson IV
photograph [89]
5 April
1976
4 May
1979 		3 years, 30 days — Callaghan
photograph [90]
4 May
1979
28 November
1990 		11 years, 209 days 1979 Conservative Thatcher I
1983 Thatcher II
1987 Thatcher III
photograph [91]
28 November
1990
2 May
1997 		6 years, 156 days — Major I
1992 Major II
photograph [92]
2 May
1997
27 June
2007 		10 years, 57 days 1997 Labour Blair I
2001 Blair II
2005 Blair III
photograph [93]
27 June
2007
11 May
2010 		2 years, 319 days — Brown
photograph [94]
11 May
2010
13 July
2016 		6 years, 64 days (2010) Conservative Cameron–Clegg
2015 Cameron II
photograph [95]
13 July
2016
24 July
2019 		3 years, 12 days — May I
(2017) May II
(DUP confidence & supply)
photograph [96]
24 July
2019
6 September
2022 		3 years, 45 days (—) Johnson I
(DUP confidence & supply)
2019 Johnson II
photograph [97]
6 September
2022
25 October
2022 		50 days — Truss
Charles III
r. 2022–present
photograph [98]
25 October
2022
5 July
2024 		1 year, 255 days — Sunak
photograph [99]
5 July
2024 		Incumbent 189 days 2024 Labour Starmer

Disputed prime ministers

Due to the gradual evolution of the post of prime minister, the title is applied to early prime ministers only retrospectively;[23] this has sometimes given rise to academic dispute. William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath and James Waldegrave, 2nd Earl Waldegrave are sometimes listed as prime ministers.[100] Bath was invited to form a ministry by George II when Henry Pelham resigned in 1746,[101] as was Waldegrave in 1757 after the dismissal of William Pitt the Elder,[102] who dominated the affairs of government during the Seven Years' War. Neither was able to command sufficient parliamentary support to form a government; Bath stepped down after two days[100] and Waldegrave after four.[102] Modern academic consensus does not consider either man to have held office as prime minister;[103][failed verification] they are therefore listed separately.

List of disputed prime ministers of the United Kingdom since 1721
Portrait Prime minister
Office
(Lifespan)
 Term of office Mandate[a] Ministerial offices held as prime minister Party Government Monarch
Reign
Start End Duration
​ William Pulteney  
10 February
1746
12 February
1746
3 days
 – Whig Short Lived George II
George II of Great Britain
r. 1727–1760
James Waldegrave, 2nd Earl Waldegrave  
8 June
1757
12 June
1757
5 days
 – Waldegrave

List notes

  1. ^ a b Legend for the
    Mandate
    column:
    1722
    a year
    indicates a general election won by the government or that led to the formation of a government (the year links to the election's article);
    (1830)
    a parenthesised year
    indicates an election resulting in no single party winning a Commons majority (the year links to the election's article);
    —
    a dash
    indicates the formation of a majority government without an election;
    (—)
    a parenthesised dash
    indicates the formation of a minority or coalition government during a hung parliament.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Died in office
  3. ^ a b Resigned on 10 February 1746, reappointed by George II on 12 February 1746.
  4. ^ Pitt served as a Member of Parliament for Bath for the first five days of his premiership (30 July – 4 August 1766). He relinquished his Commons seat in order to take the office of Lord Privy Seal, which required his elevation to the House of Lords.
  5. ^ Pitt contested a different constituency in the 1784 British general election.
  6. ^ Lord Melbourne was the only prime minister to be dismissed by William IV.
  7. ^ Disraeli was elevated to the House of Lords in 1876, two years into his second premiership. Consequently, he relinquished his Commons seat as MP for Buckinghamshire.
  8. ^ Douglas Home disclaimed his peerage as the Earl of Home on 23 October 1963. He was elected an MP on 7 November 1963.

Timeline

Further information: Timeline of prime ministers of Great Britain and the United Kingdom
Keir StarmerRishi SunakLiz TrussBoris JohnsonTheresa MayDavid CameronGordon BrownTony BlairJohn MajorMargaret ThatcherJames CallaghanEdward HeathHarold WilsonAlec Douglas-HomeHarold MacmillanAnthony EdenClement AttleeWinston ChurchillNeville ChamberlainRamsay MacDonaldStanley BaldwinAndrew Bonar LawDavid Lloyd GeorgeHerbert Henry AsquithHenry Campbell-BannermanArthur BalfourThe Earl of RoseberyThe Marquess of SalisburyWilliam Ewart GladstoneBenjamin DisraeliThe Viscount PalmerstonThe Earl of AberdeenThe Earl of DerbyJohn Russell, 1st Earl RussellRobert PeelThe Viscount MelbourneThe Earl GreyThe Duke of WellingtonThe Viscount GoderichGeorge CanningThe Earl of LiverpoolSpencer PercevalThe Lord GrenvilleHenry AddingtonWilliam Pitt the YoungerThe Duke of PortlandThe Earl of ShelburneLord NorthThe Duke of GraftonWilliam Pitt, 1st Earl of ChathamThe Marquess of RockinghamGeorge GrenvilleJohn Stuart, 3rd Earl of ButeWilliam Cavendish, 4th Duke of DevonshireThe Duke of NewcastleHenry PelhamThe Earl of WilmingtonRobert Walpole

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ Hennessy 2001, pp. 39–40.
  2. ^ Stephen Taylor ODNB.[full citation needed]
  3. ^ Castlereagh 1805.
  4. ^ Eardley-Wilmot 1885; Macfarlane 1885.
  5. ^ Clarke 1999, p. 266; Hennessy 2001, pp. 39–40.
  6. ^ BBC News 1998.
  7. ^ Burt 1874, p. 106; Castlereagh 1805.
  8. ^ Bogdanor 1997.
  9. ^ Marriott 1923, p. 83.
  10. ^ Law 1922.
  11. ^ Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927.
  12. ^ a b Chisholm 1911f.
  13. ^ a b Pollard 1904.
  14. ^ a b Chisholm 1911a.
  15. ^ Chisholm 1911c.
  16. ^ Chapman 2002.
  17. ^ Fisher Russell Barker 1890; Stephen 1890.
  18. ^ Morrill 2018.
  19. ^ Chapman 2002, p. 15.
  20. ^ McMullen Rigg 1899.
  21. ^ a b c Chisholm 1911d; Chisholm 1911e.
  22. ^ Chisholm 1911b; McMullen Rigg 1899.
  23. ^ a b Leonard 2010, p. 1.
  24. ^ UK Government 2013.
  25. ^ Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, p. 413; Locker-Lampson 1907, p. 497.
  26. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 1, 5; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 1–5; Pryde et al. 1996, pp. 45–46.
  27. ^ Cook & Stevenson 1988, p. 41; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 14; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 7–10; Jones & Jones 1986, p. 222.
  28. ^ Cook & Stevenson 1988, pp. 41–42; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 17; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 11–15.
  29. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 28; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 16–21.
  30. ^ Cook & Stevenson 1988, p. 44; Courthope 1838, p. 19; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 34; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 23–26; Schumann & Schweizer 2012, p. 143.
  31. ^ Cook & Stevenson 1980, p. 11; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 28; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 16–21; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 46; Tout 1910, p. 740.
  32. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 36; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 28–31; Jones & Jones 1986, p. 223; Tout 1910, p. 740.
  33. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 42; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 33–35; Tout 1910, p. 740.
  34. ^ a b The British Magazine and Review 1782, p. 79; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 46, 50; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 39–43.
  35. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 54; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 45–50; Kebbel 1864, p. 143; Venning 2005, p. 93.
  36. ^ Courthope 1838, p. 9; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 61; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 52–56; Venning 2005, p. 93; Vincitorio 1968, p. 156.
  37. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 64; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 58–62; Whiteley 1996, p. 24.
  38. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 73; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 64–68; Venning 2005, p. 93.
  39. ^ Cook & Stevenson 1980, p. 11; Courthope 1838, p. 25; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 77; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 69–74; Venning 2005, p. 93.
  40. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 85; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 75–78; Evans 2008, p. 4.
  41. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 94; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 83–85; Styles 1829, p. 266.
  42. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 85; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 75–77; Evans 2008, p. 4.
  43. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 98; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 90–92; Tout 1910, p. 740.
  44. ^ Courthope 1838, p. 25; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 77; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 69–74; Evans 2008, p. 4.
  45. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 101; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 98–101; Evans 2008, p. 4.
  46. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 106; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 104–108; Evans 2008, p. 4; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 47.
  47. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 116, 133; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 110–115.
  48. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 120, 133; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 118–120.
  49. ^ Courthope 1838, p. 33; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 123; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 124–130; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 47; Shaw 1906, p. 447; Tout 1910, p. 740.
  50. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 128; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 133–139.
  51. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 136; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 141–143.
  52. ^ Courthope 1838, p. 33; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 123; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 124–130; Evans 2001, p. 471; Mahon & Cardwell 1856, p. 17; Shaw 1906, p. 447.
  53. ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 142; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 148–153.
  54. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 136; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 141–145; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 47.
  55. ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 151; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 155–160.
  56. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 161; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 162–164.
  57. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 159, 167; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 169–174; Royal Society of Edinburgh 2006, p. 375; Tout 1910, p. 741.
  58. ^ Disraeli 1855; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 174; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 177–184; Royal Society 2007, p. 349.
  59. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 161; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 162–164; Tout 1910, p. 741.
  60. ^ Balfour 1910; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 174; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 177–184; Royal Society 2007, p. 349.
  61. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 161; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 162–167; Tout 1910, p. 741.
  62. ^ Disraeli 1868; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 183; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 187–189; Tout 1910, p. 741.
  63. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 196; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 195–198; Royal Statistical Society 1892, p. 9.
  64. ^ Chamberlain 1884; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 183; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 187–192.
  65. ^ a b c Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 196; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 195–202; Royal Statistical Society 1892, p. 9.
  66. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 213; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 205–210; Mosley 2003, p. 3505.
  67. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 213; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 205–210; Locker-Lampson 1907, p. 497; Mosley 2003, p. 3505; Sandys 1910, p. 287.
  68. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 222; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 212–215.
  69. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 213, 221; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 205–210; Mosley 2003, p. 3505; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 47; Sandys 1910, p. 287.
  70. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 231; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 217–221; Mosley 1999, p. 173; Tout 1910, p. 741.
  71. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 239; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 223–227.
  72. ^ Butler & Butler 2010, p. 5; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 244; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 229–235; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 48.
  73. ^ Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 6–9; The Constitutional Yearbook 1919, p. 42; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 252; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 237–243.
  74. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 262; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 246–248; Scully 2018.
  75. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 273; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 253–255; Mosley 1999, p. 172.
  76. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 281; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 262–264.
  77. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 273; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 253–259; Mosley 1999, p. 172.
  78. ^ Butler & Butler 2010, p. 13; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 281; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 262–268.
  79. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 273; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 253–259; Mosley 1999, p. 172; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 48.
  80. ^ The Annual Register 1941, p. 11; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 289; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 270–274.
  81. ^ The Annual Register 1946, p. 11; Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 17–21, 77; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 295; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 276–282; The London Gazette 1924.
  82. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 305; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 284–289.
  83. ^ BBC On This Day 2005; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 295; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 276–282; The London Gazette 1924; Mosley 1999, p. 1868; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 48.
  84. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 315; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 291–295.
  85. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 320; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 297–303.
  86. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 329; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 306–310; Scully 2018.
  87. ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 333; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 313–320.
  88. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 343; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 322–328; UK Parliament 2005a.
  89. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 350; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 331–333; UK Parliament 2005b.
  90. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 358; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 340–347; UK Parliament 2013.
  91. ^ Butler & Butler 2010, p. 61; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 384; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 350–352.
  92. ^ Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 61, 270; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 392; Seldon 2007, pp. 77, 371, 647; UK Parliament 2017b.
  93. ^ Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 61, 86; UK Parliament 2012.
  94. ^ Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 61, 65; Lee & Beech 2011; Royal Communications 2016; Wheeler 2016.
  95. ^ BBC News 2017; Stamp 2016; UK Parliament 2017a.
  96. ^ BBC News 2019; Kuenssberg 2019; UK Parliament 2022.
  97. ^ BBC News 2022a; Nevett & Whannel 2022; UK Parliament 2024a.
  98. ^ BBC News 2022b; Nevett 2022; UK Parliament 2024b.
  99. ^ BBC News 2024c; UK Parliament 2024e.
  100. ^ a b Carpenter 1992, p. 37.
  101. ^ Leonard 2010, p. 47.
  102. ^ a b Leonard 2010, p. 65.
  103. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2011.

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