President of the Board of Trade

United Kingdom
President of the Board of Trade
Royal Arms as used by His Majesty's Government
since 5 July 2024
Board of Trade
UK Export Finance
StyleThe Right Honourable
(Formal prefix)
President of the Board of Trade
Member ofBritish Cabinet
Privy Council
Reports toThe Prime Minister
SeatWestminster, London
AppointerThe Sovereign
on advice of the Prime Minister
Term lengthNo fixed term

The president of the Board of Trade is head of the Board of Trade. A committee of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, it was first established as a temporary committee of inquiry in the 17th century that evolved gradually into a government department with diverse functions.[1] The current holder of the post is Jonathan Reynolds,[2] who is concurrently the secretary of state for business and trade.

History

The idea of a Board of Trade was first translated into action by Oliver Cromwell in 1655 when he appointed his son Richard Cromwell to head a body of Lords of the Privy Council, judges and merchants to consider measures to promote trade. Charles II established a Council of Trade on 7 November 1660, followed by a Council of Foreign Plantations on 1 December that year. The two were united on 16 September 1672 as the Board of Trade and Plantations.

After the Board was re-established in 1696, there were 15 (and later 16) members of the Board – the 7 (later 8) great officers of state, and eight unofficial members, who did the majority of the work. The senior unofficial board member was the board president, commonly known as the first lord of trade. The board was abolished on 11 July 1782, but a Committee of the Privy Council was established on 5 March 1784 for the same purposes. On 23 August 1786, a new committee was set up, more strongly focused on commercial functions than the previous boards of trade. At first, the president of the Board of Trade only occasionally sat in the Cabinet. Still, from the early 19th century, it was usually a cabinet-level position.

In 2020, there was an unusual appointment of a deputy president to assist the president. Still, the holder remained only an adviser to the Board.[3] This appears to have been a one-off appointment, and this role no longer exists.[4] However, the president was previously assisted by the vice president.[5]

List of presidents of the Board of Trade

First Lord of Trade (1672–1782)

First Lord Term of office Monarch
Anthony Ashley Cooper
1st Earl of Shaftesbury 		16 September
1672 		1676 Charles II
(1660–1685)
John Egerton
3rd Earl of Bridgewater 		16 December
1695 		9 June
1699 		William III
(1689–1702)
Thomas Grey
2nd Earl of Stamford[6] 		9 June
1699 		19 June
1702
Anne
(1702–1714
Thomas Thynne
1st Viscount Weymouth 		19 June
1702 		1705
Thomas Grey
2nd Earl of Stamford 		1705 12 June
1711
Charles Finch
4th Earl of Winchilsea 		12 June
1711 		15 September
1713
Francis North
2nd Baron Guilford 		15 September
1713 		September
1714
George I
(1714–1727
William Berkeley
4th Baron Berkeley of Stratton 		September
1714 		12 May
1715
Henry Howard
6th Earl of Suffolk 		12 May
1715 		31 January
1718
Robert Darcy
3rd Earl of Holderness 		31 January
1718 		11 May
1719
Thomas Fane
6th Earl of Westmorland 		11 May
1719 		May
1735
George II
(1727–1760
Benjamin Mildmay
1st Earl Fitzwalter 		May
1735 		June
1737
John Monson
1st Baron Monson 		June
1737 		1 November
1748
George Montagu-Dunk
2nd Earl of Halifax 		1 November
1748 		21 March
1761
George III
(1760–1820)
Samuel Sandys
1st Baron Sandys 		21 March
1761 		1 March
1763
Charles Townshend 1 March
1763 		20 April
1763
William Petty
2nd Earl of Shelburne 		20 April
1763 		9 September
1763
Wills Hill
Earl of Hillsborough 		9 September
1763 		20 July
1765
William Legge
2nd Earl of Dartmouth 		20 July
1765 		16 August
1766
Wills Hill
Earl of Hillsborough 		16 August
1766 		December
1766
Robert Nugent
Viscount Clare 		19 January
1767 		20 January
1768
Wills Hill
Earl of Hillsborough 		20 January
1768 		31 August
1772
William Legge
2nd Earl of Dartmouth 		31 August
1772 		10 November
1775
George Germain
1st Viscount Sackville 		10 November
1775 		6 November
1779
Frederick Howard
5th Earl of Carlisle 		6 November
1779 		9 December
1780
Thomas Robinson
2nd Baron Grantham 		9 December
1780 		11 July
1782

President of the Committee on Trade and Foreign Plantations (1784–1786)

President of the Committee Term of office Party Ministry Monarch
Thomas Townshend
1st Viscount Sydney 		5 March
1784 		23 August
1786 		Whig Pitt I George III
(1760–1820)

President of the Board of Trade (1786–1963)

President of the Board
Constituency 		Term of office Party Ministry Monarch Ref
Charles Jenkinson
1st Earl of Liverpool 		23 August
1786 		7 June
1804 		Tory Pitt I George III
(1760–1820)
Addington
James Graham
3rd Duke of Montrose 		7 June
1804 		5 February
1806 		Tory Pitt II
William Eden
1st Baron Auckland 		5 February
1806 		31 March
1807 		Independent All the Talents
Henry Bathurst
3rd Earl Bathurst 		31 March
1807 		29 September
1812 		Tory Portland II
Perceval
Liverpool
Richard Trench
2nd Earl of Clancarty 		29 September
1812 		24 January
1818 		Tory
F. J. Robinson
MP for Ripon 		24 January
1818 		21 February
1823 		Tory
George IV
(1820–1830)
William Huskisson
MP for Liverpool 		21 February
1823 		4 September
1827 		Tory
Canning
Charles Grant
MP for Inverness-shire 		4 September
1827 		11 June
1828 		Tory Goderich
Wellington–Peel
William Vesey-FitzGerald
MP for Newport (Cornwall) 		11 June
1828 		2 February
1830 		Tory [α]
John Charles Herries
MP for Harwich 		2 February
1830 		22 November
1830 		Tory
William IV
(1830–1837)
George Eden
Lord Auckland 		22 November
1830 		5 June
1834 		Whig Grey
Melbourne I
Charles Poulett Thomson
MP for Manchester 		5 June
1834 		14 November
1834 		Whig
Alexander Baring
MP for North Essex 		15 December
1834 		8 April
1835 		Tory Wellington Caretaker
Peel I
Charles Poulett Thomson
MP for Manchester 		8 April
1835 		29 August
1839 		Whig Melbourne II
Victoria
(1837–1901)
Henry Labouchere
MP for Taunton 		29 August
1839 		30 August
1841 		Whig
F. J. Robinson
Earl of Ripon 		3 September
1841 		15 May
1843 		Conservative Peel II
William Ewart Gladstone
MP for Newark 		15 May
1843 		5 February
1845 		Conservative
James Broun-Ramsay
Earl of Dalhousie 		5 February
1845 		27 June
1846 		Conservative
George Villiers
4th Earl of Clarendon 		6 July
1846 		22 July
1847 		Whig Russell I
Henry Labouchere
MP for Taunton 		22 July
1847 		21 February
1852 		Whig
J. W. Henley
MP for Oxfordshire 		27 February
1852 		17 December
1852 		Conservative Derby–Disraeli I
Edward Cardwell
MP for Oxford 		28 December
1852 		31 March
1855 		Peelite Aberdeen
Edward Stanley
2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley 		31 March
1855 		21 February
1858 		Whig Palmerston
J. W. Henley
MP for Oxfordshire 		26 February
1858 		3 March
1859 		Conservative Derby–Disraeli II
Richard Hely-Hutchinson
4th Earl of Donoughmore 		3 March
1859 		11 June
1859 		Conservative
Thomas Milner Gibson
MP for Ashton-under-Lyne 		6 July
1859 		26 June
1866 		Liberal Palmerston II
Russell III
Stafford Northcote
1st Earl of Iddesleigh 		6 July
1866 		8 March
1867 		Conservative Derby–Disraeli III
Charles Gordon-Lennox
6th Duke of Richmond 		8 March
1867 		1 December
1868 		Conservative
John Bright
MP for Birmingham 		9 December
1868 		14 January
1871 		Liberal Gladstone I
Chichester Parkinson-Fortescue
MP for County Louth 		14 January
1871 		17 February
1874 		Liberal
Charles Adderley
1st Baron Norton 		21 February
1874 		4 April
1878 		Conservative Disraeli II
Viscount Sandon
MP for Liverpool 		4 April
1878 		21 April
1880 		Conservative
Joseph Chamberlain
MP for Birmingham 		3 May
1880 		9 June
1885 		Liberal Gladstone II
Charles Gordon-Lennox
6th Duke of Richmond 		24 June
1885 		19 August
1885 		Conservative Salisbury I
Edward Stanhope
MP for Horncastle 		19 August
1885 		28 January
1886 		Conservative
A. J. Mundella
MP for Sheffield Brightside 		17 February
1886 		20 July
1886 		Liberal Gladstone III
Frederick Stanley
Lord Stanley of Preston 		3 August
1886 		21 February
1888 		Conservative Salisbury II
Michael Hicks Beach
1st Earl St Aldwyn 		21 February
1888 		11 August
1892 		Conservative
A. J. Mundella
MP for Sheffield Brightside 		18 August
1892 		28 May
1894 		Liberal Gladstone IV
James Bryce
MP for Aberdeen South 		28 May
1894 		21 June
1895 		Liberal Rosebery
Charles Ritchie
MP for Croydon 		29 June
1895 		7 November
1900 		Conservative Salisbury III
Gerald Balfour
MP for Leeds Central 		7 November
1900 		12 March
1905 		Conservative Salisbury IV
Edward VII
(1901–1910)
Balfour
James Gascoyne-Cecil
4th Marquess of Salisbury 		12 March
1905 		4 December
1905 		Conservative
David Lloyd George
MP for Carnarvon Boroughs 		10 December
1905 		12 April
1908 		Liberal Campbell-Bannerman
Winston Churchill
MP for Dundee 		12 April
1908 		14 February
1910 		Liberal Asquith I
Sydney Buxton
MP for Poplar 		14 February
1910 		11 February
1914 		Liberal Asquith II
George V
(1910–1936)
Asquith III
John Burns
MP for Battersea 		11 February
1914 		5 August
1914 		Liberal
Walter Runciman
MP for Dewsbury 		5 August
1914 		5 December
1916 		Liberal
Asquith Coalition
Albert Stanley
MP for Ashton-under-Lyne 		10 December
1916 		26 May
1919 		Conservative Lloyd George I
Lloyd George II
Auckland Geddes
MP for Basingstoke 		26 May
1919 		19 March
1920 		Conservative
Robert Horne
MP for Glasgow Hillhead 		19 March
1920 		1 April
1921 		Conservative
Stanley Baldwin
MP for Bewdley 		1 April
1921 		19 October
1922 		Conservative
Philip Cunliffe-Lister
MP for Hendon 		24 October
1922 		22 January
1924 		Conservative Law
Baldwin I
Sidney Webb
MP for Seaham 		22 January
1924 		3 November
1924 		Labour MacDonald I
Philip Cunliffe-Lister
MP for Hendon 		6 November
1924 		4 June
1929 		Conservative Baldwin II
William Graham
MP for Edinburgh Central 		7 June
1929 		24 August
1931 		Labour MacDonald II
Philip Cunliffe-Lister
MP for Hendon 		25 August
1931 		5 November
1931 		Conservative National I
Walter Runciman
MP for St Ives 		5 November
1931 		28 May
1937 		Liberal National National II
Edward VIII
(1936)
George VI
(1936–1952)
National III
Oliver Stanley
MP for Westmorland 		28 May
1937 		5 January
1940 		Conservative National IV
Chamberlain War
Andrew Rae Duncan
MP for City of London 		5 January
1940 		3 October
1940 		Independent
Churchill War
Oliver Lyttelton
MP for Aldershot 		3 October
1940 		29 June
1941 		Conservative
Andrew Rae Duncan
MP for City of London 		29 June
1941 		4 February
1942 		Independent
John Jestyn Llewellin
MP for Uxbridge 		4 February
1942 		22 February
1942 		Conservative
Hugh Dalton
MP for Peckham 		22 February
1942 		23 May
1945 		Labour
Oliver Lyttelton
MP for Aldershot 		25 May
1945 		26 July
1945 		Conservative Churchill Caretaker
Stafford Cripps
MP for Bristol East 		27 July
1945 		29 September
1947 		Labour Attlee I
Harold Wilson
MP for Ormskirk → Huyton 		29 September
1947 		23 April
1951 		Labour
Attlee II
Hartley Shawcross
MP for St Helens 		24 April
1951 		26 October
1951 		Labour
Peter Thorneycroft
MP for Monmouth 		30 October
1951 		13 January
1957 		Conservative Churchill III
Elizabeth II
(1952–2022)
Eden
David Eccles
MP for Chippenham 		13 January
1957 		14 October
1959 		Conservative Macmillan I
Reginald Maudling
MP for Barnet 		14 October
1959 		9 October
1961 		Conservative Macmillan II
Frederick Erroll
MP for Altrincham and Sale 		9 October
1961 		20 October
1963 		Conservative

President of the Board of Trade (1963–present)

President of the Board
Constituency 		Term of office Concurrent office(s) Party Ministry Monarch Ref
Edward Heath
MP for Bexley 		20 October
1963 		16 October
1964 		Secretary of State for
Industry, Trade and Regional Development 		Conservative Douglas-Home Elizabeth II
(1952–2022)
Douglas Jay
MP for Battersea North 		18 October
1964 		29 August
1967 		None Labour Wilson I
Wilson II
Anthony Crosland
MP for Great Grimsby 		29 August
1967 		6 October
1969 		Labour
Roy Mason
MP for Barnsley Central 		6 October
1969 		19 June
1970 		Labour
Michael Noble
MP for Argyll 		20 June
1970 		15 October
1970 		Conservative Heath
John Davies
MP for Knutsford 		15 October
1970 		5 November
1972 		Secretary of State for
Trade and Industry 		Conservative
Peter Walker
MP for Worcester 		5 November
1972 		4 March
1974 		Conservative
Peter Shore
MP for Stepney and Poplar 		5 March
1974 		8 April
1976 		Secretary of State for
Trade 		Labour Wilson III
Wilson IV
Edmund Dell
MP for Birkenhead 		8 April
1976 		11 November
1978 		Labour Callaghan
John Smith
MP for North Lanarkshire 		11 November
1978 		4 May
1979 		Labour
John Nott
MP for St Ives 		5 May
1979 		5 January
1981 		Conservative Thatcher I
John Biffen
MP for Oswestry 		5 January
1981 		6 April
1982 		Conservative
Arthur Cockfield
Baron Cockfield 		6 April
1982 		12 June
1983 		Conservative
Cecil Parkinson
MP for Hertsmere 		12 June
1983 		11 October
1983 		Secretary of State for
Trade and Industry 		Conservative Thatcher II
Norman Tebbit
MP for Chingford 		16 October
1983 		2 September
1985 		Conservative
Leon Brittan
MP for Richmond (Yorks) 		2 September
1985 		22 January
1986 		Conservative
Paul Channon
MP for Southend West 		24 January
1986 		13 June
1987 		Conservative
David Young
Baron Young of Graffham 		13 June
1987 		24 July
1989 		Conservative Thatcher III
Nicholas Ridley
MP for Cirencester and Tewkesbury 		24 July
1989 		13 July
1990 		Conservative
Peter Lilley
MP for St Albans 		14 July
1990 		10 April
1992 		Conservative
Conservative Major I
Michael Heseltine
MP for Henley 		10 April
1992 		5 July
1995 		Conservative Major II
Ian Lang
MP for Galloway and Upper Nithsdale 		5 July
1995 		2 May
1997 		Conservative
Margaret Beckett
MP for Derby South 		2 May
1997 		27 July
1998 		Labour Blair I
Peter Mandelson
MP for Hartlepool 		27 July
1998 		23 December
1998 		Labour
Stephen Byers
MP for North Tyneside 		23 December
1998 		8 June
2001 		Labour
Patricia Hewitt
MP for Leicester West 		8 June
2001 		6 May
2005 		Labour Blair II
Alan Johnson
MP for Kingston upon Hull West and Hessle 		6 May
2005 		5 May
2006 		Labour Blair III
Alistair Darling
MP for Edinburgh South West 		5 May
2006 		28 June
2007 		Labour
John Hutton
MP for Barrow and Furness 		28 June
2007 		3 October
2008 		Secretary of State for
Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform 		Labour Brown
Peter Mandelson
MP for Hartlepool 		3 October
2008 		12 May
2010 		Labour
Secretary of State for
Business, Innovation and Skills
Vince Cable
MP for Twickenham 		12 May
2010 		8 May
2015 		Liberal Democrats Cameron–Clegg
Sajid Javid
MP for Bromsgrove 		11 May
2015 		15 July
2016 		Conservative Cameron II
Greg Clark
MP for Tunbridge Wells 		15 July
2016 		19 July
2016 		Secretary of State for
Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 		Conservative May I [β]
Liam Fox
MP for North Somerset 		19 July
2016 		24 July
2019[10] 		Secretary of State for
International Trade 		Conservative
May II
Liz Truss
MP for South West Norfolk 		24 July
2019 		15 September
2021 		Conservative Johnson I
Johnson II
Anne-Marie Trevelyan
MP for Berwick-upon-Tweed 		15 September
2021 		6 September
2022 		Conservative
Kemi Badenoch
MP for Saffron Walden 		6 September
2022 		5 July
2024 		Conservative Truss
Charles III

(2022–)
Sunak
Secretary of State for
Business and Trade
Jonathan Reynolds
MP for Stalybridge and Hyde 		5 July
2024 		Incumbent Labour Starmer

Timeline

Jonathan ReynoldsKemi BadenochAnne-Marie TrevelyanLiz TrussLiam FoxGreg ClarkSajid JavidVince CableJohn Hutton, Baron Hutton of FurnessAlistair DarlingAlan JohnsonPatricia HewittStephen ByersPeter MandelsonMargaret BeckettIan LangMichael HeseltinePeter LilleyNicholas Ridley, Baron Ridley of LiddesdaleDavid Young, Baron Young of GraffhamPaul ChannonLeon BrittanNorman TebbitCecil ParkinsonArthur Cockfield, Baron CockfieldJohn BiffenJohn NottJohn Smith (Labour Party leader)Edmund DellPeter ShorePeter Walker, Baron Walker of WorcesterJohn Davies (British businessman)Michael Noble, Baron GlenkinglasRoy MasonAnthony CroslandDouglas JayEdward HeathFrederick ErrollReginald MauldingDavid Eccles, 1st Viscount EcclesPeter ThorneycroftHartley ShawcrossHarold WilsonStafford CrippsHugh DaltonJohn Jestyn LlewellinOliver LytteltonAndrew Rae DuncanOliver StanleyWilliam GrahamSidney WebbPhilip Cunliff-ListerStanley BaldwinRobert HorneAuckland GeddesAlbert StanleyWalter RuncimanJohn BurnsSydney BuxtonWinston ChurchillDavid Lloyd GeorgeJames Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of SalisburyGerald BalfourCharles RitchieJames BryceMichael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St AldwynFrederick Stanley, 16th Earl DerbyA. J. MundellaEdward StanhopeJoseph ChamberlainDudley Ryder, 3rd Earl of HarrowbyCharles Adderley, 1st Baron NortonChichester Parkinson-FortescueJohn BrightCharles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of RichmondStafford Northcote, 1st Earl of IddesleighThomas Milner GibsonRichard Hely-Hutchinson, 4th Earl of DonoughmoreEdward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of AlderleyEdward CardwellJ. W. HenleyGeorge Villiers, 4th Earl of ClarendonJames Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of DalhousieWilliam Ewart GladstoneHenry LabouchereAlexander Baring, 1st Baron AshburtonCharles Poulett ThomsonGeorge Eden, 1st Earl of AucklandJohn Charles HerriesWilliam Vesey-FitzGeraldCharles Grant, 1st Baron GlenelgWilliam HuskissonF. J. RobinsonRichard Trench, 2nd Earl of ClancartyHenry Bathurst, 3rd Earl BathurstWilliam Eden, 1st Baron AucklandJames Graham, 3rd Duke of MontroseCharles Jenkinson, 1st Earl of LiverpoolThomas Townshend, 1st Viscount SydneyThomas Robinson, 2nd Baron GranthamFrederick Howard, 5th Earl of CarlisleGeorge Germain, 1st Viscount SackvilleRobert Nugent, 1st Earl NugentWilliam Legge, 2nd Earl of DartmouthWills Hill, 1st Marquess of DownshireWilliam Petty, 2nd Earl of SHelburneCharles TownshendSamuel Sandys, 1st Baron SandysGeorge Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of HalifaxJohn Monson, 1st Baron MonsonBenjamin Mildmay, 1st Earl FitzwalterThomas Fane, 6th Earl of WestmorlandRobert Darcy, 3rd Earl of HoldernessHenry Howard, 6th Earl of SuffolkWilliam Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley of StrattonFrancis North, 2nd Baron GuilfordCharles Finch, 4th Earl of WinchilseaThomas Thynne, 1st Viscount WeymouthThomas Grey, 2nd Earl of StamfordJohn Egerton, 3rd Earl of BridgewaterAnthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury

Notes

  1. ^ Formerly MP for Clare, William Vesey-FitzGerald was briefly not sitting as an MP after the defeat in by-election of Clare and before the by-election of Newport (Cornwall).
  2. ^ Appointed by the Privy Council in error, and held the post for four days before the mistake was rectified.[7][8][9]

References

  1. ^ Olson, Alison G. "The Board of Trade and Colonial Virginia". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  2. ^ Diver, Tony (6 September 2022). "Liz Truss Cabinet latest: Kwasi Kwarteng appointed as Chancellor and Suella Braverman becomes Home Secretary". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
  3. ^ Stuart, Graham. "Board of Trade: Membership". UK Parliament. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  4. ^ "Board of Trade". UK Government. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  5. ^ "Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 3, Officials of the Boards of Trade 1660-1870". British History Online. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  6. ^ "Officials of the Boards of Trade 1660-1870 - Council of trade and plantations 1696-1782". Office-Holders in Modern Britain. Vol. 3.
  7. ^ May, Callum (22 July 2016). "Minister Greg Clark was briefly given wrong job". BBC News. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  8. ^ Tilbrook, Richard (15 July 2016). "Business Transacted and Orders Approved at the Privy Council Held by the Queen at Buckingham Palace on 15th July 2016" (PDF). Privy Council Office. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  9. ^ Tilbrook, Richard (19 July 2016). "Business Transacted and Orders Approved at the Privy Council Held by the Queen at Buckingham Palace on 19th July 2016" (PDF). Privy Council Office. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  10. ^ Liam Fox [@LiamFox] (24 July 2019). "Sadly, I will be leaving the Government. It has been a privilege to have served as Secretary of State for International Trade these past 3 years" (Tweet) – via Twitter.

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Species of ants that steal young ants of another species to contribute to their colony Queen and brood of the social parasite Polyergus lucidus with Formica archboldi workers Slave-making ants or slaver ants are brood parasites that capture broods of other ant species to increase the worker force of their colony. After emerging in the slave-maker nest, slave workers work as if they were in their own colony, while parasite workers only concentrate on replenishing the labor force from neighbori...

 

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Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut...

 

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Operating system written in Rust This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Redox operating system – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Operating system RedoxRedox running Ion shell in Orbital windowing systemDeveloperJeremy Soller,Redox Developers[1]Written inRust, assem...

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