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Jebero
Jebero
Shiwilu
Native to	Peru
Region	Jeberos
Ethnicity	2,500 (2000)
Native speakers	30 (2012)
Language family	Cahuapanan Jebero;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	jeb
Glottolog	jebe1250
ELP	Shiwilu

Jebero (Chebero, Xebero, Xihuila) is a moribund Amazonian language spoken by the Jebero people of Jeberos, Peru. It is spoken by only a small number of older adults and belongs to the Cahuapanan family together with Chayahuita.

Phonology

Vowels

Monophthong phonemes^[2]
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid		ɘ
Open		a

/i/ varies between close front unrounded [i], near-close front unrounded [i̞] and close-mid front unrounded [e].^[2]
/u/ varies between near-close near-front rounded [ʊ] and close-mid back weakly rounded [o̜], with the latter realization being the most usual.^[2]
/ɘ/ varies between mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽] and close-mid central unrounded [ɘ].^[2]
- /ɘ/ is shorter than the other vowels, particularly between voiceless consonants.^[2]
- The sequence /ɘn/ is sometimes realized as a syllabic [n̩].^[2]
/a/ varies between open central unrounded [ä] and near-open retracted front [æ̠].^[2] The vowel chart in Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013) puts /a/ in the near-open central position [ɐ].
- In closed syllables, /a/ is realized as open-mid central unrounded [ɜ].^[2]

Consonants

Consonant phonemes^[3]
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɲ
Stop		p	t	tʃ	k	ʔ
Fricative			s	ʃ		(h)
Trill	plain		r
Trill	glottalized		ˀr
Approximant	central	w	ð̞	j
Approximant	lateral		l	ʎ

/m, p/ are bilabial, whereas /w/ is labialized velar.
/tʃ/ is an affricate, rather than a plosive.^[3] It has nevertheless been placed in the table in that manner to save space.
/n, t, ð, l/ are laminal denti-alveolar [n̪, t̪, ð̪, l̪].^[4]
- In the syllable coda, /n/ is realized with a wider contact, maximally dentoalveolo-velar [n̪͡ŋ].^[4]
- After /u, a/, the denti-alveolar contact is often not made, which makes /n/ sound more like a velar nasal [ŋ].^[4]
- /ð/ may sometimes sound as if it were a lateral consonant, but it is never realized as lateral.^[2]
/ɲ, ʎ/ are dentoalveolo-palatal [ɲ̪, ʎ̪].^[4]
- /ʎ/ is sometimes realized as a weak fricative [ʎ̪˔].^[2]
/h/ occurs only in the affirmative interjection [ahã].^[3]
/r/ is realized as a flap [ɾ] in the syllable onset and as a trill [r] in the syllable coda.^[4]
/ˀr/ is a glottalized flap [ˀɾ]. Intervocalically, it is realized as a sequence [ɾʔ].^[4]

References

^ Jebero at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013), p. 101.
^ ^a ^b ^c Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013), p. 98.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013), p. 100.

Bibliography

Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2013), "Shiwilu (Jebero)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 97–106, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000370