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Hilbert's sixth problem is to axiomatize those branches of physics in which mathematics is prevalent. It occurs on the widely cited list of Hilbert's problems in mathematics that he presented in the year 1900.^[1] In its common English translation, the explicit statement reads:

Stairs of model reduction from microscopic dynamics (*the atomistic view*) to macroscopic continuum dynamics (*the laws of motion of continua*) (Illustration to the content of the book^[2])

6. Mathematical Treatment of the Axioms of Physics. The investigations on the foundations of geometry suggest the problem: To treat in the same manner, by means of axioms, those physical sciences in which already today mathematics plays an important part; in the first rank are the theory of probabilities and mechanics.

Hilbert gave the further explanation of this problem and its possible specific forms:

"As to the axioms of the theory of probabilities, it seems to me desirable that their logical investigation should be accompanied by a rigorous and satisfactory development of the method of mean values in mathematical physics, and in particular in the kinetic theory of gases. ... Boltzmann's work on the principles of mechanics suggests the problem of developing mathematically the limiting processes, there merely indicated, which lead from the atomistic view to the laws of motion of continua."

History

David Hilbert himself devoted much of his research to the sixth problem;^[3] in particular, he worked in those fields of physics that arose after he stated the problem.

In the 1910s, celestial mechanics evolved into general relativity. Hilbert and Emmy Noether corresponded extensively with Albert Einstein on the formulation of the theory.^[4]

In the 1920s, mechanics of microscopic systems evolved into quantum mechanics. Hilbert, with the assistance of John von Neumann, L. Nordheim, and E. P. Wigner, worked on the axiomatic basis of quantum mechanics (see Hilbert space).^[5] At the same time, but independently, Dirac formulated quantum mechanics in a way that is close to an axiomatic system, as did Hermann Weyl with the assistance of Erwin Schrödinger.

In the 1930s, probability theory was put on an axiomatic basis by Andrey Kolmogorov, using measure theory.

Since the 1960s, following the work of Arthur Wightman and Rudolf Haag, modern quantum field theory can also be considered close to an axiomatic description.

In the 1990s-2000s the problem of "the limiting processes, there merely indicated, which lead from the atomistic view to the laws of motion of continua" was approached by many groups of mathematicians. Main recent results are summarized by Laure Saint-Raymond,^[6] Marshall Slemrod,^[7] Alexander N. Gorban and Ilya Karlin.^[8]

Status

Hilbert’s sixth problem was a proposal to expand the axiomatic method outside the existing mathematical disciplines, to physics and beyond. This expansion requires development of semantics of physics with formal analysis of the notion of physical reality that should be done.^[9] Two fundamental theories capture the majority of the fundamental phenomena of physics:

Quantum field theory,^[10] which provides the mathematical framework for the Standard Model;
General relativity, which describes space-time and gravity at macroscopic scale.

Hilbert considered general relativity as an essential part of the foundation of physics.^[11]^[12] However, quantum field theory is not logically consistent with general relativity, indicating the need for a still-unknown theory of quantum gravity, where the semantics of physics is expected to play a central role. Hilbert's sixth problem thus remains open.^[13] Nevertheless, in recent years it has fostered research regarding the foundations of physics with a particular emphasis on the role of logic and precision of language, leading to some interesting results viz. a direct realization of uncertainty principle from Cauchy's definition of `derivative' and the unravelling of a semantic obstacle in the path of any theory of quantum gravity from the axiomatic perspective,^[14] unravelling of a logical tautology in the quantum tests of equivalence principle^[15] and formal unprovability of the first Maxwell's equation.^[16]

Notes

^ Hilbert, David (1902). "Mathematical Problems". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 8 (10): 437–479. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1902-00923-3. MR 1557926. Earlier publications (in the original German) appeared in Göttinger Nachrichten, 1900, pp. 253–297, and Archiv der Mathematik und Physik, 3rd series, vol. 1 (1901), pp. 44-63, 213–237.
^ Gorban, Alexander N.; Karlin, Ilya V. (2005). Invariant Manifolds for Physical and Chemical Kinetics. Lecture Notes in Physics (LNP, vol. 660). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. doi:10.1007/b98103. ISBN 978-3-540-22684-0. Archived from the original on 2020-08-19. Alt URL
^ Corry, L. (1997). "David Hilbert and the axiomatization of physics (1894–1905)". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 51 (2): 83–198. doi:10.1007/BF00375141.
^ Sauer 1999, p. 6
^ van Hove, Léon (1958). "Von Neumann's contributions to quantum theory". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 64 (3): 95–99. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1958-10206-2. MR 0092587. Zbl 0080.00416.
^ Saint-Raymond, L. (2009). Hydrodynamic limits of the Boltzmann equation. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 1971. Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92847-8. ISBN 978-3-540-92847-8.
^ Slemrod, M. (2013). "From Boltzmann to Euler: Hilbert's 6th problem revisited". Comput. Math. Appl. 65 (10): 1497–1501. doi:10.1016/j.camwa.2012.08.016. MR 3061719.
^ Gorban, A.N.; Karlin, I. (2014). "Hilbert's 6th Problem: exact and approximate hydrodynamic manifolds for kinetic equations". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 51 (2): 186–246. arXiv:1310.0406. doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-2013-01439-3.
^ Gorban, A.N. (2018). "Hilbert's sixth problem: the endless road to rigour". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. 376 (2118): 20170238. arXiv:1803.03599. Bibcode:2018RSPTA.37670238G. doi:10.1098/rsta.2017.0238. PMID 29555808.
^ Wightman, A.S. (1976). "Hilbert's sixth problem: Mathematical treatment of the axioms of physics". In Felix E. Browder (ed.). Mathematical Developments Arising from Hilbert Problems. Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics. Vol. XXVIII. American Mathematical Society. pp. 147–240. ISBN 0-8218-1428-1.
^ Hilbert, David (1915). "Die Grundlagen der Physik. (Erste Mitteilung)". Nahrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse. 1915: 395–407.
^ Sauer 1999
^ Theme issue "Hilbert's sixth problem". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. 376 (2118). 2018. doi:10.1098/rsta/376/2118.
^ A. Majhi (2022). "Cauchy's Logico-Linguistic Slip, the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and a Semantic Dilemma Concerning "Quantum Gravity"". International Journal of Theoretical Physics. 61 (3). arXiv:2204.00418. doi:10.1007/s10773-022-05051-8.
^ Majhi, A.; Sardar, G. (2023). "Scientific value of the quantum tests of equivalence principle in light of Hilbert's sixth problem". Pramana - J Phys. 97 (1). arXiv:2301.06327. doi:10.1007/s12043-022-02504-x.
^ A. Majhi (2023). "Unprovability of first Maxwell's equation in light of EPR's completeness condition: a computational approach from logico-linguistic perspective". Pramana - J Phys. 61 (4). arXiv:2310.14930. doi:10.1007/s12043-023-02594-1.

References

Sauer, Tilman (1999). "The relativity of discovery: Hilbert's first note on the foundations of physics". Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 53 (6): 529–575. arXiv:physics/9811050. Bibcode:1998physics..11050S. Zbl 0926.01004.
Wightman, A.S. (1976). "Hilbert's sixth problem: Mathematical treatment of the axioms of physics". In Felix E. Browder (ed.). Mathematical Developments Arising from Hilbert Problems. Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics. Vol. XXVIII. American Mathematical Society. pp. 147–240. ISBN 0-8218-1428-1.