Heinz Marquardt

Heinz Marquardt
Marquardt as an Oberfeldwebel
Nickname(s)"Negus"
Born(1922-12-29)29 December 1922
Braunsberg, East Prussia, (now Poland)
Died19 December 2003(2003-12-19) (aged 80)
Hammersbach
Buried
New cemetery in Marköbel, suburb of Hammersbach
Allegiance Nazi Germany (to 1945)
 West Germany
Service / branchLuftwaffe
German Air Force
Years of service1939–1945
1956–1973
RankLeutnant (Wehrmacht)
Oberstleutnant (Bundeswehr)
UnitJagdgeschwader 51
Jagdgeschwader 73
Battles / warsWorld War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Other workCondor

Heinz "Negus" Marquardt (29 December 1922 – 19 December 2003) was a German Luftwaffe fighter ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II. Marquardt was credited with 121 aerial victories—that is, 121 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft—with a further 16 unconfirmed victories in 320 combat missions. All but one of his victories were claimed over the Eastern Front.

World War II

Marquardt was born on 29 December 1922 in Braunsberg, present-day Braniewo in Poland, at the time in East Prussia a province of the Weimar Republic's Free State of Prussia.[1] On 15 September 1941, he was posted to the Jagdfliegerschule 5 (JFS 5—5th fighter pilot school), stationed at the Le Havre – Octeville airfield in France. As of 1 February 1942, he served as a fighter pilot instructor and flew a number of operational sorties on the Channel Front with the operational squadron of JFS 5.[2]

Eastern Front

On 1 August 1943, Marquard was transferred to the 11. Staffel (11th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders" (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) operating on the Eastern Front.[3] His transfer to JG 51 occurred during the Soviet Belgorod-Kharkov Offensive Operation where it supported the 8th Army.[4] The Staffel was commanded by Hauptmann Adolf Borchers and subordinated to IV. Gruppe of JG 51 headed by Major Hans-Ekkehard Bob.[5] According to Obermaier, Marquardt claimed his first aerial victory on 2 October, shooting down an Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft.[2]

On 22 June 1944, Soviet forces launched Operation Bagration, the strategic offensive operation against Army Group Centre. In consequence, IV. Gruppe was moved to Mogilev that day and to an airfield named Bayary located 92 kilometers (57 miles) northeast of Minsk and 13 kilometers (8.1 miles) east of Barysaw.[6] Following the German retreat, the Gruppe moved to an airfield at Lida, which is 150 kilometers (93 miles) west of Minsk, on 3 July.[7] On 14 August, Marquardt claimed a Yakovlev Yak-9 fighter near Osowiec Fortress. Later that day, IV. Gruppe retreated to an airfield at Tilsit, present-day Sovetsk located on the south bank of the Neman River. The next day, as part of the group expansion from three Staffeln per Gruppe to four Staffeln per Gruppe, 10. Staffel was re-designated and became the 13. Staffel while 11. Staffel became the 14. Staffel of JG 51.[8] Marquardt was then transferred and served with 13. Staffel which was commanded by Leutnant Peter Kalden.[9] On 28 August, IV. Gruppe moved to Modlin Airfield located approximately 35 kilometers (22 miles) northwest of Warsaw. Here, the Gruppe predominately flew combat missions to the area north and northeast of Warsaw. The next day, Marquardt claimed a Yak-9 fighter shot down northeast of Warsaw.[10] On 10 September, Marquardt was awarded German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold).[3] Following a brief period of little combat in central Poland, Marquardt became an "ace-in-a-day" on 7 October, claiming two Il-2 ground-attack aircraft and a Douglas A-20 Havoc bomber, also known as Boston, on the first mission of the day.[11]

Marquard and his Gruppenkommandeur (group commander), Hauptmann Heinz Lange, both received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 18 November for 89 and 70 aerial victories respectively.[12] On 14 April 1945, Marquardt was credited with his 100th aerial victory. He was the 102nd Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[13] On a transfer flight of new Focke-Wulf Fw 190 D-9 to his unit, he was credited with four aerial victories over Yakovlev Yak-3 on 25 April 1945.[14] On 30 April, Marquardt accidentally ran his Fw 190 D-9 into a drainage ditch on a transfer flight. Due to lack of spare parts, the damage was not reparable and the aircraft was blown up to prevent it from falling to the enemy.[15]

On 1 May 1945 Marquardt became Jagdgeschwader 51's last casualty of the war when he was shot down by Royal Air Force Spitfires north of Berlin.[16] Marquardt had led a flight of six Focke-Wulf Fw 190 D-9 on an escort mission of 12 Fw 190 F-8 ground attack aircraft from Redlin on a mission to Berlin. After completing the mission the aircraft returned to Schwerin. During the landing approach the flight came under attack of 6 Spitfire Mk XIV from No. 41 Squadron. Marquardt ordered his flight to cover the landing of the ground attack fighters while he and his wingman, Feldwebel Radlauer, attacked the Spitfires from below. Marquardt claimed one of the attackers but was shot down as well along with two other Fw 190s. Radlauer saw Marquardt's Fw 190 crash in flames but did not observe any sign of life. Marquardt was initially reported as killed in action but he had bailed out injured and was taken to a hospital in Schwerin, where he was taken prisoner of war shortly after.[14]

Later life

Following World War II, Marquardt served in the newly established German Air Force of West Germany with the rank of Leutnant (Second Lieutenant) on 16 August 1956. He served with Jagdgeschwader 73 (JG 73—73rd Fighter Wing) and Leichtes Kampfgeschwader 42 (LeKG 42—42nd Light Combat Wing). Marquardt retired on 30 September 1973, having risen to the rank of Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel). Following his retirement, he became good friends with former Flight Lieutenant Peter Cowell who had shot him down on 1 May 1945. Marquardt died on 19 December 2003 in Hammersbach.[17]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Marquardt was credited with 121 aerial victories.[18] His aerial victories were claimed on 320 combat missions.[19] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and state that Marquardt was credited with more than 121 aerial victories, all of which claimed on the Eastern Front.[20]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 34 Ost 39551". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[21]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Marquardt an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Balke, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 11. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[22]
1 17 October 1943 09:32 Yak-1 southwest of St. Budniza[23] 27 6 July 1944 10:25 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 65531[24]
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Telchje
2 28 October 1943 06:40 Yak-1 west of Pjatichatki[23] 28 6 July 1944 10:29 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 65534[24]
40 km (25 mi) east-southeast of Navahrudak
3 21 November 1943 09:50 Il-2 Loschkarewka[25] 29 9 July 1944 19:13 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 54852[24]
20 km (12 mi) east of Slonim
4 22 November 1943 14:32 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] Pavlovskoye[25] 30 9 July 1944 19:17 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 54845[24]
15 km (9.3 mi) west of Baranavichy
5 11 December 1943 11:07 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 39551[25]
35 km (22 mi) west Borovichi 		31 17 July 1944 17:47 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 41881[24]
20 km (12 mi) west of Brody
6 10 January 1944 11:19 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] PQ 25 Ost 80681[26]
25 km (16 mi) southeast of Vinnytsia 		32 20 July 1944 14:35 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 40565[24]
20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Ternopil
7 10 January 1944 11:21 Yak-1 PQ 25 Ost 80681[26]
25 km (16 mi) southeast of Vinnytsia 		33 21 July 1944 14:49 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 50517[24]
15 km (9.3 mi) east of Berezhany
8 9 April 1944 13:32 La-5 PQ 25 Ost 50731[27]
southeast of Ternopil 		34 24 July 1944 07:46 P-39 PQ 25 Ost 20265[24]
15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Sanok
9 29 April 1944 10:30 R-5 PQ 24 Ost 59354[27]
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Kolomyia 		35 31 July 1944 10:35 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 36859[24]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Kėdainiai
10 29 April 1944 10:31 R-5 PQ 24 Ost 59354[27]
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Kolomyia 		36 31 July 1944 13:16 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 46777[24]
15 km (9.3 mi) west of Ukmergė
11 29 April 1944 10:32 R-5 PQ 24 Ost 59363[27]
25 km (16 mi) east-northeast of Kolomyia 		37 1 August 1944 06:23 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 35321[24]
20 km (12 mi) northwest of Marijampolė
12 2 May 1944 05:44 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 40261[27]
10 km (6.2 mi) north of Zolochiv 		38 1 August 1944 10:48 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 35314[24]
20 km (12 mi) north-northwest of Marijampolė
13 2 May 1944 05:45 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] PQ 25 Ost 50141[27]
15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Zolochiv 		39 1 August 1944 10:58 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 35347[24]
20 km (12 mi) west-northwest of Marijampolė
14 10 May 1944 07:10 R-5 PQ 24 Ost 59287[28]
60 km (37 mi) northeast of Kolomyia 		40 2 August 1944 08:00 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 25429[24]
15 km (9.3 mi) east-southeast of Blumenfeld
15 10 May 1944 07:11 R-5 PQ 24 Ost 59264[28]
55 km (34 mi) northeast of Kolomyia 		41 2 August 1944 08:02 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 25438[24]
15 km (9.3 mi) east-southeast of Blumenfeld
16 18 May 1944 08:20 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 50474[28]
vicinity of Ternopil 		42 4 August 1944 07:52 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 36599[24]
30 km (19 mi) west of Kėdainiai
17 23 May 1944 11:09 La-5 PQ 25 Ost 50386[28]
25 km (16 mi) west of Ternopil 		43 5 August 1944 08:08 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 36731[24]
35 km (22 mi) southeast of Nemakščiai
18 28 May 1944 06:35 La-5 PQ 25 Ost 50512[28]
15 km (9.3 mi) east of Berezhany 		44 5 August 1944 08:10 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 36729[24]
30 km (19 mi) west-southwest of Kėdainiai
19 8 June 1944 11:20 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] PQ 25 Ost 50183[28]
25 km (16 mi) south-southeast of Brody 		45 7 August 1944 13:30 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 25433[24]
25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Blumenfeld
20 8 June 1944 11:23 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] PQ 25 Ost 50164[28]
25 km (16 mi) south-southeast of Brody 		46 8 August 1944 11:05 Yak-1 PQ 25 Ost 36544[24]
20 km (12 mi) east-southeast of Nemakščiai
21 8 June 1944 11:30 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] PQ 25 Ost 50168[28]
25 km (16 mi) east of Zolochiv 		47 8 August 1944 11:10 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] PQ 25 Ost 36575[24]
20 km (12 mi) southeast of Nemakščiai
22 17 June 1944 13:21 La-5 PQ 25 Ost 50882[28]
55 km (34 mi) south-southeast of Ternopil 		48 8 August 1944 11:12 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] PQ 25 Ost 36573[24]
20 km (12 mi) southeast of Nemakščiai
23 4 July 1944 20:55 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] PQ 25 Ost 65661[28]
20 km (12 mi) north-northwest of Maladzyechna 		49 9 August 1944 11:56 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 35388[24]
25 km (16 mi) west-northwest of Marijampolė
24 4 July 1944 20:57 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] PQ 25 Ost 65623[28]
20 km (12 mi) north-northwest of Maladzyechna 		50 9 August 1944 14:51 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 35334[29]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Marijampolė
25 4 July 1944 20:58 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] PQ 25 Ost 65622[28]
20 km (12 mi) north-northwest of Maladzyechna 		51 9 August 1944 14:54 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1]?[Note 2] PQ 25 Ost 25466[29]
20 km (12 mi) west of Marijampolė
26 4 July 1944 20:59 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 65625[28]
10 km (6.2 mi) north of Maladzyechna 		52 14 August 1944 10:55 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 24619[29]
45 km (28 mi) northeast of Łomża
– 13. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[31]
53 16 August 1944 17:22 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 26627[29]
vicinity of Nemakščiai 		72?[Note 3] 13 October 1944 09:26 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] PQ 25 Ost 03639[33]
54 17 August 1944 10:51 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 26631[29]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Nemakščiai 		73 13 October 1944 12:11 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 13511[33]
20 km (12 mi) north of Warsaw
55 17 August 1944 10:54 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] PQ 25 Ost 26635[29]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Nemakščiai 		74 13 October 1944 15:26 Boston?[Note 4] PQ 25 Ost 13517[33]
20 km (12 mi) north of Warsaw
56 29 August 1944 09:56 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 13523[29]
25 km (16 mi) north-northeast of Warsaw 		75 15 October 1944 11:42 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 13573, Jabłonna[33]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Warsaw
57 1 September 1944 13:44 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 13519[29]
25 km (16 mi) north-northeast of Warsaw 		76 15 October 1944 11:46 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 13546[33]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Warsaw
58 4 September 1944 17:18 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 13259[29]
15 km (9.3 mi) south of Ostrołęka 		77 17 October 1944 14:52 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 13341[33]
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Modlin
59 4 September 1944 17:21 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 13219[29]
20 km (12 mi) northwest of Ostrów 		78 17 October 1944 14:53?[Note 5] Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 03446[33]
20 km (12 mi) east of Nasielsk
60 4 September 1944 17:25 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 13245[29]
15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Ostrów 		79 19 October 1944 10:12 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 13344[33]
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Nasielsk
61 5 September 1944 18:42 La-5 PQ 25 Ost 13344[33]
20 km (12 mi) east of Nasielsk 		80 19 October 1944 10:14 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 13347[34]
20 km (12 mi) east of Nasielsk
62 11 September 1944 15:23 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 13722[33]
15 km (9.3 mi) east of Warsaw 		81 19 October 1944 10:15 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 13378[34]
20 km (12 mi) east of Nasielsk
63 15 September 1944 12:26 P-39 PQ 35 Ost 03699[33]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Warsaw 		82 21 October 1944 15:15 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 13316[34]
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Nasielsk
64♠ 7 October 1944 12:54 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] PQ 25 Ost 13373[33]
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Modlin 		83 23 October 1944 09:25 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] PQ 25 Ost 03493[34]
15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Warsaw
65♠ 7 October 1944 12:58 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] PQ 25 Ost 13348[33]
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Modlin 		84♠ 24 October 1944 08:40 P-39 PQ 25 Ost 03469[34]
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Modlin
66♠ 7 October 1944 13:04 Boston PQ 25 Ost 13555[33]
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Modlin 		85♠ 24 October 1944 11:18 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 03498[34]
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Warsaw
67♠ 7 October 1944 16:10 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 03461[33]
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Modlin 		86♠ 24 October 1944 13:52 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] PQ 25 Ost 13171[34]
30 km (19 mi) east of Ciechanów
68♠ 7 October 1944 16:11 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 03465[33]
20 km (12 mi) east of Nasielsk 		87♠ 24 October 1944 13:54 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] PQ 25 Ost 13147[34]
30 km (19 mi) east of Ciechanów
69♠ 7 October 1944 16:14 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 03469[33]
20 km (12 mi) east of Nasielsk 		88♠ 24 October 1944 13:57 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] PQ 25 Ost 13142[34]
25 km (16 mi) northeast of Nasielsk
70♠ 7 October 1944 16:16 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 03463[33]
20 km (12 mi) east-southeast of Nasielsk 		89 25 October 1944 12:23 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 13177[34]
25 km (16 mi) northeast of Nasielsk
71♠ 7 October 1944 16:17 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 03567[33]
15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Warsaw
According to Mathews and Foreman, aerial victories 89 to 98 were not documented.[32] The author Prien, Stemmer, Balke and Bock state that the aerial victory records of IV. Gruppe dated later than November 1944 are incomplete.[34]
99 14 April 1945 09:00+ Yak-3 108 18 April 1945
—
 Yak-3
100 14 April 1945 09:00+ Yak-3 109 18 April 1945
—
 Il-2
101 15 April 1945
—
 P-39 24 April 1945
—
 Yak-3
102 15 April 1945
—
 P-39 24 April 1945
—
 Yak-3
103 15 April 1945
—
 Yak-3 24 April 1945
—
 Yak-3
104 16 April 1945
—
 Yak-3 24 April 1945
—
 Yak-3
105 16 April 1945
—
 Yak-3 27 April 1945
—
 Yak-3
106 18 April 1945
—
 Il-2 120 29 April 1945
—
 Il-2
107 18 April 1945
—
 Yak-3 121 1 May 1945
—
 Spitfire Lake Schwerin

Awards

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t The "m.H." refers to an Ilyushin Il-2 with rear gunner (mit Heckschütze).
  2. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Yakovlev Yak-9.[30]
  3. ^ This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[32]
  4. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Ilyushin Il-2.[32]
  5. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 14:55.[32]
  6. ^ According to Scherzer as Oberfeldwebel in the 13./Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders".[38]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 180.
  2. ^ a b c Obermaier 1989, p. 164.
  3. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 807.
  4. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 127.
  5. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 143.
  6. ^ Prien et al. 2022, p. 457.
  7. ^ Prien et al. 2022, p. 458.
  8. ^ Prien et al. 2022, pp. 464, 485.
  9. ^ Prien et al. 2022, p. 477.
  10. ^ Prien et al. 2022, pp. 466–467, 485.
  11. ^ Weal 2007, p. 77.
  12. ^ Weal 2006, p. 115.
  13. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
  14. ^ a b Aders & Held 1993, p. 182.
  15. ^ Weal 2006, p. 117.
  16. ^ Weal 1998, p. 82.
  17. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 181.
  18. ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 330.
  19. ^ Forsyth 2022, p. 72.
  20. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 807–809.
  21. ^ Planquadrat.
  22. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 807–808.
  23. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 155.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Prien et al. 2022, p. 484.
  25. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2012, p. 156.
  26. ^ a b Prien et al. 2022, p. 480.
  27. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2022, p. 482.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Prien et al. 2022, p. 483.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Prien et al. 2022, p. 485.
  30. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 808.
  31. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 808–809.
  32. ^ a b c d Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 809.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Prien et al. 2022, p. 486.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Prien et al. 2022, p. 487.
  35. ^ Dixon 2023, pp. 180–181.
  36. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 295.
  37. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 303.
  38. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 527.

Bibliography

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  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
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  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Forsyth, Robert (2022). Fw 190 D-9 Defence of the Reich 1944–45. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-4939-7.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 3 M–R. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-20-2.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2012). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 12/II—Einsatz im Osten—4.2. bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 12/II—Action in the East—4 February to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-05-5.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Balke, Ulf; Bock, Winfried (2022). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 15/I—Einsatz im Osten—1.1. bis 31.12.1944 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 15/I—Action in the East—1 January to 31 December 1944] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-26-0.
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Yonder: The Cloud Catcher Chronicles

2017 video gameYonder: The Cloud Catcher ChroniclesDeveloper(s)Prideful SlothPublisher(s)WW: Prideful SlothWW: Merge Games (Physical)JP: Nippon Ichi Software (Physical)Designer(s)Cheryl VanceEngineUnity[1]Platform(s)PlayStation 4PlayStation 5Microsoft WindowsNintendo SwitchXbox OneXbox Series X/SReleasePlayStation 4, Microsoft Windows18 July 2017Nintendo Switch17 May 2018Xbox One27 February 2019PlayStation 527 July 2021Xbox Series X/S5 August 2021Genre(s)AdventureMode(s)Single-player...

 

Festival Laos

That Luang Festival Festival Laos merupakan serangkaian acara yang sering diadakan di Laos. Hampir setiap bulan ada festival yang menarik dan unik diselenggarakan di Laos. Pada bulan Januari diadakan perayaan tahun baru. Kemudian ada perayaan Boun Pha Vet dan Boun Ma Ka Bu Saar yang diadakan pada bulan Januari sampai Febuari , kedua festival tersebut merupakan festival keagamaan yang berkaitan dengan Budha. Lalu pada bulan Maret ada Boun Khoun Kou, festival panen.[1]Festival Boun Pi M...

 

Command master chief petty officer

Enlisted rating This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Command master chief petty officer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) A U.S. command master chief in 2007 gives a tour of USS Ronald Reagan to a Japanese command mas...

Chauffeur Antoinette

1932 film Chauffeur AntoinetteDirected byHerbert SelpinWritten byJean de Letraz (play) Suzanne Desty (play) Roger Blum (play) Georg C. Klaren Heinz GoldbergStarringCharlotte Ander Hans Adalbert Schlettow Walter SteinbeckCinematographyCarl DrewsMusic byRalph BenatzkyProductioncompanyExcelsior-FilmDistributed byStandard-FilmverleihRelease date15 January 1932Running time88 minutesCountryGermanyLanguageGerman Chauffeur Antoinette is a 1932 German comedy film directed by Herbert Selpin and starrin...

 

list of spacecraft manufacturers

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this ...

 

Roselyn Sánchez

Roselyn SánchezSánchez in 2013LahirRoselyn Milagros Sánchez Rodríguez2 April 1973 (umur 51)San Juan, Puerto RicoPekerjaanAktris, produser, penulis, modelTahun aktif1992–aktrisSuami/istriGary Stretch ​ ​(m. 1998; c. 2001)​ Eric Winter ​ ​(m. 2008)​Anak2 Roselyn Milagros Sánchez Rodríguez (lahir 2 April 1973) adalah seorang penyanyi penulis lagu, penari, model, aktris, produser dan penulis berk...

Zarraga, Iloilo

Peta menunjukan lokasi Zarraga Zarraga adalah munisipalitas yang terletak di provinsi Iloilo, Filipina. Pada tahun 2010, munisipalitas ini memiliki populasi sebesar 23.000 jiwa atau 4.792 rumah tangga. Pembagian wilayah Secara administratif Zarraga terbagi menjadi 24 barangay, yaitu: Balud Lilo-an Balud I Balud II Dawis Centro Dawis Norte Dawis Sur Gines Inagdangan Centro Inagdangan Norte Inagdangan Sur Jalaud Norte Jalaud Sur Libongcogon Malunang Pajo Ilawod Poblacion Ilaya Poblacion Sambag ...

 

Человек прямоходящий

† Человек прямоходящий Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:Синапсиды�...

 

Incontro con Mina

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Incontro con Mina – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1969 compilation album by MinaIncontro con MinaCompilation album by MinaReleased1969Length49:30LabelPDUMina chronology Mina for You(1969) ...

Maison de Belgique

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Belgique (homonymie). Ne doit pas être confondu avec Famille royale de Belgique. Maison de BelgiqueMaison de Saxe-Cobourg Armoiries du roi des Belges Données clés Type Maison royale Dénominations Huis van België (néerlandais)Haus von Belgien (allemand) Pays Royaume de Belgique Lignée Maison de Saxe-Cobourg et Gotha Titres Rois des BelgesDucs de BrabantComtes de HainautComtes de FlandrePrince de LiègeDuc de SaxePrince de Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha Chef actuel...

 

Anurag Kashyap

Anurag KashyapKashyap saat peluncuran trailer Bombay Velvet, 2015LahirAnurag Singh Kashyap10 September 1972 (umur 51)Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaPekerjaanSutradara, produser, penulis latar, aktorTahun aktif1997–sekarangSuami/istriAarti Bajaj ​(m. 2003⁠–⁠2009)​ Kalki Koechlin ​(m. 2011⁠–⁠2013)​ Anurag Singh Kashyap (kelahiran 10 September 1972) adalah seorang sutradara, penulis lat...

 

Sigurd Rushfeldt

Norwegian footballer (born 1972) Sigurd Rushfeldt Rushfeldt with Tromsø in 2008Personal informationFull name Sigurd RushfeldtDate of birth (1972-12-11) 11 December 1972 (age 51)Place of birth Vadsø, NorwayHeight 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in)Position(s) StrikerYouth career Vadsø Turn NorildSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1992–1996 Tromsø 75 (34)1995 → Birmingham City (loan) 7 (0)1996–1999 Rosenborg 66 (67)1999–2002 Racing Santander 42 (5)2001 → Rosenborg (loan) 10 (6)...

世界政區索引

此條目可能包含不适用或被曲解的引用资料，部分内容的准确性无法被证實。 (2023年1月5日)请协助校核其中的错误以改善这篇条目。详情请参见条目的讨论页。 各国相关 主題列表 索引 国内生产总值 石油储量 国防预算 武装部队（军事） 官方语言 人口統計 人口密度 生育率 出生率 死亡率 自杀率 谋杀率 失业率 储蓄率 识字率 出口额 进口额 煤产量 发电量 监禁率 死刑 国债 ...

 

List of mayors of Akron, Ohio

This is a list of mayors of Akron, Ohio, a city in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Ohio located in Summit County. The newly elected mayor assumes office at midnight on New Year's Day according to recent practice. From 1920 to 1924 a new charter established City commission government led by an administrator. Pre-Commission Mayors of Akron Term Mayor 1836 Seth Iredell 1837–1838 John C. Singletary 1839 Lucius V. Bierce 1840 Arad Kent 1841 Lucius V. Bierce (2) 1842–1843 H. H. John...

 

Vardar offensive

World War I military operation Vardar offensivePart of the Macedonian front and Balkans Theatre of World War IA Bulgarian telephone station at Lake Doiran, March 1917Date15–29 September 1918LocationVardar Macedonia (present day North Macedonia)Result Decisive Entente victory Armistice of SalonicaBelligerents  Bulgaria  Germany  Serbia  France  United Kingdom  Greece  Italy Commanders and leaders Friedrich von Scholtz Kuno von Steuben Georgi Todorov Hristo ...

Nielsen Media Research

American broadcast audience measurement service Nielsen Media ResearchFormerlyACNielsenCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryMedia researchFounded1996; 28 years ago (1996)Headquarters85 Broad Street, New York City, New York, U.S.Area servedWorldwideServicesConsumerizationParentNielsen HoldingsWebsitenielsen.com Nielsen Media Research (NMR) is an American firm that measures media audiences, including television, radio, theatre, films (via the AMC Theatres MAP program), and newspapers...

 

Panama at the 1968 Summer Olympics

This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Sporting event delegationPanama at the1968 Summer OlympicsIOC codePANNOCComité Olímpico de PanamáWebsitewww.copanama.com (in Spanish)in Mexico CityCompetitors16 (16 men and 0 women) in 3 sportsFlag bearerJuli...

 

George Papandreou

Greek politician, president of the Socialist International For George Papandreou's namesake grandfather, see Georgios Papandreou. George PapandreouΓιώργος ΠαπανδρέουPapandreou in 2011Prime Minister of GreeceIn office6 October 2009 – 11 November 2011PresidentKarolos PapouliasDeputyTheodoros PangalosEvangelos VenizelosPreceded byKostas KaramanlisSucceeded byLucas PapademosLeader of the OppositionIn office10 March 2004 – 6 October 2009Prime MinisterKostas K...

Pasquino

Statue in Rome This article is about a Roman talking statue. For the political scientist Gianfranco Pasquino, see Gianfranco Pasquino. Pasquin redirects here. For the South Australian writer and his magazine, see Eustace Reveley Mitford. For the work by Henry Fielding, see Pasquin (play). PasquinoPasquin, Latin: PasquillusTypeTalking statues of RomeSubjectMenelaus (supporting the body of Patroclus)Supposedly named for Pasquino, a neighboring tailorLocationPiazza Pasquino, Rome, ItalyCoordinat...

 

Battle Lake, Minnesota

City in Minnesota, United States City in Minnesota, United StatesBattle LakeCityMotto: Heart Of 1001 Lakes[1]Location of Battle Lake, MinnesotaCoordinates: 46°17′06″N 95°43′07″W / 46.28500°N 95.71861°W / 46.28500; -95.71861CountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountyOtter TailArea[2] • Total1.44 sq mi (3.73 km2) • Land1.44 sq mi (3.72 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.01&#...