Hartmann Grasser

Hartmann Grasser
Grasser as a Major
Born(1914-08-23)23 August 1914
Graz, Austria
Died2 June 1986(1986-06-02) (aged 71)
Cologne, West Germany
Buried
St. Leonhard-Cemetery, Graz, Austria
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branchLuftwaffe
Years of service1936–1945
RankMajor (major)
UnitJGr 152, ZG 52, ZG 2, JG 51, JG 1, JG 110
CommandsII./JG 51, III./JG 1
Battles / wars
See battles

World War II

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Other workmilitary advisor

Hartmann Grasser (23 August 1914 – 2 June 1986) was a World War II German fighter ace. He was credited with shooting down 103 Allied aircraft[1][2][3] while flying 700 missions on the Western Front, Eastern Front, and in North Africa. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves.

Early life and career

Grasser was born on 23 August 1914 in Graz, Steiermark, Austria. After he received his Abitur, he started studying medicine and became a member of the Austrian Nazis. Following the failed coup attempt in the July Putsch, Grasser fled to Germany. On 1 April 1936, Grasser then joined the Luftwaffe with the rank of Fahnenjunker (cadet).[4] Following flight training,[Note 1] he was posted to I. Gruppe (1st group) of Zerstörergeschwader 52 (ZG 52—52nd Destroyer Wing) where he served with 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) of ZG 52.[6]

World War II

World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. At the time ZG 52 was commanded by Hauptmann Wilhelm Lessmann and was based at Biblis where it was tasked with protecting Germany's western border in the Saar region during the "Phoney War".[7] On 16 September, Grasser shot down a tethered balloon. The following day, he was awarded the Iron Cross second Class (Eisernes Kreuz zweiter Klasse).[8] A week later, on 24 September 1939, his Messerschmitt Bf 109 109 D-1 was damaged in combat with a French Morane-Saulnier M.S.406, resulting in a forced landing at Bingen.[9] That day, I. Gruppe of ZG 52 was also renamed and became the Jagdgruppe 152 (JGr. 152—152nd Fighter Group). On 6 January 1940, JGr. 152 was ordered to Graz where it was reequipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter and was renamed, again becoming the I. Gruppe of ZG 52.[7] This unit was then renamed and became the II. Gruppe of Zerstörergeschwader 2 (ZG 2—2nd Destroyer Wing). In consequence, Grasser became a pilot of 6. Staffel. Flying with this squadron, he participated in the Battle of France and Battle of England and claimed six aerial victories.[6] During these campaigns, Grasser was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) on 1 June 1940 and received the Iron Cross first Class (Eisernes Kreuz erster Klasse) on 7 July.[8]

With Jagdgeschwader 51

In October 1940, Grasser was transferred to Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing).[8] There, he was assigned to the Geschwaderstab (headquarters unit) headed by Oberstleutnant Werner Mölders. Prior to his posting to JG 51, Grasser had been destined to become a night fighter pilot which was not what he wanted to do. Additionally, he helped in the formation of the Z-Staffel (Z—Zerstörer or destroyer) of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) which later became part of Jagdgeschwader 5 (JG 5—5th Fighter Wing). Grasser also served as a test pilot, flying the Bf 109 T, the aircraft carrier variant, which were to be produced at Fieseler in Kassel. His acquaintance, Oberleutnant Hans Kolbow, introduced him to Mölders who arranged the transfer to JG 51 instead.[10]

Grasser claimed his first aerial victory flying with JG 51 on 1 December 1940 when he shot down a Royal Air Force (RAF) Hawker Hurricane fighter near Ashford.[11]

On the Eastern Front

In June 1941, JG 51 and the majority of the Luftwaffe were transferred to the Eastern Front in preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union.[12] On 16 July 1941, Kolbow, the Staffelkapitän of 5. Staffel was killed in action. He was replaced by Leutnant Hans-Joachim Steffens who was also killed in action shortly after. On 1 August, command of 5. Staffel was then handed to Grasser. The Staffel was a squadron of II. Gruppe, at the time commanded by Hauptmann Hubertus von Bonin.[13] On 11 October, the Gruppe was briefly detached from the Geschwaderstab of JG 51 and ordered east to Oryol. There, the Gruppe was subordinated to Gefechtsverband Schönborn (Detachment Schönborn), named after the commander of Sturzkampfgeschwader 77 (StG 77—77th Diver Bomber Wing), Major Clemens Graf von Schönborn-Wiesentheid.[14] On 24 January 1942, Grasser attacked and shot down an Ilyushin DB-3 bomber. However, his Bf 109 F-2 (Werknummer 9704—factory number) was also hit by the aerial gunner of the DB-3 bomber resulting in a forced landing in no man's land. Grasser, who was wounded in the encounter, was rescued by the German infantry.[15]

On 2 July 1942, the 9th Army launched Operation Seydlitz as part of the Battles of Rzhev. Defending against this operation, the Soviet Air Forces (VVS—Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily) attacked the Luftwaffe airfield at Bryansk on 5 July. II. Gruppe of JG 51 was scrambled and claimed 46 Soviet aircraft shot down for the loss of Bf 109s damaged. That day, Grasser was claimed eight aerial victories, making him an "ace-in-a-day".[16]

North Africa

II. Gruppe had been withdrawn from the Eastern Front in early October 1942 and sent to Jesau in East Prussia, present day Yushny, Bagrationovsky District, for conversion to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190. Conversion training began on 7 October and on 4 November, the unit received the order to convert back to the Bf 109 and to transfer to the Mediterranean theatre. Via various stopovers, II. Gruppe moved to Sidi Ahmed airfield, arriving on 14 November. There, the unit was subordinated to Fliegerführer Tunis (Flying Leader Tunis).[17]

Grasser (left), Nowotny, Rall, Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein at Rastenburg

On 31 August 1943, Grasser was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub). He was the 288th member of the German armed forces to be so honored.[8] The presentation was made by Adolf Hitler at the Wolf's Lair, Hitler's headquarters in Rastenburg on 22 September 1943. Three other Luftwaffe officers were presented with awards that day by Hitler, Hauptmann Günther Rall and Hauptmann Walter Nowotny were awarded the Swords to their Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves, and Hauptmann Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein also received the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves.[18] Grasser was then transferred to the staff of commanding general of the 4. Jagd-Division (4th Fighter Division), and was promoted to Major on 1 December 1943.[19]

On 28 April 1944, Grasser succeeded Hauptmann Friedrich Eberle as commander of III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1—1st Fighter Wing) which was based at Quedlinburg and fighting in Defense of the Reich.[20] On 3 June, Grasser transferred command of III. Gruppe to Hauptmann Karl-Heinz Weber who had previously commanded 7. Staffel of JG 1 on the Eastern Front.[21] On 15 October, Grasser took command of II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 110 (JG 110—110th Fighter Wing).[22]

Later life

In May 1945, Grasser was taken prisoner of war by the United States Army. In 1946, he was transferred to the Soviet Union and was released in 1949. Following his return to Germany, he relocated to India where he became a civilian flight instructor. In 1950, he moved to Syria to work as a military advisor to the Syrian Air Force in Damascus.[19] After his return to Germany, he settled with his wife and two sons in Cologne. There, he owned and operated a sheet metal factory. Grasser died on 2 June 1986 in Cologne and was interred in his hometown Graz.[23]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Grasser was credited with 103 aerial victories.[24] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for more than 96 aerial victory claims, plus six further unconfirmed claims. This figure includes 83 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and over 13 on the Western Front, including one four-engined bomber.[25]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 47524". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[26]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Grasser an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Grasser did not receive credit.
  This and the ! (exclamation mark) indicates those aerial victories listed by Forsyth or by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.
  This and the # (hash mark) indicates those aerial victories listed by Mathews and Foreman.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim! Claim# Date Time Type Location Claim! Claim# Date Time Type Location
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgruppe 152 –[22]
"Phoney War" — 1 September 1939 – 9 May 1940
1 16 September 1939
—
 tethered balloon[9] 1 24 September 1939
—
 Curtiss near Hornbach
According to Mathews and Foreman, aerial victories 2 to 5 are not documented in the German Federal Archives.[22]
– Stab of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[22]
At the Channel and over England — 26 June 1940 – 26 July 1941
7 6 1 December 1940 15:16 Hurricane Ashford[11]
—
—
 16 April 1941 18:42 Spitfire Berck-sur-Mer[27]
– Stab of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[22]
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 5 December 1941
8 7 22 June 1941 12:37 SB-2[28] 15 13 1 July 1941 14:50 DB-3[28]
9 8 25 June 1941 12:32 SB-2[28] 16 14 7 July 1941 19:30 V-11 (Il-2)[28]
10 9 29 June 1941 18:30 V-11 (Il-2)[28] 17 15 10 July 1941 07:50 R-Z[28]?[Note 2]
11 10 29 June 1941 19:55 I-16[28] 18 16 11 July 1941 09:55 DB-3[28]
12 11 30 June 1941 11:45 DB-3[28] 19
—
 12 July 1941 18:50 DB-3[28]
13
—
 30 June 1941 15:45 DB-3[28] 20 17 13 July 1941 19:25 DB-3[28]
14 12 30 June 1941 15:50 DB-3[28]
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[29]
Operation Barbarossa — 26 July – 5 December 1941
21 18 26 July 1941 16:52 Boston[30] 31 28 2 October 1941 10:55 I-18 (MiG-1)[31]
22 19 26 July 1941 19:20 R-5[30] 32 29 5 October 1941 14:27 DB-3 northeast of Sevsk[31]
23 20 29 July 1941 18:30?[Note 3] SB-3[30] 33 30 5 October 1941 14:30 DB-3 northeast of Sevsk[31]
24 21 29 July 1941 18:36 SB-3[30] 34 31 7 October 1941 14:10 Pe-2
25 22 9 August 1941 13:50 Pe-2[32]
—
—
 8 October 1941
—
 Pe-2[31]
26 23 26 August 1941 18:16 Boston 15 km (9.3 mi) east of Kaluga[32] 35 32 22 October 1941 14:59 I-61 (MiG-3)[31]
27 24 30 August 1941 17:42 I-18 (MiG-3)[32] 36 33 24 October 1941 14:10 SB-2[31]
28 25 30 August 1941 17:45 Pe-2[32] 37 34 5 November 1941 09:32 DB-3[33]
29 26 2 September 1941 07:06 R-5 50 km (31 mi) southeast of Sechtschinskaja[32] 38 35 16 November 1941 09:53?[Note 4] DB-3[33]
30 27 7 September 1941 17:20 I-61?[Note 5] 25 km (16 mi) east of Karlewez[35] 39 36 2 December 1941 11:10 Pe-2[33]
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[29]
Eastern Front — 6 December 1941 – 24 January 1942
40 37 6 December 1941 14:10 I-61 (MiG-3) 5 km (3.1 mi) east of Kashira[36] 44 41 11 January 1942 14:05 Pe-2[36]
41 38 14 December 1941 09:20 Pe-2[36] 45 42 19 January 1942 12:20 DB-3[36]
42 39 4 January 1942 12:15 Pe-2[36] 46 43 24 January 1942 12:45 DB-3[36]
43 40 4 January 1942 12:50 Pe-2[36]
– Stab II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[37]
Eastern Front — March – 30 April 1942
47 44 31 March 1942 12:10 LaGG-3[38] 49 46 7 April 1942 10:50 LaGG-3 east of Kschen[38]
48 45 31 March 1942 15:12 LaGG-3[38]
– Stab II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[37]
Eastern Front — 1 May – 7 October 1942
50 47 21 May 1942 06:55 R-Z[39]?[Note 2] 71 68 10 August 1942 17:10 Pe-2 PQ 47524[40]
20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Rzhev
51 48 23 June 1942 11:40 I-153[41] 72 69 13 August 1942 18:03 Yak-1 PQ 54294[40]
15 km (9.3 mi) west of Belyov
52 49 25 June 1942 11:29 I-16[41] 73 70 20 August 1942 11:55 MiG-3 PQ 64142[40]
5 km (3.1 mi) northwest of Belyov
53 50 26 June 1942 11:15 Yak-1[41] 74 71 21 August 1942 11:35 LaGG-3 PQ 55884, west of Kozelsk[40]
54 3 July 1942 05:10 I-153[42] 75 72 22 August 1942 16:00 Pe-2 PQ 54434[40]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Belyov
55♠ 51♠ 5 July 1942 04:46 Yak-1[42] 76 73 23 August 1942 06:40 Il-2 PQ 54412[40]
30 km (19 mi) northeast of Dudorovskiy
56♠ 52♠ 5 July 1942 04:55 Pe-2[42] 77 74 23 August 1942 07:00 Il-2 PQ 55883[43]
vicinity of Kozelsk
53♠ 5 July 1942 05:10 I-153 78 75 23 August 1942 17:33 Il-2 PQ 54422[43]
25 km (16 mi) west-southwest of Belyov
57♠ 54♠ 5 July 1942 09:33 Il-2[42] 79 76 25 August 1942 06:32 Pe-2 PQ 64173[43]
5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Belyov
58♠ 55♠ 5 July 1942 09:40 Il-2[42] 80 77 27 August 1942 17:55 Yak-1 PQ 64793[43]
15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Zalegoshch
—
—
 5 July 1942
—
 LaGG-3[42] 81 78 28 August 1942 14:00 Il-2 north-northwest of Bolkhov[43]
59♠ 56♠ 5 July 1942 13:50 Yak-1 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Bolkhov[42] 82 79 29 August 1942 11:35 LaGG-3 PQ 54224[43]
vicinity of Kozelsk
60♠ 57♠ 5 July 1942 14:27 Il-2[42] 83 80 3 September 1942 13:30 LaGG-3 northeast of Sychyovka[43]
61♠ 58♠ 5 July 1942 19:30 Il-2[44] 84 81 4 September 1942 11:52 I-153 PQ 73151, east-southeast of Novosil[43]
vicinity of Verkhovye
62 59 9 July 1942 05:15 I-153[44] 85 82 10 September 1942 10:22 LaGG-3 PQ 47824[45]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Zubtsov
63 60 9 July 1942 05:16 I-153[44] 86 83 10 September 1942 15:05 MiG-3 PQ 44132[45]
20 km (12 mi) south-southeast of Kirov
64 61 18 July 1942 11:35 Yak-1[46] 87 84 14 September 1942 17:00 Il-2 PQ 47593[45]
vicinity of Rzhev
65 62 2 August 1942 15:12 Il-2 PQ 47582[46]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Rzhev 		88 85 14 September 1942 17:22 Il-2 PQ 47591[45]
vicinity of Rzhev
66 63 2 August 1942 18:05 Pe-2 PQ 47572[46]
20 km (12 mi) west of Rzhev 		89 86 26 September 1942 09:25 R-5 PQ 47483[45]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Staritsa
67 64 4 August 1942 06:35 MiG-3 PQ 47552[47]
15 km (9.3 mi) south-southwest of Rzhev 		90 87 26 September 1942 09:26 R-5 PQ 47483[45]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Staritsa
68 65 4 August 1942 06:40 MiG-3 PQ 47551[47]
15 km (9.3 mi) south-southwest of Rzhev 		91 88 27 September 1942 07:55 LaGG-3 PQ 47542[48]
20 km (12 mi) northwest of Rzhev
69 66 4 August 1942 12:05 LaGG-3 PQ 47524[47]
20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Rzhev 		92 89 1 October 1942 11:45 Pe-2 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Karmanowo[48]
70 67 5 August 1942 17:00 Il-2 PQ 56164[47]
45 km (28 mi) north-northeast of Gagarin
—
—
 4 October 1942
—
 unknown[48]
– Stab II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[49]
Mediterranean Theater — 5 November – 31 December 1942
93 17 November 1942 12:12 Spitfire 20 km (12 mi) west of Bizerte[50] 97 93 2 December 1942 09:53 P-38 30 km (19 mi) west of Tebourba[50]
94 90 27 November 1942 09:19 Spitfire 12 km (7.5 mi) south of Béja[50] 98 94 4 December 1942 10:30 P-38 18 km (11 mi) north of Majaz al Bab[50]
95 91 28 November 1942 09:15?[Note 6] Lysander 2 km (1.2 mi) west of Majaz al Bab[50] 99 95 5 December 1942 10:45 Spitfire 8 km (5.0 mi) west of Tebourba[50]
96 92 2 December 1942 09:40?[Note 7] P-38 6 km (3.7 mi) south of Tebourba[50]
– Stab II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[49]
North Africa — 1 January – 6 June 1943
100 96 2 January 1943 12:25?[Note 8] Lancaster?[Note 8] southeast of Majaz al Bab[51] 102 99 22 March 1943 14:10 Spitfire 12 km (7.5 mi) south of Gabès[52]
12 km (7.5 mi) south of Mareth
97 2 January 1943 12:27 P-38 southwest of Majaz al Bab 103 100 26 March 1943 12:28 P-38 9 km (5.6 mi) north of Maknassy[52]
4 km (2.5 mi) north of Mansoura
101 98 21 March 1943 13:07 Spitfire 30 km (19 mi) southeast of Gabès[52]

Awards

Promotions

1 January 1938: Leutnant (second lieutenant)[4]
1 June 1940: Oberleutnant (first lieutenant)[8]
1 August 1942: Hauptmann (captain)[8]
1 December 1943: Major (major)[19]

Notes

  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[5]
  2. ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as Polikarpov R-5.[29]
  3. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 12:30.[22]
  4. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 09:55.[34]
  5. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Tupolev SB-3.[34]
  6. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 09:45.[49]
  7. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 09:45.[49]
  8. ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 12:26 as a Consolidated B-24 Liberator.[49]
  9. ^ According to Scherzer as pilot in the Stab/Jagdgeschwader 51.[56]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Constable & Toliver 1968, p. 9.
  2. ^ Weal 2007, p. 46.
  3. ^ Weal & Price 1996, p. 28.
  4. ^ a b Stockert 2012, p. 368.
  5. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  6. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 58.
  7. ^ a b Prien et al. 2001, p. 539.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Stockert 2012, p. 369.
  9. ^ a b Prien et al. 2001, p. 543.
  10. ^ Aders & Held 1993, p. 83.
  11. ^ a b Prien et al. 2002, p. 12.
  12. ^ Aders & Held 1993, p. 85.
  13. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 277.
  14. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 274.
  15. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 82, 93, 97.
  16. ^ Bergström et al. 2006, p. 109.
  17. ^ Prien et al. 2004, p. 1.
  18. ^ Amadio 2002, p. 199.
  19. ^ a b c Stockert 2012, p. 370.
  20. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 897.
  21. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 997.
  22. ^ a b c d e f Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 415.
  23. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 124.
  24. ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 331.
  25. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 415–417.
  26. ^ Planquadrat.
  27. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 13.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Prien et al. 2003, p. 220.
  29. ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 415–416.
  30. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003, p. 282.
  31. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2003, p. 286.
  32. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2003, p. 284.
  33. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003, p. 287.
  34. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 416.
  35. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 285.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2005, p. 93.
  37. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 457–458.
  38. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2005, p. 96.
  39. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 295.
  40. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 303.
  41. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 296.
  42. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2006, p. 298.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2006, p. 304.
  44. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 299.
  45. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 305.
  46. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 300.
  47. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 302.
  48. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 306.
  49. ^ a b c d e Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 417.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2004, p. 11.
  51. ^ Prien et al. 2010, p. 363.
  52. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2010, p. 364.
  53. ^ a b Thomas 1997, p. 216.
  54. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 146.
  55. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 201.
  56. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 345.
  57. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 72.

Bibliography

  • Aders, Gebhard; Held, Werner (1993). Jagdgeschwader 51 'Mölders' Eine Chronik – Berichte – Erlebnisse – Dokumente [Fighter Wing 51 'Mölders' A Chronicle - Reports - Experiences - Documents] (in German). Stuttgart, Germany: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 978-3-613-01045-1.
  • Amadio, Jill (2002). Günther Rall – a Memoir – Luftwaffe Ace & NATO General. Placentia, CA: Tangmere Productions. ISBN 978-0-9715533-0-9.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]; Dikov, Andrey; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2006). Black Cross / Red Star Air War Over the Eastern Front, Volume 3, Everything for Stalingrad. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9761034-4-8.
  • Constable, Trevor J.; Toliver, Raymond F. (1968). Horrido!: Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe. Barker. ISBN 978-0-213-76381-7.
  • Dixon, Jeremy (2023). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1939–1942. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-52677-864-2.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-19-6.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Rodeike, Peter (1996). Jagdgeschwader 1 und 11—Einsatz in der Reichsverteidigung von 1939 bis 1945—Teil 2—1944 [Jagdgeschwader 1 and 11—Operations in the Defense of the Reich from 1939 to 1945—Volume 2—1944] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-24-3.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2001). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 2—Der "Sitzkrieg"—1.9.1939 bis 9.5.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 2—The "Phoney War"—1 September 1939 to 9 May 1940] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-59-5.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2002). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/II—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26.6.1940 bis 21.6.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/II—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-64-9.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/I—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/I—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-69-4.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2004). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 8/II—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—November 1941 bis Dezember 1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 8/II—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—November 1941 to December 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-74-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2005). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/I—Winterkampf im Osten—6 December 1941 bis 30 April 1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/I—Winter War in the East—6 December 1941 to 30 April 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-76-2.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/II—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/II—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-77-9.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2010). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 11/I—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—1.1. bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 11/I—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—1 January to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-95-3.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Stockert, Peter (2012) [1997]. Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 3 [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 3] (in German) (3rd ed.). Bad Friedrichshall, Germany: Friedrichshaller Rundblick. ISBN 978-3-932915-01-7.
  • Thomas, Franz (1997). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2299-6.
  • Weal, John (2007). More Bf 109 Aces of the Russian Front. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-177-9.
  • Weal, John; Price, Alfred (1996). Bf 109D/E Aces 1939–41. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-487-9.
  • Zabecki, David T., ed. (2019). The German War Machine in World War II. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-44-086918-1.

Read other articles:

Dionisius dari Kelahiran

Beato Dionisius dari Kelahiran, O.C.DSebuah gambar devosional Beato Dionisius dan Redemptus, O.C.D. (Dionisius di sebelah kiri)Karmelit Tak Berkasut, imam dan martirLahir12 Desember 1600Honfleur, Calvados, PrancisMeninggal27 November 1638(1638-11-27) (umur 37)SumatraDihormati diGereja Katolik Roma (Ordo Karmel Tak Berkasut)Beatifikasi10 Juni 1900 oleh Paus Leo XIIIPesta29 November Pierre Berthelot (Honfleur, 12 Desember 1600 - Sumatra, 27 November 1638) adalah seorang pelaut dan kartogra...

 

Montego Bay

Pemandangan kota Montego Bay Montego Bay merupakan sebuah kota di Jamaika. Kota ini letaknya di bagian utara. Tepatnya di Parish St. James. Pada tahun 2001, kota ini memiliki jumlah penduduk sebesar 96.488 jiwa. Di St. James Parish berjumlah 175.127 jiwa. Pranala luar Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Montego Bay. Aerial view Panoramio - Photos of the World Diarsipkan 2014-01-19 di Wayback Machine. Artikel bertopik geografi ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia den...

 

Makkari, Hokkaido

Makkari 真狩村DesaKantor Desa Makkari BenderaEmblemLokasi Makkari di Hokkaido (Subprefektur Shiribeshi)MakkariLokasi di JepangKoordinat: 42°46′N 140°48′E / 42.767°N 140.800°E / 42.767; 140.800Koordinat: 42°46′N 140°48′E / 42.767°N 140.800°E / 42.767; 140.800NegaraJepangWilayahHokkaidoPrefektur Hokkaido (Subprefektur Shiribeshi)DistrikAbutaPemerintahan • WalidesaSeiichi IwaharaLuas • Total114,25...

Pembicaraan Templat:Seri di Weekly Young Magazine

Portal Artikel ini adalah bagian dari ProyekWiki Anime dan Manga, yang bertujuan untuk melengkapi dan mengembangkan artikel bertemakan anime dan manga di Wikipedia. Bila Anda tertarik, Anda dapat menyunting artikel ini dan/atau mengunjungi halaman proyek ini. Artikel ini telah dinilai oleh ProyekWiki Anime dan Manga sebagai rintisan bertopik anime dan manga.

 

Bachelor (France)

Ne doit pas être confondu avec Baccalauréat universitaire, Licence (France) ou Bachelor universitaire de technologie. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Bachelor. Bachelor (France) Lieu France Établissement Établissements d'enseignement supérieur privé, Grands établissements publics, Écoles consulaires Sélection Diplômes ou concours requis diplôme Niveau ougrade requis niveau 4 CEC Diplôme Durée de la formation 3 ans Débouchés modifier  En France, le bachelor est un cursus...

 

ألكسندر سوفوروف

ألكسندر سوفوروف معلومات شخصية الميلاد 13 نوفمبر 1730(1730-11-13)موسكو الوفاة 6 مايو 1800 (69 سنة)سانت بطرسبرغ مواطنة الإمبراطورية الروسية  الحياة العملية المهنة عسكري،  وضابط  اللغات الكاريلية،  والروسية  الخدمة العسكرية الفرع الجيش الإمبراطوري الروسي،  ومشاة،  وس...

Italian Islands of the Aegean

12 Islands formerly ruled by Italy Italian Islands of the AegeanIsole italiane dell'Egeo (Italian)Ἰταλικαὶ Νῆσοι Αἰγαίου Πελάγους (Greek)Italiká nisiá tou AigaíouEge'deki İtalyan Adaları (Turkish)1912–1945 Flag Coat of arms Motto: Per l'onore d'ItaliaFor the honour of ItalyAnthem: Giovinezza[1]StatusItalian ColonyCapitalRhodesOfficial languagesItalianCommon languagesGreek (Aegean Greek), Turkish (Aegean Turkish)...

 

GTF2I

Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens GTF2IAvailable structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes2D9B, 2DN4, 2ED2, 2EJEIdentifiersAliasesGTF2I, BAP135, BTKAP1, DIWS, GTFII-I, IB291, SPIN, TFII-I, WBS, WBSCR6, general transcription factor IIiExternal IDsOMIM: 601679 MGI: 1202722 HomoloGene: 7748 GeneCards: GTF2I Gene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 7 (human)[1]Band7q11.23Start74,650,231 bp[1]End74,760,692 bp[1]Gene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome...

 

Maurice Smith (fighter)

American kickboxer and mixed martial arts fighter Maurice SmithSmith in 1999Born (1961-12-13) December 13, 1961 (age 62)Seattle, Washington, U.S.Other namesMoHeight6 ft 2 in (188 cm)Weight206 lb (93 kg; 14 st 10 lb)DivisionHeavyweight (1993-2008, 2013) Light Heavyweight (2012)StyleKickboxingTeamThe AllianceYears active1980–2008, 2012–2013Professional boxing recordTotal1Losses1By knockout1 Kickboxing recordTotal71Wins53Losses13Draws5 Mixed marti...

Point de France

Type of needle lace developed in the late 17th century Point de FranceA piece of point de France lace produced between 1700 and 1725TypeLaceProduction methodNeedle laceProduction processCraft productionPlace of originFranceIntroduced17th century Point de France is a type of needle lace developed in the late 17th century.[1][2] It is characterized by rich and symmetrical detail, and a reliance on symbols associated with King Louis XIV of France, such as suns, sunflowers, fleurs...

 

Belgentier

Belgentier Campanile de l'église Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption. Blason Administration Pays France Région Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur Département Var Arrondissement Toulon Intercommunalité Communauté de communes de la Vallée du Gapeau Maire Mandat Bruno Aycard 2020-2026 Code postal 83210 Code commune 83017 Démographie Gentilé Belgentiérois(es) Populationmunicipale 2 399 hab. (2021 ) Densité 179 hab./km2 Géographie Coordonnées 43° 14′ 45″ nord, 6°...

 

森川智之

森川智之配音演员本名同上原文名森川 智之（もりかわ としゆき）罗马拼音Morikawa Toshiyuki昵称モリモリ[1]、帝王[1]国籍 日本出生 (1967-01-26) 1967年1月26日（57歲） 日本東京都品川區[1]（神奈川縣川崎市[2]、橫濱市[3]成長）职业配音員、旁白、歌手、藝人音乐类型J-POP出道作品外國人取向的日語教材代表作品但丁（Devil May Cry）D-boy（宇宙騎...

نوع اجتماعي

نوع اجتماعيمعلومات عامةصنف فرعي من معايير إجتماعيةهوية جزء من التعدد الجنسيجنس البشرsex or gender (en) جانب من جوانب هوية جنسية يدرسه دراسات النوع الاجتماعيعلم الاجتماعفلسفة ممثلة بـ التناقض الكامل للنوعgender norm (en) gender stereotype (en) لديه جزء أو أجزاء تعبير جنسانيالأدوار الاجتماعية ال...

 

Marxist humanism

School of Marxism aligned with humanist philosophies Part of a series onMarxism Theoretical works Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 The Condition of the Working Class in England The German Ideology The Communist Manifesto The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte Grundrisse Capital Critique of the Gotha Programme Dialectics of Nature The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State What Is to Be Done? The Accumulation of Capital Philosophical Notebooks Terrorism and Commun...

 

Kepler space telescope

NASA spacecraft for exoplanetology (2009–2018) This article is about the space telescope. For the style of refracting telescope invented by Johannes Kepler, see Keplerian telescope. KeplerArtist's impression of the Kepler telescopeMission typeSpace telescopeOperatorNASA / LASPCOSPAR ID2009-011A SATCAT no.34380Websitewww.nasa.gov/keplerMission durationPlanned: 3.5 years Final: 9 years, 7 months, 23 days Spacecraft propertiesManufacturerBall Aerospace & TechnologiesLaunch mass1,0...

Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah

Emir of Kuwait since 2023 In this Arabic name, the surname is Al-Sabah. Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah الشَّيْخ مِشعَل الأَحمَد الْجَابِر الصَّباح Emir Mishal in 2023Emir of KuwaitReign16 December 2023 – presentPredecessorNawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-SabahHeir apparentSabah Al-Khalid Al-SabahPrime ministersAhmad Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah (2023–2024)Mohammad Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah (2024)Ahmad Al-Abdullah Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah (2024-present)Born (1940-09-2...

 

Karim Coulibaly

Questa voce sugli argomenti calciatori senegalesi e calciatori francesi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. Karim CoulibalyNazionalità Senegal Francia Altezza184 cm Peso80 kg Calcio RuoloAttaccante Squadra Épinal CarrieraGiovanili 1993-2008 US Villejuif2008-2011 Nancy Squadre di club1 2011-2017 Nancy 245 (10)2012-2017 Nancy77 (10)2017-2020 Willem II...

 

Basilika Santo Matias di Biara Santo Matias, Trier

Basilika Santo Matias di Biara Santo MatiasBasilika Minor Santo Matias di Biara Santo Matiasbahasa Jerman: Basilika Sankt MatthiasBasilika Santo Matias di Biara Santo MatiasLokasiTrierNegaraJermanDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaArsitekturStatusBasilika minor, gereja biaraStatus fungsionalAktif Basilika Santo Matias di Biara Santo Matias (bahasa Jerman: Basilika Sankt Matthias) adalah sebuah gereja basilika minor Katolik yang terletak di kompleks Biara Santo Matias, Trier, Jerman. Basilik...

Kenjutsu

Japanese styles of swordsmanship Kenjutsu(剣術)Woodblock print by Utagawa Kunisada I(unsigned, the print is the upper part of a two scenes print; only the lower part is signed).The actors Seki Sanjūrō III and Bandō Shūka I as Inukai Genpachi and Inuzuka Kiba in a stage adaptation of Satomi Hakkenden, performed at the Ichimura theatre in 1852.FocusWeaponryCountry of originJapanOlympic sportNo Kenjutsu (剣術) is an umbrella term for all (ko-budō) schools of Japanese swordsmanship, in p...

 

Список глав правительства России

С XVIII века в России происходило оформление современной системы государственного управления, в том числе формирование органов, полномочия которых постепенно приближались к полномочиям, закреплённым в настоящее время за Правительством Российской Федерации как высшего ...