GSAT-1

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GSAT-1
Spacecraft properties

Mission type	Communications Technology
Operator	ISRO
COSPAR ID	2001-015A
SATCAT no.	26745
Mission duration	Failed to reach orbit


Bus	I-2K
Manufacturer	ISRO
Launch mass	1,540 kilograms (3,400 lb)


Start of mission
Launch date	18 April 2001, 10:13 (2001-04-18UTC10:13Z) UTC
Rocket	GSLV Mk.I
Launch site	Shiharikota FLP
Contractor	ISRO


Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric
Regime	Medium Earth Geostationary planned
Longitude	73° west (2000) 99° west (2000–2006) 76.85° west (2006–2009)
Perigee altitude	33,800 kilometres (21,000 mi)
Apogee altitude	35,725 kilometres (22,198 mi)
Inclination	0.9 degrees
Period	1384.09 minutes
Epoch	25 April 2001^[1]


Transponders
Band	3 C-band 2 S-band

GSAT GSAT-2 →

GSAT-1 was an experimental communications satellite launched aboard the maiden flight of the GSLV rocket. The spacecraft was equipped with instrumentation to test Pulse-code modulation (PCM) transmitting on S-band frequencies and transponders operating in the C-band.^{[citation needed]} The spacecraft was unable to complete its mission after a launch failure left it in a lower than planned orbit and propulsion issues prevented the satellite from correcting this via its own maneuvering system.

Overview

GSAT-1 failed to achieve its target orbit, which prevented it from fulfilling its primary communications mission. The 1.54-tonne satellite was orbiting with a period of 23 hours two minutes, instead of the planned 24-hour geosynchronous orbit, only permitting a limited series of experiments to be conducted, including digital audio broadcasting and compressed digital TV signal transmission.

The GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) suffered a performance shortfall during its first flight resulting in the injection of the experimental satellite into a geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) of 181 x 32.051 km, inclined at 19.2 degrees, having an apogee about 4,000 km below the targeted orbit of 185 x 35.975 km. The satellite used its onboard propulsion system to raise both its apogee and its perigee to geostationary orbit as well as to decrease the orbital inclination to zero, however its propellant was depleted prior to successfully raising its orbit. The satellite used two different propellant tanks, built in Germany and India, which resulted in an unequal flow of fuel, causing the spacecraft to tilt. (The two different fuel tanks were used because they were readily available). Recovery required the use of more propellant than planned which resulted in the satellite having no propellant left to complete its final circularization maneuver. The satellite was possibly used for a few communications experiments but the original purpose of demonstrating digital TV and audio broadcasts, as well as Internet services could not be fulfilled.

The Russian 12KRB cryogenic upper stage was planned to perform for 710 seconds, but its burn apparently lasted only 698 seconds. Another suspect for the shortfall is the launch vehicle navigation system which was derived from the PSLV which has flown only to low earth orbits.

References

^ McDowell, Jonathan. "Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 27 September 2013.

v t e GSAT satellites
Past	GSAT-1† (Apr 2001) GSAT-2 (May 2003) GSAT-3 / EDUSAT (Sep 2004) GSAT-4† (Apr 2010) GSAT-5P† (Dec 2010)
Active	GSAT-8 / INSAT-4G (May 2011) GSAT-12 (Jul 2011) GSAT-10 (Sep 2012) GSAT-7 / INSAT-4F (Aug 2013) GSAT-14 (Jan 2014) GSAT-16 (Dec 2014) GSAT-6 / INSAT-4E (Aug 2015) GSAT-15 (Nov 2015) GSAT-18 (Oct 2016) GSAT-9 / South Asia Satellite (May 2017) GSAT-19 (Jun 2017) GSAT-17 (Jun 2017) GSAT-6A (Mar 2018) GSAT-29 (Nov 2018) GSAT-11 (Dec 2018) GSAT-7A (Dec 2018) GSAT-31 (Feb 2019) GSAT-30 (Jan 2020) CMS-01 / GSAT-12R (Dec 2020) CMS-02 / GSAT-24 (Jun 2022)
Planned	GSAT-7B GSAT-7C GSAT-7R GSAT-20 GSAT-21 GSAT-22 GSAT-23 GSAT-25 GSAT-26 GSAT-27 GSAT-28 GSAT-32 GSAT-UHF
Cancelled	GSAT-5 / INSAT-4D
Signs † indicate launch failures.

Indian spacecraft

Satellites

Communication	CMS 01 02 GSAT 1 2 3 (EDUSAT) 4 5P 6 6A 7 7A 8 9 (South Asia Satellite) 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 29 30 31 HAMSAT INSAT 1A 1B 1C 1D 2A 2B 2C 2D 2DT 2E 3A 3B 3C 3D 3DR 3DS 3E 4A 4B 4C 4CR 4E 4F 4G Planned: GSAT 20 22 23 24
Earth observation	Bhaskara I II Cartosat 1 2 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F 3 EMISAT EOS 1 2 4 7 8 HySIS IMS-1 IRS 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E P1 P2 P3 Megha-Tropiques Microsat Microsat-R Oceansat 1 2 Resourcesat 1 2 RISAT 1 2 2B 2BR1 Rohini RS-D1 RS-D2 SARAL SCATSAT-1 Technology Experiment Satellite (TESS) Planned: NISAR GISAT Oceansat-3 Resourcesat-3 RISAT-1A
Experimental	APPLE Aryabhata Rohini RS-1 Rohini Technology Payload (RTP)
Navigation	IRNSS 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F 1G 1I NVS-01
Student satellites	ANUSAT Jugnu SRMSAT StudSat StudSat-2 YouthSat Pratham

Space probes

Scientific	SROSS A B C C2
Astronomical	Astrosat Aditya-L1 XPoSat AstroSat-2 (planned)
Lunar programme	Chandrayaan-1 Moon Impact Probe Chandrayaan-2 Vikram Pragyan Chandrayaan-3 Vikram Pragyan Lunar Polar Exploration Mission Chandrayaan-4 Chandrayaan-5 Chandrayaan-6
Interplanetary	Mars Orbiter Mission Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (planned) Venus Orbiter Mission (planned)

Human
spaceflight

Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
- SRE-1
- SRE-II
- SRE-III
Gaganyaan
- CARE
Bharatiya Antariksha Station

Future spacecraft in italics.

v t e ← 2000 Orbital launches in 2001 2002 →
January ,	Shenzhou 2 Türksat 2A Progress M1-5 USA-156
February ,	Sicral 1, Skynet 4F STS-98 (Destiny) Odin Progress M-44 USA-157
March ,	STS-102 (Leonardo MPLM) Eurobird 1, BSAT-2a XM-2
April ,	Ekran-M No.18L 2001 Mars Odyssey GSAT-1 STS-100 (Raffaello MPLM) Soyuz TM-32
May ,	XM-1 PAS-10 USA-158 Progress M1-6 Kosmos 2377
June ,	Kosmos 2378 Intelsat 901 Astra 2C ICO F2 MAP
July ,	STS-104 (Quest) Artemis, BSAT-2b Molniya-3K No.11 GOES 12 Koronas-F
August ,	USA-159 Genesis STS-105 (Leonardo MPLM, Simplesat) Progress M-45 Kosmos 2379 VEP-2, LRE Intelsat 902
September ,	USA-160 Progress M-SO1 (Pirs) OrbView-4, QuickTOMS, SBD, Odyssey Atlantic Bird 2 Starshine 3, PICOSat, PCSat, SAPPHIRE
October ,	USA-161 Globus No.14L USA-162 QuickBird-2 Soyuz TM-33 TES, PROBA, BIRD Molniya-3 No.64
November ,	Progress M1-7 (Kolibri 2000) DirecTV-4S
December ,	Kosmos 2380, Kosmos 2381, Kosmos 2382 STS-108 (Raffaello MPLM, Starshine 2 Jason-1, TIMED Meteor-3M #1, Kompass, Badr-B, Maroc-Tubsat, Reflektor Kosmos 2383 Kosmos 2384, Kosmos 2385, Kosmos 2386, Gonets-D1 No.10, Gonets-D1 No.11, Gonets-D1 No.12
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

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