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British Rail First Open
Mark 3 First Open coach at Marylebone in September 2008
In service	1951–
Manufacturer	Derby Litchurch Lane Works Doncaster Works Swindon Works Wolverton Works York Carriage Works Birmingham Railway Carriage & Wagon Company Metro-Cammell
Family name	British Railways Mark 1, Mark 2, Mark 3 and Mark 4
Constructed	Mk1 1951–1963 Mk2 1970-74 Mk3 1976-85 Mk4 1989-92
Fleet numbers	Mk1: 3000-3151 Mk2c: 3152-3169 Mk2d: 3170-3216 Mk2e: 3221-3275 Mk2f: 3276-3439 Mk3: 11000-11003/41003-41169 Mk3a: 11004-11063 Mk3b: 11064-11101 Mk4: 11200-11263
Capacity	Mk1: 42 Mk2c/d/e/f: Mk3/a/b: 48 Mk4: 46
Operators	British Rail InterCity ScotRail Abellio Greater Anglia Anglia Railways Arriva CrossCountry Cargo-D Chiltern Railways Direct Rail Services East Coast East Midlands Railway East Midlands Trains East Midlands Railway First Great Western FM Rail GNER Midland Mainline National Express East Anglia National Express East Coast London North Eastern Railway Riviera Trains Virgin CrossCountry Virgin Trains East Coast Virgin Trains West Coast West Coast Railways
Specifications
Car length	Mk1: 64 ft 6 in (19.66 m) Mk2/a: 65 ft 4 in (19.91 m) Mk2b/c/d/e/f: 66 ft 0 in (20.12 m) Mk3/a/b: 75 ft 0 in (22.86 m) Mk4: 23.4 m (76 ft 9+1⁄4 in)
Width	Mk1: 9 ft 3 in (2.82 m) Mk2/a:9 ft 3 in (2.82 m) Mk2bb/c/d/e/f: 66 ft 0 in (20.12 m) Mk3/a/b:75 ft 0 in (22.86 m) Mk4: 2.74 m (8 ft 11+7⁄8 in)
Height	Mk1 & Mk2: 12 ft 9+1⁄2 in (3.90 m)
Doors	Mk1 Manual slam doors, two on each side Mk2c/d/e/f Manual slam doors, two on each side Mk3/a/b Manual slam doors, two on each side (some modified to automatic plug doors) Mk4 Automatic plug doors, two on each side
Maximum speed	BR1/Cw: 90 mph (145 km/h) B4: 100 mph (161 km/h) BT10: 125 mph (201 km/h) SIG/BT41: 140 mph (225 km/h)
Weight	32.5 to 36.5 long tons (33.0 to 37.1 t; 36.4 to 40.9 short tons)
HVAC	Steam or electric heat, or both
Bogies	BR1, Commonwealth, B4, BT10 or SIG/BT41
Braking system(s)	Vacuum, air, or both
Coupling system	Drop-head knuckle coupler on draw-hook (dual)
Track gauge	4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge

A First Open or FO, is a type of railway carriage used by British Rail and subsequent operators since privatisation. They were first produced as British Railways Mark 1, and subsequently Mark 2, Mark 3, and Mark 4 variants were produced. This type of carriage is an "open coach" because of the arrangement of the seats inside – other types of carriage may be corridor based variants (FK) or have a brake compartment (BFO or BFK).

First Open carriages were introduced from 1951. The first three, for the London Midland Region, were the only Mk1 FO with no centre door, seating 42 in a 2+1 format. The second batch (3003–19), built from 1954, had a centre door in the centre seating bay, splitting the middle window into two thin panes. Carriages from 3020 had a separate centre vestibule with doors and reduced-width bays, still seating 42 in 2+1 format. BR1 type bogies were fitted as standard except on 3076–3080, a test batch built with Commonwealth bogies to improve ride quality. The ride quality of the BR1 bogie became poor after some use and, in 1961, changes were made. 3101–3151 were built with Commonwealth type bogies which became standard for a time, with the weight increasing by 5 tons. BR1 and Commonwealth bogies usually run at a maximum of 90 mph (140 km/h). Later, B4 bogies were fitted to further improve ride quality with a maximum of 100 mph (160 km/h). These carriages were fitted with Pullman gangways on standard 64 ft (20 m) frames and fitted with buck-eye couplers as standard. Buck-eye couplers can be dropped and buffers extended to allow use of screw coupling fitted locomotives. Vacuum brakes and steam heating were fitted as standard. A number of Mk1 FO were later fitted with air brakes in the late 1960s and 1970s, some retaining vacuum brakes and being dual braked.

The livery initially for Mk1 coaches for British Railways in 1951 was crimson lake and cream with black and gold lining, all new Mk1 FO coaches were delivered in this livery up until 1956. In 1956 the standard livery changed to maroon with black and gold lining except for the Southern Region stock which adopted an unlined dark malachite green. The Western Region on the other hand adopted chocolate and cream to sufficient stock to operate its named trains like the Cornish Riviera Express and Torbay Express being two examples. The Southern Region introduced the yellow UIC cantrail stripe denoting first class in 1960 for boat train coaches. Yellow UIC cantrail stripe was later introduced on other regions from 1963. In 1965 Rail Blue was introduced as trailed on XP64 stock the year before and lasted for another 20 years.

• 
  Mk1 First Open interior
• 
  Mk1 First Open 3068 in the original red and cream livery pictured at Sydney Gardens, Bath in 2011
• 
  Doncaster 1957 Prototype Mk1 First Open 3083 in maroon livery pictured at Highley, Severn Valley Railway in 2014
• 
  Mk1 FO 3100 BR(W) Chocolate & Cream livery, Bristol Temple Meads 2012
• 
  Mk1 FO in InterCity livery in November 1988

In 1976, 13 First Open were converted to Restaurant Second Open No Kitchen 1058-1070 RSO, 12 were later converted to Second Open 3600-3610 SO in 1981–82, 5 of the remaining SO in 1987 were converted back to First Open 31xx FO.

The first Mk2 First Open were built to Mk2c design in 1970, followed by Mk2d from 1971 complete with air conditioning, with the ETH supply becoming standard along with a motor-alternator to provide the lighting, heating and air conditioning. The Mk2e was introduced in 1972–73 with introduction of fluorescent tubes for lighting with the major change being the more compact toilet. The final development was the Mk2f being introduced in 1973-75 which the interior design from the prototype Mk3s with improved seating and air conditioning through body side heaters. All the Mk2 veterans are fitted with B4 bogies with a maximum of 100 mph (160 km/h).

• 
  Mk2d First Open 3231 named Apollo of Railfilms in Pullman livery with Golden Arrow & Fleche d'Or branding at Bristol Temple Meads in August 2012
• 
  Mk2e First Open 3247 named Chatsworth of Venice-Simplon Orient Express' The Northern Belle in Pullman livery at Patchway in April 2012
• 
  Mk2f First Open 3362 of West Coast Railways in unbranded InterCity Executive livery at Bristol Temple Meads in August 2009
• 
  Mk2f First Open of FM Rail in Blue Pullman livery

• In 1982–84, 17 Mk2c coaches were converted to Second Open 6400-6416 SO.
• In 1983–84, 10 Mk2f coaches were converted to Class 488 EMU trailers 72500-72509 TFOH
• In 1985–86, 45 Mk2f coaches were converted to Second Open 6418-6465 SO later 6800-6829 TSO.
• In 1988, 9 Mk2f coaches were converted to Restaurant Lounge First Buffet later Sleeper reception car 6700-6708 RLO with 3 converted from Second Open 64xx.
• In 1988-89 / 1991, 33 Mk2f coaches were converted to Buffet Open First 1200-1221/1250-1260 RFB with 11 converted from Second Open 64xx.
• In 1989, 36 Mk2d coaches were converted to Second Open 6200-6235 TSO
• In 1990, 30 Mk2f coaches were converted to high-density Second Open 6800-6829 TSO with 72 seats were converted from Second Open 64xx.
• In 1992, 6 Mk2e coaches were converted to First Open (Pantry) 3520-3525 FOT.

First Mk3 prototypes were built at Derby Litchurch Lane Works in 1972 for the new Class 252 and were built to 75 ft 0 in (22.86 m) with BT5 bogies with a maximum of 125 mph (201 km/h). Production built Mark 3 stock for class 253 and 254 InterCity 125 were built at Derby Litchurch Lane in 1975–82 with BT10 bogies with a maximum of 125 mph (201 km/h) seat 48 and referred to as a trailer First. Mark 3a is the production built loco-hauled Mk3 built by BR at Derby Litchurch Lane introduced on the West Coast Main Line from 1975.

From 1979, seven First Open were used on the Glasgow to Edinburgh push pull service 11004–11010 with 11022 added later as 11004 was involved in the Polmont rail accident in 1984. ScotRail later down graded its First Open in 1986 to Open Composite were renumbered 119xx. Two First Open 11021 and 11032 were fitted with BT15 bogies along with 11058 fitted with BTS bogies in the mid-1980s.

With a further order for 38 Mk3b built at Derby Litchurch Lane in 1985 and were delivered new in InterCity livery with a number receiving names and being used on services on the West Coast Main Line offering a first class Pullman service.

• 
  Mk3b First Open 11083 in BR blue grey livery at Marylebone in March 2009
• 
  Mk3a First Open 11027 in original Virgin Trains West Coast livery at Birmingham New Street in July 2009
• 
  Mk3a First Open 11019 in Direct Rail Services livery at London Victoria in December 2007
• 
  Mk3b First Open in One livery at London Liverpool Street in March 2007
• 
  Virgin Trains West Coast Mk3a First Open Interior in December 2009.
• 
  Mk3a First Open in Virgin Trains Silver livery at London Euston in August 2009.
• 
  Mk3b First Open 11091 in National Express East Anglia livery at London Liverpool Street on 8 March 2008, Peter Skuce
• 
  Mk3b First Open 11092 in debranded One livery with National Express branding at Norwich in June 2008
• 
  Mk3b First Open 11078 in debranded One livery with Greater Anglia branding at Stratford in August 2012

• In 1975, 3 Mk3 First Open coaches were reclassified as Trailer First 41000-002 TF.
• In 1977, Mk3 First Open 11001 coach converted to The Queens Saloon and consists of a lounge, bedroom & bathroom, along with a bedroom & bathroom for the Queens dresser.
• In 1981, Mk3 Trailer First 41000 TF converted to M&EE Test Car 10 ADB975814 QXA.
• In 1982, 2 Mk3 Trailer First 41001-41002 TF coaches were converted to production HST Trailer First 4117x TF specification.
• In 1986, 7 Mk3a coaches were converted to Open Composite 119xx CO.
• In 1986–87, 18 Mk3a coaches were converted to Restaurant First Modular 10212-10229 RFM.
• In 1990, 4 Mk3a Open Composite coaches were converted to Standard Open 12169-12170 TSO.
• In 1990, 3 Mk3a Open Composite coaches were converted back to First Open regaining their former numbers.
• In 1992, Mk3 Trailer First 41174 TF were converted to Trailer Standard 42357 TS.
• In 2007–08, 6 Mk3a coaches were converted to Trailer First 41201-41206 TF
• In 2008, 3 Mk3a coaches were converted to Trailer First 41193-41195 TF.
• In 2011–13, 5 Mk3a First Open coaches were converted to Standard Open 126xx TSO
• In 2012, 6 Mk3a coaches First Open were converted to Standard Open 12176-12181 TSO.
• In 2015, 4 Mk3a coaches, First Open 11034 FO and 3 Restaurant First Modular 102xx RFM were converted to Standard Open Miniature Buffet 10413-416 TSOB

Built in 1991 and 1992 by Metro-Cammell as the main coaching stock for InterCity 225 sets, Mark 4 coaches were provided from-new with controlled-emission toilets and power-operated plug doors. They are fitted with Swiss-made SIG BT41A bogies and have a design maximum speed of 140 mph (225 km/h), though for operational reasons their normal maximum speed in service is 125 mph (201 km/h).

• From 2003 to 2005, 30 FO coaches were converted to First Open Disabled (FOD) and renumbered 11301 to 11330.
• From 2003 to 2005, 30 FO coaches were converted to First Open Smoking (FOS) and renumbered 11401 to 11430. After smoking became illegal on all train services in Britain the coaches switched back to the FO designation, but kept their new numbers.

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