Sydney Gardens

Not to be confused with Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney.

Sydney Gardens
One of the Sydney Gardens Tunnels on the Kennet and Avon Canal
Sydney Gardens is located in Somerset
Sydney Gardens
LocationBath, Somerset, England
Coordinates51°23′10″N 2°21′00″W / 51.3862°N 2.3499°W / 51.3862; -2.3499
Area4 hectares (9.9 acres)[1]
Created1792 (1792)
Operated byBath and North East Somerset Council
OpenAll year

Sydney Gardens (originally known as Bath Vauxhall Gardens[2]) is a public open space at the end of Great Pulteney Street in Bath, Somerset, England. The gardens are the only remaining eighteenth-century pleasure (or "Vauxhall") gardens in the country.[3] They are Grade II listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England.[4]

The gardens were laid out in the 1790s, to plans by Thomas Baldwin which were completed by Charles Harcourt Masters, as a commercial pleasure garden with a variety of attractions. Features included a maze, grotto, sham castle and an artificial rural scene with moving figures powered by a clockwork mechanism. Events included promenades and public breakfasts which were attended by Jane Austen among others. It was also the venue for an annual flower show. The layout was affected by the construction of the Kennet & Avon Canal in 1810 and the Great Western Railway in 1840 which pass through the park. The gardens later fell into decline. In 1908, the site was bought by the local council and reopened as a park. Since 2015, work has been undertaken to improve the environment of the park and provide additional attractions for visitors.

The Sydney Hotel, which was built with the gardens, was the centre for entertainment. It is now the Holburne Museum. Other structures including the walls and bridges connected with the canal and railway are listed buildings along with small buildings now known as the pavilion and Minerva's temple and the public conveniences.

History

After the redevelopment and renaming of Vauxhall Gardens in London in the 1780s, pleasure gardens were opened in many cities in the United Kingdom and later elsewhere in the world. These often incorporated Vauxhall into their titles as with the Bath Vauxhall Gardens.[5] The gardens were constructed in the 1790s, opening in 1795 as a commercial pleasure grounds, following the development of Bathwick by Sir William Pulteney, 5th Baronet, across the River Avon from the city centre.[6] It was funded by selling £100 shares.[7] The original plans were by Thomas Baldwin and completed by Charles Harcourt Masters who included labyrinth,[8] grotto, sham castle and an artificial rural scene with moving figures powered by a clockwork mechanism.[4] The gardens were illuminated by over 15,000 "variegated lamps".[9]

A plan of Sydney Gardens, Bath, as part of the plan of Bath published in 1810

The Sydney Hotel was built within the gardens. It later became the Holburne Museum. The original design for the hotel, prepared by Thomas Baldwin in 1794, was a two-storey building which would serve the pleasure gardens. After Baldwin was bankrupted his design for the hotel was not implemented. Instead a three-storey building was designed by Charles Harcourt Masters. The foundation stone was laid in 1796 and the building was ready by 1799. Visitors entered the gardens through the hotel. Projecting from the rear of the building at first floor level was a conservatory and a semi-circular orchestra with a wide covered loggia below. Two semi-circular rows of supper boxes projected from the sides of the building.[10]

The gardens were used daily for promenades and public breakfasts which were attended by Jane Austen among others.[11] At public breakfasts tea, coffee, rolls and Sally Lunn buns were served at about midday, followed by dancing.[12] There were generally three evening galas each summer, usually on the birthdays of George III and the Prince of Wales, and in July to coincide with the Bath races. During these galas the gardens were lit with thousands of lamps and the guests took supper accompanied by music and fireworks. Breakfasts, coffee-drinking, newspaper-reading and card-playing took place in the ground floor of the hotel and dancing in a ballroom on the first floor. All the rooms could be hired for private parties and meetings.[13] In September 1802 André-Jacques Garnerin took off from the gardens in his hot air balloon.[14]

Sydney Gardens with canal and railway, published in 1886

Around 1810 the Kennet & Avon Canal was built through the gardens with the canal company paying 2,000 guineas and being required to include 'neat iron bridges'.[15][16] Around the same time a clockwork moving model of a village with flowing water, known as "The Cascade" was constructed, however it was not well received and was removed within 10 years.[17] In 1824 an aviary and cosmorama were added to the attractions.[18] In 1840 the route of the Great Western Railway also cut through the area, with the loss of several of the original buildings. In the 1860s a gymnasium and bandstand were constructed and courts laid for tennis, archery and croquet. During the first half of the 19th century the gardens hosted shows by the Bath Horticultural and Floral Society (which later became the Royal Bath and West Show).[4] These were very popular and in 1877 Halfpenny Bridge, a pedestrian toll bridge, crossing the River Avon from Bath Spa railway station to Widcombe collapsed with the loss of about 10 lives amongst a large crowd going to the show in Sydney Gardens.[19][20]

In 1836 the hotel was changed into a private lodging house and an extra storey of bedrooms added. The two watchman's boxes outside the museum were added around 1840.[21] From 1853 until 1880 the building was let to the Bath Proprietary College.[22] In 1891 the original 99-year lease of Sydney Gardens expired and its financial affairs had to be wound up. The hotel and gardens were then sold, with plans published for the construction of a five-storey hotel to be built on the site. These plans were abandoned when the Empire Hotel was built on the opposite of the River Avon instead.[23]

The site was bought by Bath City Council in 1908 and reopened to the public in 1913.[24] The building remained empty and derelict until 1913 when it was acquired by the trustees of the Holburne of Menstrie Museum. Sir Reginald Blomfield was appointed to carry out the extensive restoration and alterations necessary to render the building suitable for museum purposes. The new Holburne Museum opened to the public on 6 June 1916.[25] Throughout the 20th century the council parks committee carried out some restoration of some of the structures however others were demolished when the cost of repair was prohibitive.[26] In the 1950s concerts and other entertainment events were staged and although well attended did not make a profit.[27]

In 2015 a £250,000 project to improve the environment of the park and public access was announced.[28] This resulted in a grant of £332,000 from the Heritage Lottery Fund and Big Lottery Fund. The grant will be used to provide a range of activities, improve landscaping and restore some historic buildings.[29][30] A further grant of £2.7 million was awarded in 2018, for conservation and opening up of currently closed areas of the park from 2020. The Loggia, Minerva's Temple and the Edwardian toilets will be restored, and a café and toilets are planned for near the play area.[31]

Archaeology

In June 2021, L-P archaeologists have announced the discovery of a 2,000 year-old limestone Roman coffin with the remains of two skeletons. The coffin was uncovered in a grave approximately two metres long, 60 cm wide and 50 cm deep. One of the preserved bodies was uncovered in a prone position with the fractional remains of another body positioned at its feet. Explorers also revealed a small pot containing food remains, as well as artifacts including small red and blue glass beads, very likely left as votive offerings.[32][33][34][35]

Garden structures

Sketch of the Fancy Fair at Sydney Gardens, Bath, for the Relief of Distressed Seamen. Painted around 1836 by an unknown artist.

The 12-metre (39 ft) high Minerva's Temple was built in 1911 for the Festival of Empire at The Crystal Palace. It was then moved to Sydney Gardens. The front of the building has four fluted Corinthian columns.[36] The pavilion was originally a gardener's cottage or lodge when it was built around 1840, it was later used as a cloakroom.[37] The loggia was built in the 18th century but reduced in size in the 20th.[38]

The Kennet & Avon Canal passes through the gardens via two short tunnels[39][40] and under two cast iron footbridges dating from 1800.[41] Cleveland Tunnel is 173 feet (53 m) long and runs under Cleveland House, the former headquarters of the Kennet & Avon Canal Company[42] and now a Grade II* listed building.[43] A trap-door in the tunnel roof was used to pass paperwork between clerks above and bargees below.[42] The iron footbridge over the canal was designed by John Rennie and built in 1800 using metalwork from the Coalbrookdale Foundry.[44]

There are also foot and road bridges over the railway which were designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and built in 1840,[45][46] as were the retaining walls.[47][48] Even the cast iron public conveniences built in 1910,[49] are listed buildings.[50][51]

References

  1. ^ "Sydney Gardens, Bath, England". Parks and Gardens UK. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  2. ^ "Kennet & Avon Canal Trail". Canal & River Trust. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  3. ^ "Jane Austen and Bath: The Sydney Gardens". Austenonly. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  4. ^ a b c Historic England. "Sydney Gardens (1001258)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  5. ^ ""Vauxhall" Pleasure Gardens". Vauxhall, the Oval and Kennington. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  6. ^ Snaddon 2000, p. 5.
  7. ^ Forsyth 2003, p. 184.
  8. ^ Downing, Sarah Jane (5 April 2009). "Green and pleasant". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  9. ^ Bond 1998, pp. 98–99.
  10. ^ Historic England. "The Holburne Museum (1395305)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  11. ^ Boyle, Laura. "Sydney Gardens, Bath". Jane Austen Centre. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  12. ^ Snaddon 2000, pp. 14–18.
  13. ^ "Collection history". Holburne Museum. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  14. ^ Snaddon 2000, p. 26.
  15. ^ Snaddon 2000, p. 19.
  16. ^ "Sydney Gardens". Canal and Rivers Trust. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  17. ^ Snaddon 2000, p. 21.
  18. ^ Snaddon 2000, p. 23.
  19. ^ "Kennet and Avon canal's history made into audio story". BBC. 12 November 2012. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  20. ^ Nanette South Clark (17 May 2010). "The Fall of the Widcombe Bridge over the Avon -- June 6, 1877". An Engineer's Aspect. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  21. ^ Historic England. "A pair of watchmen's boxes flanking the entrance to the Holburne Museum (1395306)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  22. ^ Snaddon 2000, p. 43.
  23. ^ Snaddon 2000, pp. 52–53.
  24. ^ "Sydney Gardens, Bath, England – History". Parks and Gardens UK. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  25. ^ "Holburne Museum". Culture 24. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  26. ^ Snaddon 2000, pp. 58–63.
  27. ^ Snaddon 2000, pp. 63–66.
  28. ^ "Sydney Gardens". Bath and North East Somerset Council. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  29. ^ "Sydney Gardens awarded National Lottery grant". Bath and North East Somerset. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  30. ^ MacFarlan, Tim. "First round of funding secured for Bath's Sydney Gardens' £3.2million revamp". South West Business. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  31. ^ Britten, Elise (17 December 2018). "Jane Austen's local park Sydney Gardens to receive £2.7 million upgrade". Bath Chronicle. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  32. ^ Gershon, Livia. "2,000-Year-Old Sarcophagus Found in England Reveals Roman Burial Practices". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  33. ^ "Roman coffin found in Bath containing two skeletons". BBC News. 28 June 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  34. ^ Archaeology, Current (1 August 2021). "Roman sarcophagus discovered in Bath | The Past". the-past.com. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  35. ^ Holth, Jesse (2 July 2021). "Ancient Roman Sarcophagus Containing Two Skeletons Unearthed in Bath, England". ARTnews.com. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  36. ^ Historic England. "Minerva's Temple (1395283)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  37. ^ Historic England. "Pavilion (1395286)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  38. ^ Historic England. "Loggia (1395290)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  39. ^ Historic England. "Kennet and Avon tunnel (under Beckford Road) (1395965)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  40. ^ Historic England. "Kennet and Avon tunnel (under Cleveland House and Sydney Road) (1395966)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  41. ^ Historic England. "Bridge in Sydney Gardens (1395952)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  42. ^ a b Pearson 2003, p. 13.
  43. ^ Historic England. "Cleveland House (1395310)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  44. ^ Historic England. "Footbridge over Canal in Sydney Gardens (1395961)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  45. ^ Historic England. "Bridge over railway in Sydney Gardens (1395281)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  46. ^ Historic England. "Sydney Gardens Footbridge (MLN110614) (1395282)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  47. ^ Historic England. "Retaining wall and balustrade west of railway line (1395289)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  48. ^ Historic England. "Retaining wall east of railway line (1395287)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  49. ^ Forsyth 2003, p. 185.
  50. ^ Historic England. "Ladies public lavatories (1242916)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  51. ^ Historic England. "Gentlemen's public lavatories (1395284)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 June 2013.

Bibliography

  • Bond, James (1998). Somerset Parks and Gardens. Tiverton: Somerset Books. ISBN 978-0-86183-465-5.
  • Forsyth, Michael (2003). Pevsner Architectural Guides: Bath. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10177-5.
  • Pearson, Michael (2003). Kennet & Avon Middle Thames:Pearson's Canal Companion. Rugby, UK: Central Waterways Supplies. ISBN 978-0-907864-97-4.
  • Snaddon, Brenda (2000). The Last Promenade, Sydney Gardens, Bath. Millstream Books. ISBN 978-0-948975-59-2.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sydney Gardens.

Read other articles:

Sistem referensi heksaksial

Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut...

 

2C-T-8

2C-T-8 Names Preferred IUPAC name 2-{4-[(Cyclopropylmethyl)sulfanyl]-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl}ethan-1-amine Identifiers CAS Number 207740-27-0 N 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEMBL ChEMBL127995 Y ChemSpider 21106234 Y PubChem CID 44350055 UNII 50U317Z43G CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID70658375 InChI InChI=1S/C14H21NO2S/c1-16-12-8-14(18-9-10-3-4-10)13(17-2)7-11(12)5-6-15/h7-8,10H,3-6,9,15H2,1-2H3 YKey: AHMSSHCYIDBVQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N YInChI=1/C14H21NO2S/c1-16-12-8-14...

 

Kirby's Dream Buffet

2022 video gameKirby's Dream BuffetDeveloper(s)HAL LaboratoryPublisher(s)NintendoDirector(s)Shinya KumazakiProducer(s)Tadashi KamitakeToyokazu NonakaDesigner(s)Yuya KozukaRyosuke SakamotoArtist(s)Riki FuhrmannComposer(s)Yuuta OgasawaraJun IshikawaShogo SakaiHirokazu AndoMegumi OharaYuki ShimookaSeriesKirbyPlatform(s)Nintendo SwitchReleaseAugust 17, 2022Genre(s)Racing, Party, battle royaleMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer Kirby's Dream Buffet is a party and racing video game developed by HAL ...

FIBA Europe Cup 2023-2024

Questa voce o sezione tratta di una competizione cestistica in corso. Le informazioni possono pertanto cambiare rapidamente con il progredire degli eventi. Se vuoi scrivere un articolo giornalistico sull'argomento, puoi farlo su Wikinotizie. Non aggiungere speculazioni alla voce. FIBA Europe Cup 2023-2024 Competizione FIBA Europe Cup Sport Pallacanestro Edizione 9ª Organizzatore FIBA Europe Partecipanti 40 (53 alle qualificazioni) Sito web Sito ufficiale Cronologia della competizione 2022-2...

 

Mahmud Hotak

Mahmud Hotak شاه محمود هوتکGhaziEmir AfganistanSketsa Mir Mahmud ShahEmir AfganistanBerkuasa1717-1725Penobatan1717 dan 1722 (sebagai Shah Persia)PendahuluAbdul Aziz HotakPenerusAshraf HotakInformasi pribadiKelahiran1697Kematian22 April 1725 (usia 27)Isfahan, Kekaisaran HotakWangsaDinasti HotakNama lengkapMir Mahmud Shah HotakAyahMirwais HotakIbuKhanzada Sadozai[1]PasanganShahbanu Alamiyan Govhar Sultan SafaviAgamaIslam Shāh Mahmūd Hotak, (bahasa Pashtun: شاه مح�...

 

Griffin Dunne

Griffin Dunne al Tribeca Film Festival 2010 Griffin Dunne, all'anagrafe Thomas Griffin Dunne (New York, 8 giugno 1955), è un attore e regista statunitense. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Filmografia parziale 2.1 Attore 2.1.1 Cinema 2.1.2 Televisione 2.2 Regista 3 Doppiatori italiani 4 Altri progetti 5 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Figlio del produttore e sceneggiatore Dominick Dunne e dell'imprenditrice Ellen Beatriz Griffin, i suoi genitori divorziarono quando aveva 14 anni. È fratello dell'attrice...

تصفيات كأس الأمم الإفريقية

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (أبريل 2020) خريطة تظهر المنتخبات الأفريقية حسب عدد أفضل إنجازاتها في نهائيات كأس الأمم الأفريقيةأقيمت أول نسخة لبطول...

 

رينو ماركيسي

رينو ماركيسي معلومات شخصية الميلاد 11 يونيو 1937 (العمر 86 سنة)سان جوليانو ميلانيزي الطول 177 سنتيمتر  مركز اللعب لاعب وسط  الجنسية إيطاليا  المسيرة الاحترافية1 سنوات فريق م. (هـ.) 1955–1956 نادي فانفولا 87 (12) 1956–1960 أتالانتا 120 (10) 1960–1966 فيورنتينا 165 (0) 1966–1971 لاتسيو 123 (4) 1971–1973 ا...

 

Jacques Grenier

Canadian businessman and politician MayorJacques Grenier20th Mayor of MontrealIn office1889–1891Preceded byJohn AbbottSucceeded byJames McShaneConstituencySaint-Jacques Personal detailsBorn20 January 1823Berthier-en-Haut, Lower CanadaDied5 March 1909(1909-03-05) (aged 86)Montreal, Quebec, CanadaProfessionbusinessman Jacques Grenier (20 January 1823 – 5 March 1909) was a Canadian businessman and politician. He was mayor of Montreal. Background He was born in Berthierville. Provinc...

Ganciclovir

Chemical compound GanciclovirClinical dataPronunciation/ɡænˈsaɪkləvɪər/ Trade namesCytovene; Cymevene; VitrasertOther namesgancyclovir; DHPG; 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanineAHFS/Drugs.comMonographMedlinePlusa605011License data US DailyMed: Ganciclovir Pregnancycategory AU: D Routes ofadministrationIntravenous, by mouth, intravitrealATC codeJ05AB06 (WHO) S01AD09 (WHO)Legal statusLegal status AU: S4 (Prescription only)[2] UK: ...

 

Chinese Deep Space Network

Chinese Deep Space NetworkLambang Tentara Pembebasan RakyatAktif1993; 31 tahun lalu (1993)Negara TiongkokAliansiPartai Komunis TiongkokCabang People's Liberation Army Strategic Support ForceBagian dari Angkatan Bersenjata Tiongkok Cina Deep Space Network adalah jaringan dari antena besar dan fasilitas komunikasi yang mendukung misi pesawat ruang angkasa bulan dan antarplanet Cina. Jaringan pertama kali dibutuhkan untuk misi ke bulan Chang'e 1, tetapi akan digunakan untuk menduk...

 

Don Carlos (play)

Historical tragedy by Friedrich Schiller Don CarlosDon Karlos, Leipzig, 1787Written byFriedrich von SchillerCharactersCarlos, Prince of AsturiasPhilip II of SpainDuke of AlbaElisabeth of ValoisPrincess of EboliMarquis of PosaOriginal languageGermanGenreDramaSettingSpanish Court at Aranjuez You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (June 2011) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the...

Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 5000 metres

Women's 5000 metresat the Games of the XXVII OlympiadVenueANZ StadiumDate22 September 2000 (heats)25 September 2000 (final)Competitors49 from 31 nationsWinning time14:40.79 ORMedalists Gabriela Szabo Romania Sonia O'Sullivan Ireland Gete Wami Ethiopia← 19962004 → Athletics at the2000 Summer OlympicsTrack events100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen800 mmenwomen1500 mmenwomen5000 mmenwomen10,000 mmenwomen100 m hurdleswomen110 m hurdlesmen400 m hu...

 

The Inheritance or Fuckoffguysgoodday

1992 filmThe Inheritance or FuckoffguysgooddayCzech DVD coverDirected byVěra ChytilováWritten byVěra ChytilováBolek PolívkaProduced byPavel SolcCinematographyErvín SandersEdited byJan MattlachMusic byJiří BulisRelease date 1 December 1992 (1992-12-01) Running time120 minutesCountryCzechoslovakiaLanguagesCzechGerman The Inheritance or Fuckoffguysgoodday (Czech: Dědictví aneb Kurvahošigutntag) is a 1992 Czechoslovak comedy film directed by Věra Chytilová.[1] ...

 

Martin 4-0-4

Twin-piston-engine US piston airliner, 1950 Martin 4-0-4 Nine Martin 404s of Southern Airways at Atlanta Airport in 1972, being prepared for departure on the morning wave of flights Role Short/medium range airlinerType of aircraft Manufacturer Glenn L. Martin Company First flight October 21, 1950 [1] Introduction 1951 Primary users Eastern Air LinesTrans World Airlines Produced 1951-1953 Number built 103 Developed from Martin 2-0-2 The Martin 4-0-4 was an American pressurized pas...

جامع الجزائر

تحتاج هذه المقالة كاملةً أو أجزاءً منها لإعادة الكتابة حسبَ أسلوب ويكيبيديا. فضلًا، ساهم بإعادة كتابتها لتتوافق معه. جامع الجزائر جامع الجزائر إحداثيات 36°47′6″N 3°3′38″E / 36.78500°N 3.06056°E / 36.78500; 3.06056 معلومات عامة القرية أو المدينة بلدية المحمدية، الجزائر العاصمة ا�...

 

دستور إسبانيا 1876

دستور إسبانيا 1876 البلد إسبانيا  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   كانوباس ديل كاستيو. صدر الدستور الإسباني 1876 في 30 يونيو 1876 في عهد رئيس وزراء إسبانيا كانوباس ديل كاستيو. وقد استند هذا الدستور إلى مشروع دستوري وضعته مجموعة من 600 من الأعيان وأعضاء سابقين لمجلس الشيوخ ونواب المجالس ال...

 

Bhai Rupa

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Bhai Rupa – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Town in Punjab, IndiaBhai RupaTownBhai RupaCoordinates: 30°25′52″N 75°13′14″E / 30.43111°N 75.22056°E / 30.4...

中国地震局

中国地震局（ちゅうごくじしんきょく）は中華人民共和国国務院直属事業単位の一つ。主として中国全国の地震観測と地震防災・減災業務の行政管理と組織管理を担当する。 沿革 1953年11月 - 中国科学院が「地震工作委員会」を設置。 1967年 - 国家科学技術委員会（現在の科学技術部）に「京津地区地震弁公室」を設立。国家建設基本委員会（現在の建設部）に「京津地�...

 

Barmen Declaration

1934 declaration opposing Nazi ideology This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Barmen Declaration – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) German stamp: 50 years of the Barmen Declaration The Barmen Declaration or the Theological Decla...