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Eurotiomycetes
	Verrucaria nigrescens
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
(unranked):	Dothideomyceta
Class:	Eurotiomycetes; O.E. Erikss. & Winka 1997
Subclasses
	Chaetothyriomycetidae; Coryneliomycetidae; Cryptocaliciomycetidae; Eurotiomycetidae; Mycocaliciomycetidae; Sclerococcomycetidae; ?Neocladophialophora;

Eurotiomycetes is a large class of ascomycetes with cleistothecial ascocarps within the subphylum Pezizomycotina,^[1] currently containing around 3810 species according to the Catalogue of Life.^[2] It is the third largest lichenized class, with more than 1200 lichen species that are mostly bitunicate in the formation of asci.^[3] It contains most of the fungi previously known morphologically as "Plectomycetes".^[4]

Systematics and phylogeny

Internal relationships

The class Eurotiomycetes was circumscribed in 1997 by Swedish mycologists Ove Erik Eriksson and Katarina Winka. At that time it only contained the order Eurotiales,^[1] which together with the next order added, Onygenales, form a monophyletic group comprising most of the fungi in "Plectomycetes", a group no longer in use that unified fungi under exclusively morphological characteristics.^[4]

As more orders were added to Eurotiomycetes, the first two along with Arachnomycetales became constrained to the first subclass, Eurotiomycetidae. In 2001, the second subclass, Chaetothyriomycetidae, was erected to accommodate Chaetothyriales and its sister group Verrucariales, as well as Pyrenulales since 2004. These two remain as the major subclasses of Eurotiomycetes.^[4]

The remaining subclasses were created through more phylogenetic analyses to accommodate outlying taxa or newly discovered groups: Mycocaliciomycetidae in 2007,^[5] Coryneliomycetidae^[6] and Sclerococcomycetidae in 2016,^[7] and lastly Cryptocaliciomycetidae in 2021.^[8] The following cladogram shows the relationships between all Eurotiomycetes orders and monotypic subclasses as of 2021:^[7]^[8]

Eurotiomycetes

Chaetothyriomycetidae

	Chaetothyriales

	Verrucariales

	Phaeomoniellales

	Pyrrenulales

Eurotiomycetidae

	Onygenales

	Arachnomycetales

Eurotiales

Cryptocaliciomycetidae

External relationships

The class Eurotiomycetes forms a clade with Lecanoromycetes, the largest lichenized class of fungi.^[3]

Taxonomy

As of 2022, the taxonomy of Eurotiomycetes recognizes 5 subclasses, 10 orders, 34 families and 289 valid genera.^[9] The families are listed here followed by the number of genera.

Subclass Chaetothyriomycetidae Doweld 2001^[10]

Order Chaetothyriales M.E. Barr 1987

Family Chaetothyriaceae Hansf. ex M.E. Barr 1979 – 19 genera

Family Coccodiniaceae Höhn. ex O.E. Erikss. – 4 genera

Family Cyphellophoraceae Réblová & Unter. – 2 genera

Family Epibryaceae S. Stenroos & Gueidan – 1 genus

Family Herpotrichiellaceae Munk – 17 genera

Family Lyrommataceae Lücking – 1 genus

Family Microtheliopsidaceae O.E. Erikss. – 1 genus

Family Paracladophialophoraceae Crous – 1 genus

Family Pyrenotrichaceae Zahlbr – 2 genera

Family Trichomeriaceae Chomnunti & K.D. Hyde (=Strelitzianaceae Crous & M.J. Wingf.) – 9 genera

Chaetothyriales incertae sedis – 11 genera

Order Phaeomoniellales K.H. Chen, A.E. Arnold, Gueidan & Lutzoni

Family Celotheliaceae Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (=Phaeomoniellaceae P.M. Kirk) – 11 genera

Order Pyrenulales Fink ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.

Family Pyrenulaceae Rabenh. – 12 genera

Pyrenulales incertae sedis – 2 genera

Order Verrucariales Mattick ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.

Family Adelococcaceae Triebel – 3 genera

Family Sarcopyreniaceae Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux – 1 genera

Family Verrucariaceae Zenker – 52 genera

Verrucariales incertae sedis – 4 genera

Chaetothyriomycetidae incertae sedis

Family Rhynchostomataceae Winka & O.E. Erikss. – 2 genera

Subclass Cryptocaliciomycetidae M. Prieto, Etayo and Olariaga 2021^[8]

Order Cryptocaliciales M. Prieto, Etayo and Olariaga 2021

Family Cryptocaliciaceae Etayo, Olariaga and M. Prieto – 1 genus

Subclass Coryneliomycetidae A.R. Wood, Damm, J.Z. Groenew., Cheew. & Crous^[6]

Order Coryneliales Seaver & Chardon

Family Coryneliaceae Sacc. ex Berl. & Voglino – 8 genera

Family Eremascaceae Engl. & E. Gilg – 2 genera

Subclass Eurotiomycetidae Geiser & Lutzoni

Order Arachnomycetales Gibas, Sigler & Currah

Family Arachnomycetaceae Gibas, Sigler & Currah – 2 genera

Order Eurotiales G.W. Martin ex Benny & Kimbr.

Family Aspergillaceae Link (=Monascaceae J. Schröt.) – 14 genera

Family Elaphomycetaceae Tul. ex Paol. – 2 genera

Family Penicillaginaceae Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson – 1 genus

Family Thermoascaceae Apinis – 2 genera

Family Trichocomaceae E. Fisch. – 9 genera

Order Onygenales Cif. ex Benny & Kimbr.

Family Ajellomycetaceae Unter., J.A. Scott & Sigler – 7 genera

Family Arthrodermataceae Currah – 11 genera

Family Ascosphaeraceae L.S. Olive & Spiltoir – 3 genera

Family Gymnoascaceae Baran. – 11 genera

Family Nannizziopsidaceae Guarro, Stchigel, Deanna A. Sutton & Cano – 1 genus

Family Onygenaceae Berk. – 34 genera

Family Spiromastigaceae Guarro, Cano & Stchigel – 4 genera

Onygenales incertae sedis – 3 genera

Eurotiomycetidae incertae sedis – 5 genera

Subclass Mycocaliciomycetidae Tibell^[5]

Order Mycocaliciales Tibell & Wedin^[11]

Family Mycocaliciaceae A.F.W. Schmidt (=Sphinctrinaceae M. Choisy) – 7 genera

Subclass Sclerococcomycetidae Réblová, Unter. & W. Gams^[7]

Order Sclerococcales Réblová, Unter. & W. Gams

Family Dactylosporaceae Bellem. & Hafellner (=Sclerococcaceae Réblová, Unter. & W. Gams) – 7 genera

Only one genus, Neocladophialophora, remains incertae sedis within the class.^[9]

Nomenclature

The scientific classification for this particular class is particularly tricky, with one particular species having both the anamorph (asexual form), and teleomorph (sexual form) names used in reference to them.

e.g. anamorph form = Penicillium; teleomorph form = Talaromyces or Eupenicillium.^[12]

Morphology

Many members (Eurotiales, Onygenales) produce an enclosed structure cleistothecium within which they produce their spores.

References

^ ^a ^b Eriksson OE, Winka W (1997). "Supraordinal taxa of Ascomycota". Myconet. 1. Umeå: Umeå university: 1–16. ISSN 1403-1418.
^ Source dataset. Species Fungorum Plus: Species Fungorum for CoL+. "Eurotiomycetes". Catalog of Life Version 2022-03-21.
^ ^a ^b Lücking R, Hodkinson BP, Leavitt SD (3 January 2017). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota—approaching one thousand genera". The Bryologist. 119 (4): 361–416. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361. S2CID 90258634.
^ ^a ^b ^c Geiser DM, Gueidan C, et al. (2006). "Eurotiomycetes: Eurotiomycetidae and Chaetothyriomycetidae". Mycologia. 98 (6). Lawrence, KS: The Mycological Society of America: 1053–1064. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.1053. PMID 17486980.
^ ^a ^b Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff JF, Blackwell M, Cannon PF, Eriksson OE, et al. (2007). "A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi". Mycological Research. 111 (5): 509–547. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004. ISSN 0953-7562. PMID 17572334. S2CID 4686378.
^ ^a ^b Wood AR, Damm U, van der Linde EJ, Groenewald JZ, Cheewangkoon R, Crous PW (28 December 2016). "Finding the missing link: Resolving the Coryneliomycetidae within Eurotiomycetes". Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi. 37. Naturalis Biodiversity Center: 37–56. doi:10.3767/003158516X689800. PMC 5315291. PMID 28232760.
^ ^a ^b ^c Réblová M, Untereiner WA, Štěpánek V, et al. (2017). "Disentangling Phialophora section Catenulatae: disposition of taxa with pigmented conidiophores and recognition of a new subclass, Sclerococcomycetidae (Eurotiomycetes)". Mycol Progress. 16 (1): 27–46. Bibcode:2017MycPr..16...27R. doi:10.1007/s11557-016-1248-y. S2CID 24930052.
^ ^a ^b ^c Prieto M, Etayo J, Olariaga I (2021). "A new lineage of mazaediate fungi in the Eurotiomycetes: Cryptocaliciomycetidae subclass. nov., based on the new species Cryptocalicium blascoi and the revision of the ascoma evolution". Mycol Progress. 20 (7): 889–904. Bibcode:2021MycPr..20..889P. doi:10.1007/s11557-021-01710-y. S2CID 237740137.
^ ^a ^b Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl:10481/76378. S2CID 249054641.
^ Doweld, A. 2001. Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum, Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta). :I–LXXX
^ Hibbett, David S.; Binder, Manfred; Bischoff, Joseph F.; Blackwell, Meredith; Cannon, Paul F.; Eriksson, Ove E.; et al. (2007). "A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi". Mycological Research. 111 (5): 509–547. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004. PMID 17572334. S2CID 4686378.
^ N. Gunde-Cimerman; A. Oren; A. Plemenitaš, eds. (2006). Adaptation to Life at High Salt Concentrations in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology. Vol. 9. Springer. pp. 383, 413. ISBN 978-1-402-03633-0.