Dessau

Dessau
Dessau
Stadtteil of Dessau-Roßlau
	Market square with fountain
	Coat of arms
	Location of Dessau
	Dessau Dessau
	Coordinates: 51°50′N 12°15′E / 51.833°N 12.250°E
Country	Germany
State	Saxony-Anhalt
District	Urban district
Town	Dessau-Roßlau
Area
• Total	182.81 km2 (70.58 sq mi)
Elevation	61 m (200 ft)
Population (2020-12-31)
• Total	67,747
• Density	370/km2 (960/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+01:00 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postal codes	06811-06849
Dialling codes	0340
Vehicle registration	DE
Website	www.dessau.de

Dessau is a district of the independent city of Dessau-Roßlau in Saxony-Anhalt at the confluence of the rivers Mulde and Elbe, in the Bundesland (Federal State) of Saxony-Anhalt. Until 1 July 2007, it was an independent city. The population of Dessau is 67,747 (Dec. 2020).^[1]

Geography

Dessau is situated on a floodplain where the Mulde flows into the Elbe. This causes yearly floods. The worst flood took place in the year 2002, when the Waldersee district was nearly completely flooded. The south of Dessau touches a well-wooded area called Mosigkauer Heide. The highest elevation is a 110 m high former rubbish dump called Scherbelberg in the southwest of Dessau. Dessau is surrounded by numerous parks and palaces that make it one of the greenest towns in Germany.

History

Dessau was first mentioned in 1213. It became an important centre in 1570, when the Principality of Anhalt was founded. Dessau became the capital of this state within the Holy Roman Empire. In 1603, the state was split into four – later five – Anhalts, Dessau becoming the capital of the mini-state of Anhalt-Dessau. In 1863 two of the noble lines died out, and the Duchy of Anhalt became reunited. From 1918 to 1945, Dessau was the capital of the Free State of Anhalt.

Dessau is famous as the second site of the Bauhaus school. It moved here in 1925 after it had been forced to close in Weimar. Many famous artists were lecturers in Dessau in the following years, among them Walter Gropius, Paul Klee and Wassily Kandinsky. The Nazis control of Dessau city council forced the closure of the Dessau Bauhaus in 1932. The school moved to Bernau bei Berlin and closed its doors for the last time in 1933.

The town was almost completely destroyed by Allied air raids in World War II on 7 March 1945, six weeks before American troops occupied the town. Afterwards, it was rebuilt with typical GDR concrete slab architecture (Plattenbau) and became a major industrial centre of East Germany. Since German reunification in 1990, many historic buildings have been restored.

The composer Kurt Weill was born in Dessau. Since 1993, the city has hosted an annual Kurt Weill Festival. Dessau was also the birthplace of the philosopher Moses Mendelssohn (in 1729), and Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (der alte Dessauer) (on 3 July 1676), a lauded field marshal for the Kingdom of Prussia.

In January 2005, Dessau gained notoriety for the mysterious death of a Sierra Leonean convicted drug trafficker and failed asylum seeker, Oury Jalloh.

Sights

Castles and gardens

Garden Kingdom of Dessau-Wörlitz, (Dessau-Wörlitzer Gartenreich) is a World Heritage Site landscape garden. It is an exceptional example of 18th century Age of Enlightenment landscape design in the English style.^[2]
Dresden Elbe Valley
Zoo at Mausoleumspark
Wallwitzburg
Rondell
remains of the Dessau Palace (Johannbau)
Georgium Palace and Park
Kühnau Palace and Park
Mosigkau Palace and Park
Luisium Palace and Park
Erbprinzliches Palais Dessau (demolished)

The Bauhaus

There are several examples of Bauhaus architecture in Dessau, some of which are part of the Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau World Heritage Site. This includes the Bauhaus Dessau school building, designed by Walter Gropius, which is one of the iconic modernist buildings of the 20th century.^[3]

In addition to the buildings that are part of the World Heritage Site, other notable Bauhaus architecture in Dessau includes:

Dessau-Törten Estate, designed by Walter Gropius in 1926–1928.^[4]
Stahlhaus (Steel House), designed by Georg Muche and Richard Paulick in 1926–1927.^[5]
Fieger Haus, designed by Carl Fieger in 1927.^[6]
The Kornhaus, a restaurant overlooking the river Elbe designed by Carl Fieger in 1929–1930.^[7]
Arbeitsamt (Employment office), designed by Walter Gropius in 1928–1929. It is now the Dessau-Roßlau Amt für Ordnung und Verkehr (Authority of Public Security and Regulations).^[8]

Churches

St. Mary's Church
St. John's Church
Georgenkirche
Petruskirche
Auferstehungskirche
Pauluskirche
Christuskirche
Propsteikirche St. Peter and Paul
Dreieinigkeit
St. Josef

Other sights

Townhall, built in 1901
The palaces of Waldersee and Dietrich, today used as libraries
General post office
New water tower
Umweltbundesamt (formerly Wörlitzer Bahnhof)
Footbridge crossing the river Mulde

Culture

Theatres and museums

Anhaltisches Theater^[9] including Gregor Seyffert & Compagnie^[10]
City history museum
Anhalt Art Gallery at Georgium Palace with park (currently closed)
Mosigkau Palace museum
Luisium Castle museum with park
Oranienbaum Palace museum with park
Museum of Natural- and Prehistory
Moses Mendelssohn-Centre
Hugo Junkers Technical Museum
UCI Cinema Complex
Kiez-Cinema (one of the smallest Cinemas in Germany)^[11]

Regional media

Mitteldeutsche Zeitung (daily newspaper, Monday-Saturday)
Wochenspiegel (free newspaper on Wednesday) and Supersonntag (free newspaper on Sunday)
REGJO (quarterly Economy Journal for the Region of Leipzig/Halle)
leo^[12] (monthly, regional Event- and Culture Magazine)
local Studios of the MDR and SAW (Radiostations)
local TV Stations: RAN 1 and Offener Kanal Dessau

Transport

Public transport

The Dessau tramway network has three lines and is supplemented by numerous bus lines. Dessau's public transport is operated by Dessauer Verkehrsgesellschaft [de] (DVG), which transports around 6 million people each year.

Railway stations

Dessau Hauptbahnhof (main station) has connections to Magdeburg, Berlin, Leipzig, Halle, Bitterfeld and Lutherstadt Wittenberg. The line from Berlin was opened on 1 September 1840. The Dessau-Bitterfeld line (opened on 17 August 1857) was electrified in 1911, the first fully electrified long-distance railway in Germany. Dessau was part of the InterCity long-distance network until the year 2002. Regional trains also stop at the stations Dessau-Süd, Dessau-Alten, Dessau-Mosigkau and Rodleben. The Dessau-Wörlitzer-Eisenbahn (railway) connects Dessau to Wörlitz, a town situated 15 km to the east, and the Wörlitzer Park. The starting point of this railway is the main station. This train also stops at the stations Dessau-Waldersee and Dessau-Adria.

Roads

In 1938 the autobahn A9 (Munich-Berlin) was built southeast of the town area. The two exits to Dessau on the A9 are called Dessau-Ost and Dessau-Süd. Dessau is also crossed by the Bundesstrassen (federal roads) B 184 and B 185.

Airfield

The airfield of Dessau (ICAO: EDAD) is situated northwest of the town between the districts Kleinkühnau, Alten, and Siedlung. A destination with a charter airplane is possible. The runway has a length of 1000 m. The Hugo Junkers Technical Museum is situated in the neighbourhood directly east of the airfield, with the eastern end of the modern runway almost directly abutting the historical World War II Junkers factory airstrip's western end.

Water

Today the Leopoldshafen (harbour) is used for annual international motorboat racing events. The "Wallwitzhafen" is used as a private pleasure boat harbour and the Elbehafen near the Grain House is used for cruisers. The next harbour for goods is situated in Rosslau.

Bikes

Dessau is located in the flat landscape of the Saxon Lowland. The local bike paths have a length of about 146 km and connect all major parks and sights.

Sports

Sports like soccer, cycling, handball, volleyball, gymnastics, table tennis and tennis have a long tradition and are very popular in Dessau. The former soccer team SG Waggonbau Dessau won the GDR soccer cup in 1949. The handball team played in the GDR Oberliga and since 1990 they are playing in the 1st and 2nd Bundesliga. Currently, Dessau has around 80 sport clubs with over 13,500 members. Next to the traditional sports, Dessau has active sport clubs in the following disciplines: aikido, badminton, basketball, canoeing, chess, climbing, cycling, dancing, fishing, horse riding, karate, judo, jiu-jitsu, motorboat, rowing, speedskating, sailing, skittles, skydiving, squash, swimming, table tennis, water polo, wrestling and others.

Facilities

Numerous sports fields (more than 10)
Skittle alleys (6)
Tennis courts (3)
Boathouses (3)
Indoor swimming pools (2)
Paul-Greifzu-Stadion (22,000 capacity)
Speedskating course
Zuckerturm climbing tower
Anhalt Arena Dessau (3,600 capacity)
Airfield Dessau
Rifle range

Governance

The borough of Dessau was first mentioned in 1372. The head of the town of Schultheiss was appointed by the count. Together with a few assessors, the Schultheiss formed the town council. As of 1372, the town council was divided into two agencies, as of 1600 into three agencies, and as of 1785 again into two agencies. The Schultheiss of Dessau changed nearly every year until the town council constitution was cancelled in 1832. Afterwards Dessau became a Town Council and a Town Delegation Constitution. Since 1852 the town leader has the title of mayor. During the National Socialist period the mayor was appointed by the party (NSDAP). After World War II, the Soviets formed an executive council with a mayor. The town council constitution was elected by the people. Since German reunification this committee has been freely elected. Since 1994 it has been called the Stadtrat. Since 1994, the mayor is directly elected by the people.

In 2007, Dessau became part of the municipality of Dessau-Roßlau.

Mayor

Peter Kuras (born 1958) was elected mayor of Dessau-Roßlau in June 2014 with 75.82% of the votes for a term of seven years. He is the successor of Klemens Koschig (born 1957, independent), who was elected in 2007 with 56.8% of the votes.

Town Council (Stadtrat)

Consists of the following parties: (Local elections from 25 May 2014)

CDU (14 seats)
The Left (11 seats)
The Greens (3 seats)
SPD (7 seats)
Pro Dessau (5 seats)
AfD (3 seats)
FDP (2 seats)
Neues Forum (2 seats)
Bürgerliste (2 seats)
NPD 1 seat

Town twinning

Dessau is twinned with:

Argenteuil, France, since 1959^[13] Gliwice, Poland, since 1992 Ibbenbüren, North Rhine-Westphalia	Klagenfurt, Austria, since 1971 Ludwigshafen, Rhineland-Palatinate, since 1988 Roudnice nad Labem, Czech Republic

Education

Anhalt University of Applied Sciences (Architecture, Facility Management, Design and Geoinformatics)^[14]
Learning Centre from the German Chamber of Industry and Commerce (Halle/ Dessau)
Anhalt Vocational School Centre Hugo Junkers I, II, and III (Chapon-School)
Grammar School Walter Gropius
Grammar School Liborius
Grammar School "Philantropinum"

European subsidies

Dessau is part of the EU-URBAN programme. This programme is based on the integrated approach that is used for tackling the environmental, economical and social problems, affecting the deprived urban areas. There are several projects in Dessau sponsored via this subsidy.^{[citation needed]}

Notable people

Academics

Peter Lebrecht Schmidt (1933–2019), German classical scholar

Aristocracy and military

George III, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1507–1553), prince
Bernhard VII, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (1540–1570), prince
John Casimir, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1596–1660), prince
John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1627–1693), prince and Prussian field marshal
Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1676–1747), ruler of Anhalt-Dessau from 1693 to 1747
Leopold II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1700–1751), prince and Prussian general
Dietrich of Anhalt-Dessau (1702–1769), prince and Prussian field marshal
Princess Adelheid-Marie of Anhalt-Dessau (1833–1916), Duchess of Nassau and Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
Eduard, Duke of Anhalt (1861–1918), Prince of the House of Ascania and the penultimate ruler of the Duchy of Anhalt in 1918
Oswald Boelcke (1891-1916), World War I air ace
Joachim Ernst, Duke of Anhalt (1901–1947), the last ruler of the Duchy of Anhalt

Science and philosophy

Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1786), German Jewish philosopher, father of Haskalah
Heinrich Schwabe (1789–1875), astronomer and botanist, worked on sunspots
Karl Adolph von Basedow (1799–1854), a German physician
Max Müller (1823–1900), philologist and Orientalist
Franz Woepcke (1826–1864), an historian, Orientalist and mathematician
Friedrich Preisigke (1856–1924), a German Egyptologist and papyrologist
Hugo Junkers (1859–1935), German engineer and airplane designer, constructed first airplane made from metal, founded the Junkers & Co
Gustav Lindau (1866–1923), mycologist and botanist
Johannes Winkler (1897–1947), launched the first liquid-fuelled rocket in Europe at Dessau
Hans von Ohain (1911–1998), physicist, designer of the first jet engine
Gernot Böhme (1937–2022), philosopher and author

The arts

Wilhelm Karl Rust (1787–1855), a German pianist
Friedrich von Olivier (1791–1859), a German history painter in the Romantic style
Wilhelm Müller (1794–1827), lyric poet, best known for the Lieder of Franz Schubert
Ludwig Philippson (1811–1889), writer and rabbi, founder of Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums
Wilhelm Rust (1822–1892), composer, musicologist, Bach researcher and choirmaster
Bernhard Cossmann (1822–1910), a German cellist
Friedrich Grützmacher (1832–1903), cellist and composer
Leopold Grützmacher (1835-1900), a German cellist and composer.
Erna Schorlemmer (1875-1945), a German composer
Julius Schubring (1839–1914), classical scholar
Henriette Johanne Marie Müller (1841–1916), a street character identified with Hamburg
August Klughardt (1847–1902), composer and conductor^[15]
Kurt Weill (1900–1950), composer, grew up in Dessau, worked with Bertolt Brecht,
Gerhard Nebel (1903–1974), writer, essayist and cultural critic
Ursula Herking (1912–1974), actress and cabaret artist^[16]
Anne-Marie Lauenstein (1923–2010), first German war bride to emigrate to the US in 1946
Herbert Tobias (1924–1982), fashion photographer
Horst Bollmann (1925–2014), a German film and television actor^[17]
Gerhard Stolze (1926–1979), a German operatic tenor
Karl-Heinz Kämmerling (1930–2012), professor of piano
Brigitte Grothum (born 1935), a German film actress^[18]
Dieter Hallervorden (born 1935), comedian, cabaret artist and singer, hon. citizen of Dessau^[19]
Imi Knoebel (born 1940), a German artist of minimalist, abstract painting and sculpture
Emil Schult (born 1946), painter, poet and musician
Thomas Kretschmann (born 1962), actor^[20]
Annette Schlünz (born 1964), a German musician and composer
Michael Flade (born 1975), German composer of electronic music

Sports

Ameli Koloska (born 1944), javelin thrower, competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics
Danny Fuchs (born 1976), retired Bundesliga football player
Carsten Rump (born 1981), a retired German footballer with 436 club caps