Contiki

Contiki-NG
Stable release	4.9 / June 17, 2023; 13 months ago
Repository	github.com/contiki-ng/contiki-ng
Website	www.contiki-ng.org

Contiki
	Screenshot of an Ubuntu system showing Contiki 2.6 running on 41 nodes forming an IPv6-RPL-6LoWPAN network in the Cooja Contiki network simulator.
Developer	Adam Dunkels
Source model	Open source
Initial release	10 March 2003; 21 years ago
Final release	3.0 / 25 August 2015; 8 years ago
Repository	github.com/contiki-os/contiki
License	BSD-3-Clause
Official website	www.contiki-os.org

Contiki is an operating system for networked, memory-constrained systems with a focus on low-power wireless Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Contiki is used for systems for street lighting, sound monitoring for smart cities, radiation monitoring and alarms.^[1] It is open-source software released under the BSD-3-Clause license.

Contiki was created by Adam Dunkels in 2002^[2] and has been further developed by a worldwide team of developers from Texas Instruments, Atmel, Cisco, ENEA, ETH Zurich, Redwire, RWTH Aachen University, Oxford University, SAP, Sensinode, Swedish Institute of Computer Science, ST Microelectronics, Zolertia, and many others.^[3] Contiki gained popularity because of its built in TCP/IP stack and lightweight preemptive scheduling over event-driven kernel^[4] which is a very motivating feature for IoT. The name Contiki comes from Thor Heyerdahl's famous Kon-Tiki raft.

Contiki provides multitasking and a built-in Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP stack), yet needs only about 10 kilobytes of random-access memory (RAM) and 30 kilobytes of read-only memory (ROM).^[1] A full system, including a graphical user interface, needs about 30 kilobytes of RAM.^[5]

A new branch has recently been created, known as Contiki-NG: The OS for Next Generation IoT Devices

Hardware

Contiki is designed to run on types of hardware devices that are severely constrained in memory, power, processing power, and communication bandwidth. A typical Contiki system has memory on the order of kilobytes, a power budget on the order of milliwatts, processing speed measured in megaHertz, and communication bandwidth on the order of hundreds of kilobits/second. Such systems include many types of embedded systems, and old 8-bit computers.

Networking

Contiki provides three network mechanisms: the uIP TCP/IP stack,^[6] which provides IPv4 networking, the uIPv6 stack,^[7] which provides IPv6 networking, and the Rime stack, which is a set of custom lightweight networking protocols designed for low-power wireless networks. The IPv6 stack was contributed by Cisco and was, when released, the smallest IPv6 stack to receive the IPv6 Ready certification.^[8] The IPv6 stack also contains the Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks (RPL) routing protocol for low-power lossy IPv6 networks and the 6LoWPAN header compression and adaptation layer for IEEE 802.15.4 links.

Rime is an alternative network stack, for use when the overhead of the IPv4 or IPv6 stacks is prohibitive. The Rime stack provides a set of communication primitives for low-power wireless systems. The default primitives are single-hop unicast, single-hop broadcast, multi-hop unicast, network flooding, and address-free data collection. The primitives can be used on their own or combined to form more complex protocols and mechanisms.^[9]

Low-power operation

Many Contiki systems are severely power-constrained. Battery operated wireless sensors may need to provide years of unattended operation and with little means to recharge or replace batteries. Contiki provides a set of mechanisms to reduce the power consumption of systems on which it runs. The default mechanism for attaining low-power operation of the radio is called ContikiMAC.^[10] With ContikiMAC, nodes can be running in low-power mode and still be able to receive and relay radio messages.

Simulation

The Contiki system includes a sensor simulator called Cooja, which simulates of Contiki nodes.^[11] The nodes belong to one of the three following classes: a) emulated Cooja nodes, b) Contiki code compiled and executed on the simulation host, or c) Java nodes, where the behavior of the node must be reimplemented as a Java class. One Cooja simulation may contain a mix of sensor nodes from any of the three classes. Emulated nodes can also be used to include non-Contiki nodes in a simulated network.

In Contiki 2.6, platforms with the TI MSP430 and Atmel AVR microcontrollers can be emulated.

Programming model

To run efficiently on small-memory systems, the Contiki programming model is based on protothreads.^[12]^[13] A protothread is a memory-efficient programming abstraction that shares features of both multithreading and event-driven programming to attain a low memory overhead of each protothread. The kernel invokes the protothread of a process in response to an internal or external event. Examples of internal events are timers that fire or messages being posted from other processes. Examples of external events are sensors that trigger or incoming packets from a radio neighbor.

Protothreads are cooperatively scheduled. Thus, a Contiki process must always explicitly yield control back to the kernel at regular intervals. Contiki processes may use a special protothread construct to block waiting for events while yielding control to the kernel between each event invocation.

Features

Screenshot of the VNC server running on the Atmel AVR port of Contiki

Contiki supports per-process optional preemptive multithreading, inter-process communication using message passing through events, as well as an optional graphical user interface (GUI) subsystem with either direct graphic support for locally connected terminals or networked virtual display with Virtual Network Computing (VNC) or over Telnet.

A full installation of Contiki includes the following features:

Multitasking kernel
Optional per-application preemptive multithreading
Protothreads
Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) networking, including IPv6
Windowing system and GUI
Networked remote display using Virtual Network Computing
A web browser (claimed to be the world's smallest)
Personal web server
Simple telnet client
Screensaver

Contiki is supported by popular SSL/TLS libraries such as wolfSSL, which includes a port in its 3.15.5 release.^[14]

Ports

Microcontrollers

Atmel – ARM, AVR
NXP Semiconductors – LPC1768,^[15] LPC2103, MC13224
Microchip – dsPIC, PIC32 (PIC32MX795F512L)
Texas Instruments – MSP430, CC2430, CC2538, CC2630, CC2650, CC2538: cctv, Firefly, Zoul (comprises the CC2538 and CC1200 in a single module format)
STMicroelectronics – STM32 W

Computers

Apple II^[a]
Atari 8-bit computers^[a]
Atari ST
Atari Portfolio
Pocket Viewer
Commodore PET^[a]
VIC-20,^[a]
Commodore 64,^[a] Commodore 128^[a]
Oric^[a]
NEC PC-6001
Sharp Wizard
x86-based Unix-like systems, atop GTK+, or more directly using an X Window System^[16]

Game consoles

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ cc65 based development

References

^ ^a ^b Contiki OS.
^ Contiki: Bringing IP to Sensor Networks
^ "Community", Contiki OS.
^ Dunkels, Adam (2004), "Contiki – a lightweight and flexible operating system for tiny networked sensors", Proceedings of the 29th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks., pp. 455–462.
^ Out in the Open: The Little-Known Open Source OS That Rules the Internet of Things
^ Dunkels, Adam (May 2003), "Full TCP/IP for 8 Bit Architectures", Proceedings of the First ACM/Usenix International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services (MobiSys), San Francisco{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Durvy, Mathilde; Abeillé, Julien; Wetterwald, Patrick; O'Flynn, Colin; Leverett, Blake; Gnoske, Eric; Vidales, Michael; Mulligan, Geoff; Tsiftes, Nicolas; Finne, Niclas; Dunkels, Adam (November 2008), "Making sensor networks IPv6 ready", Proceedings of the Sixth ACM Conference on Networked Embedded Sensor Systems (SenSys) (poster session), Raleigh, NC, US: ACM
^ Newsroom, Cisco, 2008.
^ Dunkels, Adam; Österlind, Fredrik; He, Zhitao (November 2007), "An adaptive communication architecture for wireless sensor networks", Proceedings of the Fifth ACM Conference on Networked Embedded Sensor Systems (SenSys), Sydney, AU{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).
^ Dunkels, Adam, The ContikiMAC Radio Duty Cycling Protocol (PDF).
^ "Start", Contiki OS.
^ Dunkels, Adam; Schmidt, Oliver; Voigt, Thiemo; Ali, Muneeb (November 2006), "Protothreads: Simplifying event-driven programming of memory-constrained embedded systems", Proceedings of the Fourth ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys), Boulder, CO, USA{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Dunkels, A.; Schmidt, O.; Voigt, T.; Ali, M. (2006). "Protothreads". Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems - Sen Sys '06. p. 29. doi:10.1145/1182807.1182811. ISBN 1595933433. S2CID 983128. (PDF, Presentation slides).
^ "Protothread", Code.
^ "wolfSSL CONTIKI OS port - wolfSSL". 2018-12-18. Retrieved 2019-01-09.
^ "The Contiki Operating System / [Contiki-developers] Contiki port for the LPC1768 arm processor". 19 December 2020.
^ Stein, H, Running Contiki under Windows, Trix, archived from the original on 2003-12-09.

"Tools Contiki", Hitmen, AT: C02: unofficial website for historic ports of the 1.x version.
"Minimal Contiki OS for LPC2103", Manishshakya, NP, archived from the original on 2014-06-04.
Contiki 2.5 config file and disk image generator, A2 retro systems.
Contiki porting on PIC32 (Seed-Eye Board), IT: SSSUP, archived from the original on 2013-03-18, retrieved 2013-01-31.