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Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union

Беларуская Сялянска-Работніцкая Грамада
Biełaruskaja Sialanska-Rabotnickaja Hramada
Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union Беларуская Сялянска-Работніцкая Грамада; Biełaruskaja Sialanska-Rabotnickaja Hramada
Founded	July 1925
Dissolved	De-legalized on March 21, 1927
Headquarters	Wilno, Poland
Membership (November 1936)	120,000
Ideology	Belarusian separatism; Socialism; Left-wing nationalism; Agrarian socialism
Political position	Left-wing
Colours	White, red and white
Sejm	4
	Politics of Belarus; Political parties; Elections; Politics of Poland; Political parties; Elections;

The Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union or the Hramada (Belarusian: Беларуская Сялянска-Работніцкая Грамада, romanized: Biełaruskaja Sialanska-Rabotnickaja Hramada, Polish: Białoruska Włościańsko-Robotnicza Hromada) was a socialist agrarian political party created in 1925 by a group of Belarusian deputies to the Sejm of the Second Polish Republic that included Branislaw Tarashkyevich, Symon Rak-Michajłoŭski (be), Piotra Miatła (be), and the founder of Hramada Pavieł Vałošyn (be).^[2] The group received logistical help from the Soviet Union,^[2]^[3]^[4] and financial aid from the Comintern.^[4]^[5]

Ideology

The main points of BPWU's program were:^[1] the democratic self-governance for West Belarus within Poland, introduction of an eight-hour working day, the recognition of the Belarusian language in Poland as a second official language, the cancellation of the "colonization of Belarus" by the Polish Osadniks, and the free distribution to peasants of land owned by landlords upon its confiscation. There was also a semi-official goal to unite all of Belarusians of West Belarus and East Belarus within one Soviet state.^[1]

Background

Hramada was formed legally in July 1925.^[2] Its leaders were among prominent members of the Belarusian national liberation movement of the early 20th century: Symon Rak-Michajloŭski has previously been a high-ranking diplomat for the Belarusian Democratic Republic, Branisłaŭ Taraškievič is known as the creator of the first modern Belarusian grammar.

The Polish authorities began to suppress the activities of the Hramada in late 1926 due to its policy coordination with the delegalized Communist Party of Western Belarus.^[1] Belarusian media in Poland faced increased pressure and censorship from the authorities.^[6]

Membership and structure

Branisłaŭ Taraškievič, one of the leaders of the BPWU

Membership numbers of the Hramada grew on a very fast pace with sometimes entire Belarusian villages becoming members.^[2] By November 1926 the party has enrolled 120,000 members, which is believed to be the largest political party in Belarusian history today,^[1] and one of the largest revolutionary-democratic organizations of its time.^[6]

The Hramada had party cells in the following powiats of the Nowogródek Voivodeship in Second Polish Republic: Baranovichi (Baranowicze), Bielsk, Valozhyn (Wołożyn), Vawkavysk (Wołkowysk), Vileyka (Wilejka), Wilno, Grodno, Dzisna, Kosava, Lida, Maladzyechna, Navahrudak, Pastavy, Pinsk, Slonim, Stouptsy and Sokółka.^[4]

The Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union Hramada established several periodicals devoted not only to politics, but also to culture and business, including Zyccio bielarusa, Bielaruskaja niva, Bielaruskaja sprava, Narodnaja sprava, and Nasa sprava. The total circulation of publications of the Hramada in early 1927 was above 10,000 copies.^[4]^[6]

Radicalization and dissolution

As the years went on, due to ongoing polonization of West Belarus (called Kresy macroregion in interwar Poland) and increasingly discriminatory and nationalistic policies of the central Polish government, the Belarusian national movement in grew more loyal to the Soviet regime and its communist ideology. The Soviets also gained increasingly more control over the Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union, and gave the Belarusian national liberation movement in Poland a communist context.^[1] According to Polish sources in Belarus,^[2] the Hramada received not only logistical, but also physical help from the Soviet Union,^[2] and financial aid from the Comintern.^[5]

The connection between Hramada and the delegalized Communist Party of Western Belarus aided by Moscow was inevitably discovered by the Polish authorities.^[2] On 15 January 1927 some top activists of Hramada were arrested under the charge of subversive anti-Polish activities. The trial of the leaders of Hramada became known as the Trial of the Fifty Six (Belarusian: Працэс 56-ці).^[7] The leaders including Branisłaŭ Taraškievič, Symon Rak-Michajłoŭski, Piotra Miatła, and Pavieł Vałošyn, were each sentenced to 12 years in prison. The Polish authorities handed them over to the Soviets in 1930 (Rak-Michajłoŭski, Vałošyn, Miatła) and 1933 (Taraškievič) in exchange for political prisoners held in the USSR (including the West Belarusian journalist and playwright Francišak Alachnovič). A few years later, all four former leaders of the Hramada were either executed by the Soviet regime as "Polish spies" or sent to perish in the GULAG.^[1]

In the aftermath of the party's de-legalisation, on February 3, 1927 a riot erupted in Kosava where the Soviet diversionist cell was already formed by Moscow with all required help.^[4] Polish police responded to attacks with fire, killing 6 people and wounding several dozens.^[4]

Historical role, legacy and criticism

According to historian Andrew Savchenko, by 1927 the Hramada organization was controlled entirely by agents deployed from Moscow, whose aim was to destabilize the region and recruit partisans.^[5] According to Polish media, the Hramada turned into a cover for infiltration of Poland by the Soviet Union.^[2] According to Savchenko, BPWU only theoretically demanded independence for Belarus, but in practice promoted only the idea of incorporating the ethnically Belarusian lands into the Soviet Union which meant yet another partition of Poland.^[5] The Russian agents attempted to isolate the Belarusian ethnic minority in Poland from the political process in the country.^[3] In turn, Hramada leaders did exactly what their Moscow advisers suggested they do, and disseminated Comintern propaganda,^[3] which resulted in the rapid growth of its rank and file. By March 1927 the party had 120,000 members.^[4] The membership of the Communist Party decreased at the same time by a thousand.^[5]

In Belarus, the BPWU is viewed positively by both the official regime and the opposition. It is seen as a mass democratic party that emerged in West Belarus as a response to harsh ethnic discrimination of the Belarusians in mid-war Poland. It is being pointed out that the Hramada was persecuted by both the Polish regime and by the Stalinist USSR.^[1]

Notable members

Branisłaŭ Taraškievič, linguist, writer, later executed by the Soviets in 1938
Symon Rak-Michajłoŭski (be-tarask), former diplomat of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, later executed by the Soviets in 1938
Michaś Mašara (be-tarask), writer and poet
Piotra Miatła (be-tarask), later sentenced to 10 years in GULAG, died in a concentration camp
Ryhor Šyrma (be-tarask), musician and composer
Pavieł Vałošyn (be-tarask), later executed by the Soviets in 1937
Ludvika Sivickaja (alias Zośka Vieras) (be-tarask), poet and writer, former member of the Rada BNR and delegate to the First All-Belarusian Congress
Radaslau Astrouski, later President of the Belarusian Central Rada and member of the Belarusian community in the United States

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Іван Саверчанка, Зьміцер Санько, 150 пытанняў і адказаў з гісторыі Беларусі, Менск, 1999: "Чаму была разгромлена Беларуская Сялянска-Работніцкая Грамада?" (I. Saviercanka and Z. Sanko, "150 Questions and Answers on the History of Belarus: Why Belarusian Peasants 'and Workers' Union was defeated?", Minsk, 1999; in Belarusian language).^{[no source of data provided]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Andrzej Poczobut; Joanna Klimowicz (2011). "Białostocki ulubieniec Stalina" [Stalin's protégé from Białystok] (PDF). Głos znad Niemna. 7 (60). Ogólnokrajowy tygodnik SZ «Związek Polaków na Białorusi» (Association of Poles in Belarus): 6–7 of current document. Retrieved 24 May 2014 – via PDF file, direct download 1.79 MB.^{[verification needed]} [no source of data provided]
^ ^a ^b ^c Andrew Savchenko (2009). Belarus - A Perpetual Borderland. BRILL. p. 106. ISBN 978-9047427940 – via Google Books.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Васіль Гарбачэўскі (September 2, 2002). "ЗНІТАВАНЫЯ ЛЁСАМ". Куфэрак Віленшчыны (in Belarusian). Archived from the original on 12 July 2003. Магчыма, што ў Косаве не дайшло б да расстрэлу мірнай дэманстрацыі, каб не "памаглі" камуністы... Хачу прывесці урывак з таго артыкула без перакладу, каб не парушаць сэнс напісанага: »Засылаемые из СССР начальники "участков" в общем и целом поднимали волну "гнева трудящихся Западной Белоруссии.«
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Dr Andrew Savchenko (2009). Belarus: A Perpetual Borderland. BRILL. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-9004174481.
^ ^a ^b ^c Кореневская, О. (2003). "Особенности Западнобелорусского возрождения (на примере периодической печати)" (PDF). Białoruskie Zeszyty Historyczne (20): 69–89.
^ Алесь Пашкевіч. Сымон Рак-Міхайлоўскі: старонкі жыцця і дзейнасці. Archived 2022-01-11 at the Wayback Machine (Alieś Paškievič, Symon Rak-Michajloŭski: staronki žyccia i dziejnasci.)