Battle of Bovey Heath

Battle of Bovey Heath
	Part of the First English Civil War
Date	9 January 1646
Location	Bovey Heath, near Bovey Tracey50°34′32″N 3°40′00″W / 50.57556°N 3.66667°W
Result	Parliamentarian victory
Belligerents
Royalists	Parliamentarians
Commanders and leaders
Lord Wentworth	Oliver Cromwell
	Bovey Heath class=notpageimage\| Location within Devon

The battle of Bovey Heath took place on 9 January 1646 at Bovey Tracey and Bovey Heath (about 10 miles (16 km) south-west of Exeter in Devon, England) during the First English Civil War. A Parliamentarian cavalry detachment under the command of Oliver Cromwell surprised and routed the Lord Wentworth's Royalist camp.

After a series of losses for the Royalists in the southwest of England, they had retreated to Exeter and beyond. The Parliamentarian New Model Army besieged Exeter, and when a Royalist army was raised to try to relieve the city, the Parliamentarian commander, Sir Thomas Fairfax launched a preemptive strike. He first sent Cromwell to attack the cavalry lodged at Bovey Heath, where they were able to rout the Royalists who were not prepared for an attack. Wentworth and most of his leading commanders were able to escape, but Wentworth was stripped of command of the Royalist army in the West, which passed to the Lord Hopton.

Background

In early 1645, the southwest of England was predominantly held by the Royalists. After the Parliamentarians secured victory at Naseby in Northamptonshire in June that year, Sir Thomas Fairfax turned his attention, and the newly formed New Model Army to the south-west. They defeated the Royalists again at Langport in July, forcing the King's army in the west country to retreat to Exeter, though the cavalry were not allowed in the city. After securing Somerset, Fairfax established a siege of Exeter late in 1645.^[1]

Prelude

At the start of 1646, rather than maintaining winter quarters, Prince Charles, the Prince of Wales, began to gather an army in south Devon to relieve Exeter.^[1]^[2] Thomas Wentworth, 5th Baron Wentworth had been given command of the Royalist army in the southwest by the Prince after Lord Goring left the war and escaped to France. He was quartered at Bovey Tracey (about 10 miles (16 km) south-west of Exeter) with three regiments of cavalry which had not been allowed into Exeter.^[3]^[4]

News reached the Parliamentarian commanders of the enemy forces' approach, and Fairfax split part of his army off from the siege to face the new threat.^[1] He sent a small cavalry detachment, under the command of Oliver Cromwell, to Bovey Tracey.^[5]

Battle

Wentworth was viewed poorly by some Royalist contemporaries; Richard Bulstrode described him as "a very lazy and unactive man",^[6] and he had fallen out with one of the other Royalist commanders in the region, the Lord Hopton.^[7] In his history, Amos Miller describes that Wentworth "allowed his officers to keep lax guard",^[8] and Cromwell was able to surprise the Royalists with a night attack.^[2] The Royalist officers were playing cards when the attack was made,^[9] and were only able to escape out of the back door of their inn by "throwing their stakes of money out of the window",^[10] causing the Parliamentarian soldiers to break off their attack to try and gather the money.^[9] Wentworth, his principal officers and the majority of their men were able to escape the attack,^[2] but Cromwell succeeded in capturing 400 horses and seven colours,^[11]^[12] including the King's.^[10]

Aftermath

Wentworth escaped to Tavistock, where he reported the attack to Prince Charles.^[11] The news led the Prince to abandon his plans to relieve Exeter,^[2] and Charles retreated further into the southwest, to Launceston. Sir Richard Grenville and other Royalist leaders petitioned the Prince for a new commander of the Royalist army, and Lord Hopton was duly appointed the role.^[11] Wentworth remained as general of the horse, reporting to Hopton.^[3]

Fairfax subsequently led his army into south Devon, but found that the Royalists had abandoned their garrisons in Ashburton, Totnes and other villages in the area. Fairfax established his army outside Dartmouth on 12 January and captured the port on 19 January, effectively ending Royalist hopes of relieving Exeter.^[4]^[13] Hopton was defeated at Torrington in February,^[14] and the following month the last remnants of the Royalist army in southwest England surrendered in Truro. Exeter fell to the Parliamentarians in April,^[1] and when first King Charles I and then the Royalist-held Oxford surrendered, the First Civil War was effectively concluded in June 1646.^[15]