PROFILPELAJAR.COM

The Albert Einstein Peace Prize was a peace prize awarded annually since 1980 by the Albert Einstein Peace Prize Foundation. The Foundation dates from 1979, the centenary of the birth of Albert Einstein, and evokes the Russell–Einstein Manifesto which urges nuclear disarmament. It was established, with the sponsorship of the trustees of Einstein's estate,^[1] by William M. Swartz (1912–87) a wealthy businessman and the grandfather of activist Aaron Swartz.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] William M. Swartz was involved in the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs and established the Foundation in part to support Pugwash.^[6] Prize winners, mainly active in nuclear disarmament,^[7] receive(d) $50,000.

Winners of the Albert Einstein Peace Prize
Year	Winner	Notes	Refs
1980	Alva Myrdal	For "her outspoken insistence on action by the great powers toward control over their nuclear competition and for her major contributions to the achievement of the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1969, and agreements prohibiting the deployment of nuclear weapons on the seabed and in space."	^[8]^[9]
1981	George F. Kennan	"For his continuing efforts to reduce tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and the world in general." Kennan had not heard of the prize when informed he had won it. His conferral ceremony was attended by members of the Reagan administration and Anatoly Dobrynin.	^[10]^[11]^[12]
1982	McGeorge Bundy, Robert McNamara, Gerard C. Smith	Joint award for opposing pre-emptive nuclear strikes	^[6]^[13]^[14]
1983	Joseph Bernardin	for his part in drafting the U.S. bishops' pastoral letter calling for new arms agreements	^[3]^[15]
1984	Pierre Trudeau	for working to promote disarmament	^[16]^[17]
1985	Willy Brandt		^[18]
1986	Olof Palme	Awarded posthumously for "wide-ranging efforts on behalf of peace"	^[3]^[19]
1988	Andrei Sakharov		^[20]
1990	Mikhail Gorbachev		^[21]
1992	Joseph Rotblat and Hans Bethe	Conferred at a conference marking the fiftieth anniversary of Chicago Pile-1.	^[22]^[23]

References

^ Cousins, Norman (14 December 1979). "Letter from the Albert Einstein Peace Prize Foundation to Joshua Lederberg" (PDF). The Joshua Lederberg Papers. United States National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
^ Guy, Sandra (15 January 2013). "Aaron Swartz was 'killed by government,' father says at funeral". Sun-Times. Chicago. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c Heise, Kenan (November 13, 1987). "William Swartz, Peace Agency Founder". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
^ "William M. Swartz, 1912–1987". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 42 January–February 1988. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
^ Yang, Wesley (February 8, 2013). "The Life and Afterlife of Aaron Swartz". New York Magazine.
^ ^a ^b "William Swartz; 1912–1987". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 5 (5): 2. June 1988.
^ Mitchell-Greene, Bonnie L. (2008-09-05). "Peace Prizes". Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict. Academic Press. ISBN 9780123739858.
^ "NAMES & FACES" in Boston Globe March 14, 1980. Retrieved June 6, 2006.
^ "Recipient of the first Albert Einstein Peace Prize of $50,000 is...Alva Myrdal for her service to her country and to the world". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 7 May 1980. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
^ Krebs, Albin and Thomas, Robert McG.: "NOTES ON PEOPLE; Kennan Wins Peace Prize" in The New York Times March 17, 1981. Retrieved June 6, 2006.
^ "Recipient of the second Albert Einstein Peace Prize". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 7 May 1981. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
^ Burns, Richard Dean; Siracusa, Joseph M. (2013-04-23). A Global History of the Nuclear Arms Race: Weapons, Strategy, and Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 566. ISBN 9781440800955. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
^ "Briefing: How High Is High?". The New York Times. October 2, 1982. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
^ "McNamara Urges Shift In U.S. Atomic Strategy". The New York Times. October 8, 1982. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
^ Bernardin, Joseph (February 1984). "Pacem in terris: twenty years later". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 40 (2): 11. doi:10.1080/00963402.1984.11459175.
^ Whitaker, Reg (2 June 2017). "Pierre Elliott Trudeau". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada.
^ The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1985. New York: Newspaper Enterprise Association, Inc. 1984. p. 33. ISBN 0-911818-71-5.
^ Clarity, James F. and Weaver Jr., Warren: "Brandt Packs His Bags Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine" in The New York Times October 4, 1985. Retrieved June 6, 2006.
^ "Palme honoured". Ottawa Citizen. September 30, 1986. p. A10. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
^ Rhéaume, Charles (18–22 July 2005). "Echoing Citizen Einstein in the East: Andrei Sakharov". Conference Proceedings. American Institute of Physics. Archived from the original on February 23, 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
^ ROSENTHAL, ANDREW (June 2, 1990). "Summit in Washington; Bush and Gorbachev sign major accords on missiles, chemical weapons and trade". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 January 2016. In the afternoon, Mr. Gorbachev received ... the award of the Albert Einstein Peace Prize Foundation.
^ Pugwash Online. Retrieved June 6, 2006.
^ "Einstein Peace Prize Award". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 5 December 1992. Retrieved 11 January 2016.

[1] Cousins, Norman (14 December 1979). "Letter from the Albert Einstein Peace Prize Foundation to Joshua Lederberg" (PDF). The Joshua Lederberg Papers. United States National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 11 January 2016.

[2] Guy, Sandra (15 January 2013). "Aaron Swartz was 'killed by government,' father says at funeral". Sun-Times. Chicago. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2016.

[Heise1987-3] Heise, Kenan (November 13, 1987). "William Swartz, Peace Agency Founder". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 10 January 2016.

[4] "William M. Swartz, 1912–1987". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 42 January–February 1988. Retrieved 10 January 2016.

[5] Yang, Wesley (February 8, 2013). "The Life and Afterlife of Aaron Swartz". New York Magazine.

[basv5n5p2-6] "William Swartz; 1912–1987". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 5 (5): 2. June 1988.

[7] Mitchell-Greene, Bonnie L. (2008-09-05). "Peace Prizes". Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict. Academic Press. ISBN 9780123739858.

[8] "NAMES & FACES" in Boston Globe March 14, 1980. Retrieved June 6, 2006.

[9] "Recipient of the first Albert Einstein Peace Prize of $50,000 is...Alva Myrdal for her service to her country and to the world". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 7 May 1980. Retrieved 11 January 2016.

[10] Krebs, Albin and Thomas, Robert McG.: "NOTES ON PEOPLE; Kennan Wins Peace Prize" in The New York Times March 17, 1981. Retrieved June 6, 2006.

[11] "Recipient of the second Albert Einstein Peace Prize". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 7 May 1981. Retrieved 11 January 2016.

[BurnsSiracusa2013-12] Burns, Richard Dean; Siracusa, Joseph M. (2013-04-23). A Global History of the Nuclear Arms Race: Weapons, Strategy, and Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 566. ISBN 9781440800955. Retrieved 11 January 2016.

[13] "Briefing: How High Is High?". The New York Times. October 2, 1982. Retrieved 11 January 2016.

[14] "McNamara Urges Shift In U.S. Atomic Strategy". The New York Times. October 8, 1982. Retrieved 11 January 2016.

[15] Bernardin, Joseph (February 1984). "Pacem in terris: twenty years later". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 40 (2): 11. doi:10.1080/00963402.1984.11459175.

[16] Whitaker, Reg (2 June 2017). "Pierre Elliott Trudeau". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada.

[17] The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1985. New York: Newspaper Enterprise Association, Inc. 1984. p. 33. ISBN 0-911818-71-5.

[18] Clarity, James F. and Weaver Jr., Warren: "Brandt Packs His Bags Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine" in The New York Times October 4, 1985. Retrieved June 6, 2006.

[19] "Palme honoured". Ottawa Citizen. September 30, 1986. p. A10. Retrieved 10 January 2016.

[20] Rhéaume, Charles (18–22 July 2005). "Echoing Citizen Einstein in the East: Andrei Sakharov". Conference Proceedings. American Institute of Physics. Archived from the original on February 23, 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2012.

[21] ROSENTHAL, ANDREW (June 2, 1990). "Summit in Washington; Bush and Gorbachev sign major accords on missiles, chemical weapons and trade". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 January 2016. In the afternoon, Mr. Gorbachev received ... the award of the Albert Einstein Peace Prize Foundation.

[22] Pugwash Online. Retrieved June 6, 2006.

[23] "Einstein Peace Prize Award". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 5 December 1992. Retrieved 11 January 2016.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Albert Einstein Peace Prize

References

Read other articles:

Charles Pellat

Colorina

Vis Pesaro 1898 2003-2004

1808 United States presidential election in New York

Martin J. Hillenbrand

Синелобый амазон

Immunosuppression

Kingdom of Kandy

Potato skins

Martin Gardner

Okushiri, Hokkaido

Brrar

Treaty of 1677

Hubungan Malaysia dengan Thailand

Sara Elisabeth Moræa

艾哈邁德·阿布賈努殊

Prix Dobloug

Enrique Melaka

Sunan Drajat

Francis Pélissier