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al-Qastal

القسطل
al-Qastal القسطل
	al-Qastal hill
	Etymology: "castellum" or castale
	1870s map 1940s map modern map 1940s with modern overlay map A series of historical maps of the area around Al-Qastal, Jerusalem (click the buttons)
	al-Qastal Location within Mandatory Palestine
	Coordinates: 31°47′44″N 35°8′39″E / 31.79556°N 35.14417°E
Palestine grid	163/133
Geopolitical entity	Mandatory Palestine
Subdistrict	Jerusalem
Date of depopulation	3 April 1948
Area
• Total	1,446 dunams (1.4 km2 or 0.5 sq mi)
Population (1945)
• Total	90
Cause(s) of depopulation	Ethnic cleansing by Yishuv forces
Current Localities	Mevaseret Zion Castel National Park

Al-Qastal ("Kastel", Arabic: القسطل) was a Palestinian village located eight kilometers west of Jerusalem and named for a Crusader castle located on the hilltop. Used during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War as a military base by the Army of the Holy War, virtually all of its residents fled during the fighting and the village was eventually captured by the Palmach.

History

Crusader period

A Crusader castle called Belveer or Beauverium (in Latin Videbelum) was built there around 1168 CE. It is listed among the castles destroyed by Sultan al-Adil I in 1191–92 CE. No trace remains today of the castle.^[5]

Belveer is mentioned in a letter from Eraclius, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, written in the aftermath of the catastrophic Crusader defeat at the Battle of Hattin and dated September 1187, in which he describes the capture by the Muslims of a long list of towns of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and the slaughter of Christians "by the sword of Mafumetus the Unbeliever and his evil worshipper Saladin".^[6]

Ottoman period

In 1838 el-Kustul was noted as a Muslim village, part of Beni Malik area, located west of Jerusalem.^[7]^[8]

In 1863, Victor Guérin found modern buildings on ancient ruins. He noted that the village belonged to the Abu Ghosh clan.^[9] An Ottoman village list from about 1870 found that Kastal had a population of 10, in 5 houses; the population count included only men.^[10]^[11]

In 1883, in the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine, al-Qastal was described as "a small stone village in a conspicuous position on a rocky hill-top" with springs to the east.^[12]

In 1896 the population of El-kastal was estimated to be about 39 persons.^[13]

British Mandate period

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Qastal had a population 43, all Muslims,^[14] increasing in the 1931 census to 59; 55 Muslims and 4 Christians, in a total of 14 houses.^[15]

In the 1945 statistics, the village, with a population of 90 Muslims,^[2] had a total of 42 dunums of land allocated to cereals. 169 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards, including 50 dunams of olive trees.^[4]^[16]

1948 war

In 1948, al-Qastal was a key position on the Jaffa-Jerusalem road and was used by Arab forces to attack Jewish relief convoys so as to prevent them from reaching the besieged Jewish parts of Jerusalem.^[17] For this purpose, it was occupied by the Army of the Holy War led by Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, the commander of the Jerusalem Hills sector.^[18]

The village was assaulted by the Palmach's Harel Brigade and two squads of the Haganah during Operation Nachshon, after a previous minor clash had already caused most civilian inhabitants to flee.^[4]^[19] Palmach troops occupied the village on April 3, but its commander was refused permission to blow up the houses.^[19]

Forces under Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni attacked and besieged the Haganah-held village on 7 April 1948. During the following, foggy night Al-Husayni himself was killed by a Haganah sentinel. On April 8, armed Arabs from the entire area, motivated by the disappearance of their leader, attacked and recaptured al-Qastal.^[19] However, Al-Husayni's death is said to have led to a loss of morale among his forces.^[20] Most fighters left their positions to attend al-Husayni's funeral at the Masjid Al-Aqsa on Friday, April 9. Palmach troops retook the almost fully deserted village on the night of April 8-9th; they blew up most of the houses and made the hill a command post, which they managed to hold on to.^[19]^[21]

Israel

Parts of the Israeli town of Mevaseret Zion are located on the former lands of Al-Qastal.^[4]

The remains of the village at the hilltop has been fitted out by the Israel Nature and Parks Authority as Castel National Site, "a symbol of the struggle to break through to Jerusalem during the War of Independence", where one can visit the 1948 trenches and a monument to the fallen, see a movie, and descend along a scenic trail.^[22]

Gallery

View of Qastal before Operation Nachshon
View of the road from Qastal
Palestinian irregulars moving to counterattack Haganah positions in Al-Qastal, 7–8 April 1948
Approach to Qastal from the air, 1948
Harel Brigade mortar in action during battle for Qastal
Castel, the "Mukhtar's House" lookout (2006)

References

^ Palmer, 1881, p. 322
^ ^a ^b Village Statistics, Government of Palestine. 1945, p. 25
^ Morris, 2004, p. xx, village #356. Also gives cause of depopulation.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Khalidi, 1992, p.311
^ Pringle, 1997, p. 118: Qastal (R15): "No trace of any Frankish structures, despite contrary claims"
^ Barber & Bate (2010), p. 79.
^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 123
^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 328
^ Guérin, 1868, p. 264
^ Socin, 1879, p. 156
^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 118, also noted 5 houses
^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, III:18. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p.310
^ Schick, 1896, p. 125
^ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. 14
^ Mills, 1932, p. 32
^ Village Statistics (1945) via Hadawi (1970), pp. 58 Archived 3 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 103 Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 3 March 2016.
^ War for the Jerusalem Road, Time, Apr. 19, 1948.
^ Morris, 2008, p. 123
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Morris, 2004, pp. 234–235.
^ Morris, 2008, p. 125
^ Benvenisti, 2002, p. 111
^ Castel National Site, Israel Nature and Parks Authority website. Accessed 5 Oct 2021.