Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoriclife forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2018.
New fossil material of Dicothodon bajaensis, providing new information on the tooth replacement pattern in this species, is described from the Campanian of Mexico by Chavarría-Arellano, Simões & Montellano-Ballesteros (2018).[5]
A study on the manus of a putative stem-gekkotan from the Cretaceous amber from Myanmar is published by Fontanarrosa, Daza & Abdala (2018), who report the presence of adaptations to climbing, including adhesive structures.[6]
A maxilla of a gekkotan of uncertain phylogenetic placement is described from the Late OligoceneNsungwe Formation (Tanzania) by Müller et al. (2018), representing the second record of a Paleogene gekkotan from Africa and the first one from the central part of the continent.[7]
A study on differences in the anatomy of the skeletons of the turnip-tailed gecko (Thecadactylus rapicauda) and the tropical house gecko (Hemidactylus mabouia), and on the specific identification of gekkotan subfossil remains from the Pointe Gros Rempart 6 Hole (La Désirade island), is published by Bochaton, Daza & Lenoble (2018).[9]
New specimen of the Late Jurassic lizard Ardeosaurus brevipes is described from the Solnhofen area (Germany) by Tałanda (2018), who interprets this species as a probable member of the crown group of Scincoidea.[11]
Description of putative cordylid fossils from the Miocene of Germany, originally assigned to the taxon informally known as "Bavaricordylus", and a study on their taxonomic status is published by Villa et al. (2018), who reinterpret these fossils as more likely to represent the lacertid genus Janosikia.[12]
Fossils of a member of the genus Timon are described from the Pleistocene of Monte Tuttavista (Sardinia, Italy) by Tschopp et al. (2018), representing the first reported fossil occurrence of this genus from Sardinia.[13]
Description of fossils of amphisbaenians and anguimorph lizards from the late Miocene Solnechnodolsk locality (southern European Russia) is published online by Černanský, Syromyatnikova & Jablonski (2018).[14]
A dentary of an amphisbaenian belonging or related to the species Blanus strauchi is described from the middle Miocene locality of Gebeceler (Turkey) by Georgalis et al. (2018), representing the first fossil find of a member of the Blanus strauchispecies complex and the sole confirmed fossil occurrence of the genus Blanus in the eastern Mediterranean region reported so far.[15]
Amphisbaenian vertebral material is described from the Pliocene of northern Greece by Georgalis, Villa & Delfino (2018), representing the youngest occurrence of amphisbaenians in continental Eastern Europe reported so far.[16]
Description of temujiniidfrontals from the Aptian–Albian of the Khobur vertebrate locality (Mongolia) and a study on the placement of Temujiniidae in the phylogenetic tree of Iguanomorpha is published by Alifanov (2018).[17]
A study aiming to predict past (late Quaternary), current, and future habitat ranges for lizards belonging to the genus Pogona is published by Rej & Joyner (2018).[18]
Two specimens assigned to the species Saniwa ensidens, preserving an accessory foramen in the skull indicative of the presence of fourth eye, are described from the EoceneBridger Formation (Wyoming, United States) by Smith et al. (2018).[20]
Fossil vertebrae of varanid lizards are described from the early Miocene Loire Basin (France) by Augé & Guével (2018).[21]
Redescription of the morphology of the type material of Varanus marathonensis from the late Miocene of Pikermi (Greece) and description of new fossils of this species from Spain is published by Villa et al. (2018), who consider the species V. amnhophilis to be likely junior synonym of V. marathonensis.[22]
Description of a Campanian mosasaur assemblage from the Hannover region of northern Germany is published by Hornung, Reich & Frerichs (2018), who confirm the presence of the genus Clidastes in northern central Europe, as well as the early Transatlantic distribution of a basal member of the genus Prognathodon during the lower Campanian.[24]
Description of two skulls of subadult specimens of Tylosaurus proriger from the Niobrara Formation (Kansas, United States), and a study on the allometric changes undergone by T. proriger through life, is published by Stewart & Mallon (2018),[25] who reject the hypothesis presented by Jiménez-Huidobro, Simões & Caldwell (2016) that Tylosaurus kansasensis is a junior synonym of Tylosaurus nepaeolicus.[26]
A study on the evolution of the skull shape in snakes and on its implications for inferring the ancestral ecology of snakes is published by Da Silva et al. (2018).[28]
New method of evaluating the age of fossil snake specimens at the time of death is proposed by Petermann & Gauthier (2018), who also test whether their method can be used to identify isolated fossil remains of the Eocene snake Boavus occidentalis from the Willwood Formation (Wyoming, United States) at the level of individual organisms.[29]
A natural cast of the posterior brain, skull vessels and nerves, and the inner ear of Dinilysia patagonica is described by Triviño et al. (2018).[31]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of the Miocene snake Pseudoepicrates stanolseni is published by Onary & Hsiou (2018), who transfer this species to the boid genus Chilabothrus.[32]
Description of snake fossils from the Pliocene/Pleistocene El Breal de Orocual locality and from the late Pleistocene Mene de Inciarte locality (Venezuela) is published by Onary, Rincón & Hsiou (2018).[33]
A snake described on the basis of a fossilized embryo or neonate. The type species is X. myanmarensis.
Ichthyosauromorphs
A study aiming to identify sexual dimorphism, taxonomic variation and individual variation among the specimens of Chaohusaurus chaoxianensis is published by Motani et al. (2018).[49]
A survey of the form and distribution of pathological structures in the skeletons of ichthyosaurs is published by Pardo-Pérez et al. (2018).[50]
A study on the microanatomy of vertebral centra of ichthyosaurs, aiming to establish whether there is any variation between the primitive and the most derived forms, is published by Houssaye, Nakajima & Sander (2018).[51]
A large, isolated jaw fragment of a giant ichthyosaur is described from the Upper Triassic (Rhaetian) Westbury Mudstone Formation (United Kingdom) by Lomax et al. (2018), who also reinterpret some putative dinosaur limb bone shafts from the Upper Triassic of Aust Cliff as more likely to be ichthyosaur fossils.[53]
Remains of ichthyosaur embryos, still situated within a fragment of the rib-cage of the parent animal, are described from the Lower Jurassic (Toarcian) Whitby Mudstone Formation (United Kingdom) by Boyd & Lomax (2018).[55]
Redescription of the relocated holotype of Suevoleviathan integer is published by Maxwell (2018), who considers the species Suevoleviathan disinteger to be a junior synonym of S. integer.[58]
A study on specimens of Temnodontosaurus from the Early Jurassic of southern Germany, aiming to document the types of pathologies observed in the skeletons of specimens assigned to this genus, is published by Pardo-Pérez et al. (2018).[59]
Four isolated partial skulls from the Lower Jurassic of the United Kingdom, previously identified as Ichthyosaurus communis, are assigned to the species Protoichthyosaurus prostaxalis and P. applebyi by Lomax & Massare (2018), providing new information on the anatomy of these taxa.[60]
A reassessment of Ichthyosaurus communis and I. intermedius is published by Massare & Lomax (2018), who consider the latter species to be a junior synonym of the former.[61]
A study on the cellular and molecular composition of integumental tissues in an exceptionally preserved specimen of Stenopterygius is published by Lindgren et al. (2018).[62]
A study on the anatomy of an ophthalmosaurid rostrum fragment from the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) in the Morawica quarry in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (Poland), and on its implications for reconstructing the internal morphology of the ophthalmosaurid cranial region and inferring the functional adaptations and palaeoecology of these reptiles, is published online by Tyborowski, Skrzycki & Dec (2018).[63]
New specimen of Palvennia hoybergeti, providing new information on the anatomy of this species, is described from the Upper Jurassic Slottsmøya Member of the Agardhfjellet Formation (Spitsbergen, Norway) by Delsett et al. (2018).[64]
A revision of British ichthyosaur taxa of the Late Jurassic is published by Moon & Kirton (2018).[65]
Sauropterygians
Research
A study aiming to estimate metabolic rates and bone growth rates in eosauropterygians, especially in plesiosaurs, is published by Fleischle, Wintrich & Sander (2018).[66]
Morphologically diverse pliosaurid teeth are described from the Upper Jurassic (Tithonian) of the Kheta river basin (Eastern Siberia, Russia) and from the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian and Valanginian) of the Volga region (European Russia) by Zverkov et al. (2018), who argue that their findings challenge the hypothesis that only one lineage of pliosaurids crossed the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary.[73]
A study on a specimen of Cryptoclidus eurymerus from the Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of Peterborough (United Kingdom), with the left forelimb injured by a predator causing the loss of use of this limb but which nevertheless survived for some time after that injury, is published by Rothschild, Clark & Clark (2018), who also evaluate the implications of this specimen for the various hypotheses on plesiosaur propulsion.[76]
A study on the range of motion of the neck of an exceptionally preserved specimen of Nichollssaura borealis is published by Nagesan, Henderson & Anderson (2018).[77]
A study on the morphology of Thililua longicollis and on the phylogenetic relationships of members of the family Polycotylidae is published by Fischer et al. (2018), who name a new clade Occultonectia.[78]
An exceptionally well-preserved elasmosaurid basicranium, providing new information on the anatomy of the skull of elasmosaurids, is described from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian) Rybushka Formation (Russia) by Zverkov, Averianov & Popov (2018).[81]
Redescription of Aristonectes quiriquinensis, providing new information on the anatomy of this species, is published by Otero, Soto-Acuña & O'keefe (2018).[82]
New elasmosaurid specimen is described from the upper Maatrichtian horizons of the Lopez de Bertodano Formation (Antarctica) by O'Gorman et al. (2018), representing one of the youngest non-aristonectine weddellonectian elasmosaurid specimens from Antarctica reported so far, documenting the presence of at least two different non-aristonectine elasmosaurids in Antarctica during the late Maastrichtian, and confirming the coexistence of aristonectine and non-aristonectine elasmosaurids in Antarctica until the end of the Cretaceous.[84]
Redescription of the holotype of Styxosaurus snowii and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published by Sachs, Lindgren & Kear (2018).[85]
A study on the changes in diversity of South American turtles from the Late Triassic to the present, and on major extinction events of South American turtles, is published by Vlachos et al. (2018).[91]
A study on the Early and Middle Triassic turtle tracks and their implications for the origin of turtles is published by Lichtig et al. (2018).[92]
Fossil turtle footprints are described from the Triassic (Carnian) localities in eastern Spain by Reolid et al. (2018), who interpret the findings as indicating a freshwater semi-aquatic habit for some early turtles during the early Late Triassic.[93]
A clutch of 15 turtle eggs, found in close association with a partial skeleton of the dinosaur Mosaiceratops azumai, is described from the Upper CretaceousXiaguan Formation (China) by Jackson et al. (2018), who report that the size of these eggs exceeds that of all previously reported fossil turtle eggs.[95]
A study on the anatomy of the brain, inner ear, nasal cavity and skull nerves of Proganochelys quenstedti, and on its implications for inferring the sensory capabilities and ecology of the species and for the evolution of turtle brains is published by Lautenschlager, Ferreira & Werneburg (2018).[96]
A study on the external variability and abnormalities observed in the carapace and plastron of Proterochersis robusta and Proterochersis porebensis is published by Szczygielski, Słowiak & Dróżdż (2018).[97]
A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Kallokibotion bajazidi based on well-preserved new fossil material is published by Pérez-García & Codrea (2018).[98]
A study on the paleoecology of Meiolania platyceps is published by Lichtig & Lucas (2018).[99]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of extant and fossil pleurodirans is published by Ferreira et al. (2018).[100]
New fossil material of the bothremydidAlgorachelus peregrinus, providing new information on the anatomy and intraspecific variability of the species, is described from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of the Arenas de Utrillas Formation (Spain) by Pérez-García (2018), who also transfers the species "Podocnemis" parvaHaas (1978) and "Paiutemys" tibert Joyce, Lyson & Kirkland (2016) to the genus Algorachelus.[101]
A study on the anatomy of the shell of the bothremydid species Taphrosphys congolensis, and on its implications for inferring the taxonomic composition of the genus Taphrosphys, is published online by Pérez García, Mees & Smith (2018).[102]
A revision of bothremydid fossils in the lower Eocene British record, assigned to the species "Platemys" bowerbankii Owen (1842), "Emys" laevis Bell in Owen & Bell (1849), "Emys" delabechii Bell in Owen & Bell (1849), and "Emys" conybearii Owen (1858), is published by Pérez-García (2018), who interprets all this fossil material as representing a single species Palemys bowerbankii.[103]
A restudy of the type material of the Late Cretaceouspan-chelidLinderochelys rinconensis and a description of new fossils of the species is published by Jannello et al. (2018).[104]
Redescription of the Eocene chelid Hydromedusa casamayorensis based on twenty-seven new specimens recovered from lower levels of the Sarmiento Formation (Argentina) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published by Maniel et al. (2018).[105]
Description of the morphology of the skull of the Eocene carettochelyidAnosteira pulchra is published by Joyce, Volpato & Rollot (2018).[106]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of the putative emydinePiramys auffenbergi is published by Ferreira, Bandyopadhyay & Joyce (2018), who reinterpret this species as a member of the family Podocnemididae.[107]
A study on the skull innervation and circulation of Eubaena cephalica, based on data from a new specimen, is published by Rollot, Lyson & Joyce (2018).[108]
Description of new specimens of the tortoise Manouria oyamai from the Pleistocene of the Okinawa Island (Japan) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published by Takahashi, Hirayama & Otsuka (2018).[113]
A tail vertebra of the common snapping turtle is described from the late Pleistocene of New Jersey by Brownstein (2018), representing the northernmost occurrence of this species in eastern North America during the Pleistocene.[115]
Redescription of the holotype of Rhinochelys amaberti from the Cretaceous (Albian) of France and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published by Scavezzoni & Fischer (2018).[116]
A study on the anatomy of the skull of the holotype specimen of Desmatochelys lowii is published by Raselli (2018).[117]
An isolated costal bone of a sea turtle is described from the Oligocene Dos Bocas Formation (Ecuador) by Cadena, Abella & Gregori (2018), representing the first record of Oligocene Pancheloniidae in South America.[120]
Remains of leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) recovered from Mid to Late Holocene sites at Ra's al-Hamra and Ra's al-Hadd (coastal Oman) are described by Frazier et al. (2018).[121]
A tortoise; a new genus for "Testudo" eocaenica Hummel (1935). The generic name is preoccupied by Barnesia Bertoni (1901) and Barnesia Thalmann (1994).
The study on the phylogenetic relationships of mesosaurs and other early reptiles published by Laurin & Piñeiro (2017)[138] is reevaluated by MacDougall et al. (2018).[139][140]
An adult specimen of Stereosternum tumidum preserved next to juvenile material, providing new information on the baseline ossification sequences and growth rates in this species, is described from Lower Permian sediments of the Irati Formation (Brazil) by Bickelmann & Tsuji (2018).[141]
A study evaluating the purported aquatic adaptations of Mesosaurus tenuidens is published by Nuñez Demarco et al. (2018).[142]
Description of the anatomy of the lower jaw of Delorhynchus is published by Haridy, Macdougall & Reisz (2018).[143]
Pathological sacral vertebrae of a pareiasaur belonging to the clade Velosauria are described from the Permian (Wuchiapingian) upper member of the Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (Luangwa Basin, Zambia) by Turner & Sidor (2018).[144]
A new skull ascribed to Procolophon trigoniceps, so far representing the most complete and best preserved specimen collected at the Lower Triassic Sanga do Cabral Supersequence (Brazil), is described by Silva-Neves, Modesto & Dias-da-Silva (2018).[145]
Fragments of the mandible of a small reptile, possibly Ruhuhuaria reiszi, are described from the Triassic Manda Beds of Tanzania by Bradley & Nesbittet al. (2018).[146]
A study on the effect of inclusion and exclusion of autapomorphies on the analyses of phylogenetic relationships of early eureptiles is published by Matzke & Irmis (2018).[147]
A study on the anatomy and histology of the caudal vertebrae of Permiancaptorhinids from the Richards Spur locality (Oklahoma, United States), supporting previous hypotheses that Captorhinus and other early Permian captorhinids were capable of tail autotomy, is published by LeBlanc et al. (2018).[148]
A study on the teeth of Opisthodontosaurus carrolli is published by Haridy, LeBlanc & Reisz (2018), who present evidence of regular tooth replacement events in the lower jaw of O. carrolli.[149]
A study evaluating the taxon richness of terrestrial lepidosaurs through time, from the Triassic to the Paleogene, is published by Cleary et al. (2018).[151]
A re-analysis of the osteology of Tanystropheus, a reconstruction of the musculature of the tail, pelvic girdle and hindlimbs of the taxon and a study on the locomotion and lifestyle of the taxon is published by Renesto & Saller (2018).[157]
A study on the morphological variation of the fifth metatarsals of Early Triassic diapsid reptiles from the Czatkowice locality (Poland), assessed in functional and phylogenetic terms, is published by Borsuk-Białynicka (2018).[160]
A member of the family Procolophonidae. The type species is M. nadra.
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