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Aviation portal
This is a list of
aviation
-related events from 1923:
Events
The
Gallaudet Aircraft Corporation
is absorbed by the
Consolidated Aircraft Corporation
.
[1]
During 1923, French
Breguet 14T bis Sanitaire
air ambulances
evacuate 870 wounded French personnel from the
Levant
and
French Morocco
.
[2]
January
Air Union
is created by the
merger
of
Compagnie des Messageries Aériennes
(CMA) with
Grands Express Aériens
(CGEA).
January 1
The French aviator
Joseph Sadi-Lecointe
sets a new air speed record, averaging 335 km/h (208 mph) at
Istres
,
France
.
[3]
Canada
′s
Air Board
is officially absorbed into the
Department of National Defence
. The
Canadian Air Force
becomes responsible for the control and regulation of all
civil aviation
in Canada.
January 9 or 17 – The
Cierva C.4
, designed by
Juan de la Cierva y Cordoniu
and piloted by
Alejandro Gomez Spencer
, makes its first flight, covering a distance of about 180 meters (590 feet) at
Cuatro Vientos airfield
in
Spain
. It is the first flight by an
autogyro
, and the first stable flight by any form of
rotary-wing
aircraft.
January 13 – The
Aeromarine Airways
Aeromarine 75
flying boat
Columbus
suffers engine failure during a flight from
Key West
,
Florida
, to
Havana
Cuba
, and lands in the
Florida Strait
. Buffeted by 10-to-15-foot (3-to-4.5-meter) waves, it begins to fill with water. Four passengers die, but the ferry ship
H. M. Flagler
saves the other three passengers and both crew members.
[4]
January 20 – After suffering an engine failure in flight, the
Cierva C.4
autogyro
uses
autorotation
to land without damage.
January 24
The
Government of Italy
establishes a Commission for the Air Force, with
Prime Minister
Benito Mussolini
as commissioner and
Aldo Finzi
as his deputy.
[5]
The Italian press reports that in a test of the Italian armed forces′ ability to get all their airplanes into the air at the same time and keep them flying for one hour, only 76 were able to do so. The armed forces′ own statistics report that the
Italian Royal Army
had 237 aircraft in working order and the
Regia Marina
(Italian Royal Navy) had 48. The discrepancy arises from
Prime Minister
Benito Mussolini
′s to depict his predecessors in the Italian government as militarily incompetent.
[5]
January 31 – The
Cierva C.4
flies a 4-kilometer (2.5-
statute mile
) circuit at
Cuatro Vientos airfield
in Spain.
February
The
Royal Air Force
conducts operations in southern
Iraq
against uprisings led by Sheik
Mahmud Barzenci
.
A British pilot, William Jordan, lands a
Mitsubishi 1MF
fighter
on the
Imperial Japanese Navy
'
s new
aircraft carrier
Hōshō
, then takes off from
Hōshō
. It is the first landing on and first take off from a
Japanese
aircraft carrier.
[6]
The title "Royal" is granted to the
Canadian Air Force
. The
Government of Canada
will approve the title on
1 April 1924
, establishing the
Royal Canadian Air Force
.
February 1 – The
Danish Army Flying Corps
is established.
February 15 – The French aviator
Joseph Sadi-Lecointe
sets a new world air speed record, averaging 377 km/h (234 mph) at
Paris
, France.
[7]
March
The British
Sempill Mission
to
Japan
, led by
Sir William Francis Forbes-Sempill
, returns to the
United Kingdom
. During its 18-month stay in Japan, the Mission has greatly improved
Imperial Japanese Navy
aviation training and understanding of
aircraft carrier
flight deck
operations and the latest naval aviation tactics and technology, and the aircraft it brought to Japan will inspire the design of a number of Japanese naval aircraft of the 1920s.
Chilean
President
Arturo Alessandri
separates the Chilean naval aviation arm from the
Chilean Army
air corps, placing it under
Chilean Navy
control.
[8]
The
Chilean Navy
installs its first
aircraft catapult
aboard the
battleship
Almirante Latorre
.
[8]
March 16 –
Imperial Japanese Navy
Lieutenant
Shunichi Kira
lands a
Mitsubishi 1MF
fighter
on the
aircraft carrier
Hōshō
, becoming the first Japanese pilot to land on an aircraft carrier.
[9]
March 17
Dobrolyot
is formed as the first
Soviet
civil aviation service; it will become part of the
flag carrier
Aeroflot
.
The
United States government
authorizes
United States Army Air Service
aircraft to drop
calcium arsenate
on
Louisiana
's
cotton
fields in order to kill
weevils
.
March 20 –
El Salvador
forms the Salvadoran Army Air Force. It later will become the
Salvadoran Air Force
.
March 28 – The
Italian Army
′s air arm, the
Corpo Aeronautico Militare
, becomes an independent air force, the
Regia Aeronautica
(Royal Air Force).
April
April 1 – The
Royal Air Force
abandons the
squadron
as the basic organizational unit for those of its aircraft operating from
Royal Navy
ships, reorganizing them into six-plane
flights
.
[10]
April 10 –
Daimler Airways
begins the first scheduled
airline
service between
London
and
Berlin
(via
Bremen
and
Hamburg
).
April 16–17 –
United States Army Air Service
Lieutenants
John Arthur Macready
and
Oakley G. Kelly
establish a new endurance record, staying aloft for 36 hours 5 minutes in a
Fokker T-2
, covering a distance of 2,518 miles (4,052 km).
May
May 1 –
HMS
Hermes
enters service with the
Royal Navy
. She is the first ship designed from the
waterline
up as an
aircraft carrier
and the first aircraft carrier with an island
superstructure
to enter service.
[11]
May 2–3 –
United States Army Air Service
Lieutenants
John Arthur Macready
and
Oakley G. Kelly
complete the first non-stop flight across the
continental United States
, flying from
Hempstead
,
New York
, to
San Diego
,
California
, covering nearly 2,800 miles (4,500 km) in 27 hours in a
Fokker T-2
at an average speed of over 100 mph (160 km/h).
[12]
May 3 – The
Sikorsky Aero Engineering Corporation
is formed by
Igor Sikorsky
at a
Long Island
chicken farm.
May 10 –
Brazil
establishes a School of Naval Aviation in
Rio de Janeiro
near Galeão beach on
Governador Island
.
Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport
eventually will be constructed on the site.
May 14 – A
Farman F.60 Goliath
operated by
Air Union
on a flight from
Paris-Le Bourget Airport
outside
Paris
,
France
, to
Croydon Airport
in
London
,
England
, loses a
wing
in flight, crashes near
Monsures
, France, and is destroyed by fire. All six people on board die.
[13]
May 21 – A
Curtiss
bomber
and two Curtiss scout aircraft of the
Argentine Navy
make a flight of just under 500 miles (800 km) along the coast of
Argentina
from
Puerto Militar
to
Buenos Aires
. It is a significant step forward in the development of Argentine aviation.
[14]
May 23 – The
Belgian
airline
SABENA
is formed, adding new European routes to
SNETA
's routes in
Belgian Congo
that it takes over.
May 29 –
Reuben Fleet
founds
Consolidated Aircraft Corporation
.
[15]
[16]
June
The
United States Army Air Service
demonstrates an
aerial refueling
system using two
Airco DH.4
aircraft. The system employs a hose with an on/off nozzle and large funnels.
[17]
The admirals′ committee of the
Regia Marina
(Italian Royal Navy) pronounces itself in favor of the construction of at least one
aircraft carrier
to operate with the Italian fleet, providing the fleet with air defense as well as an offensive aerial strike capability.
[18]
June 14 –
New Zealand
forms its first military aviation services, fore-runners of the
Royal New Zealand Air Force
.
July
Twenty-one aircraft compete in the
Grand Prix de Motoaviette
– a competition at
Buc, Yvelines
, France, open to any aircraft with a
maximum takeoff weight
of less than 250 kilograms (550 pounds), offering a 125,000
FF
prize for the fastest flight of 30 laps around a 10-kilometer (6.2-mile) course. Lucien Coupet wins in a
Salmson 3 Ad
-powered
Farman Aviette
, covering 310 kilometers (190 miles) in 4 hours 37 minutes 19 seconds.
August
The
Regia Aeronautica
(Italian Royal Air Force) participates in
Italian Royal Army
maneuvers south of
Lake Garda
intended to test the capabilities of the army's
celeri
divisions. The air force component of the maneuvers tests aerial reconnaissance capabilities and the effectiveness of attacks on enemy troops by 32 fighter aircraft and of night attacks against bridges by two bombers. Although the reconnaissance is deemed "indispensable," it is not effective due to
command and control
problems. The fighter and night bombing attacks are more successful, although the ground troops′ failure to attempt to take cover from or evade air attack is of significant help to the fighters.
[19]
Personnel from the
aircraft carrier
USS
Langley
(CV-1)
help to install a
TS-1
floatplane
fighter
on the foredeck of the
destroyer
USS
Charles Ausburn
(DD-294)
at
Norfolk
,
Virginia
, as the
United States Navy
begins to experiment with the operation of
seaplanes
from
destroyers
. The TS-1 flies successfully, but its presence interferes with
Charles Ausburn
'
s routine too much, and the idea is dropped.
[20]
August 6
The eighth annual
Aerial Derby
is held, sponsored by the
Royal Aero Club
. Thirteen participants fly over a 99.5-mile (160-kilometer) circuit beginning and ending at
Croydon Airport
in
London
with control points at
Brooklands
,
Hertford
, and
West Thurrock
; the aircraft fly the circuit twice. L. L. Carter is the overall winner, completing the course in a
Gloster Mars
at an average speed of 192.4 mph (309.6 km/h) in 1 hour 2 minutes 23 seconds; H. A. Hammersley wins the
handicap
competition in an
Avro Viper
with a time of 1 hour 49 minutes 56 seconds at an average speed of 109.5 mph (176.2 km/h) with a handicap of 51 minutes 38 seconds. It is the last Aerial Derby; plans for another one in 1924 will be cancelled due to a lack of high-speed entrants, and later talk of reviving the event comes to nothing.
The third annual
Air League Challenge Cup
race is held as part of the Aerial Derby programme at Croydon Airport in London. The team relay race format of previous races is dropped; instead, the 16 competitors – all
Royal Air Force
pilots – compete individually, each flying a
Bristol F.2B Fighter
fitted with a 275-horsepower (205-kilowatt)
Rolls-Royce Falcon
engine over a 100-mile (161-kilometer) triangular course.
Captain
Horace Scott Shield, representing
RAF Eastchurch
, wins the race.
[21]
[22]
August 21 – The first electric
airway beacons
start appearing at airfields in the
United States
to assist in night flying operations.
August 27 – A
Farman F.60 Goliath
operated by
Air Union
on a scheduled passenger flight from
Berck-sur-Mer Airport
in
Berck-sur-Mer
,
France
, to
Croydon Airport
in
London
,
England
, makes an unscheduled landing at
Lympne
, England, for repairs to its overheating left engine. After it continues its flight to Croydon, its right engine fails. Its pilot attempts a forced landing on
East Malling Heath
, but goes into a spin and crashes on final approach when passengers misunderstand an instruction for some of them to move towards the rear of the aircraft, affecting the Goliath's
center of gravity
. One passenger dies, but the other 10 passengers and both crew members survive.
[23]
August 28 –
United States Army Air Service
Lieutenant
John Richter
and
Lowell Smith
establish a new endurance record of 37 hours 15 minutes in an
Airco DH.4
, covering 3,293 miles (5,300 km). They are
refueled
fifteen times during the flight.
September
September 1 – The
Imperial Japanese Navy
aircraft carrier
Amagi
is heavily damaged by the
Great Kantō earthquake
while still under conversion from a
battlecruiser
. She is scrapped, and the
battleship
Kaga
is selected for conversion into an aircraft carrier instead.
September 4 – The
United States Navy
's first U.S.-built rigid
airship
, the as-yet-unnamed
ZR-1
, makes her first flight at
Naval Air Station Lakehurst
,
New Jersey
. She contains most of the world's extracted reserves of
helium
at this time.
[24]
September 5
The French
Nieuport-Delage NiD 40R
sets a new world altitude record of 10,741 meters (35,240 feet).
[25]
United States Army
bombers carry out anti-shipping exercises, sinking the obsolete battleships
USS
Virginia
(BB-13)
and
USS
New Jersey
(BB-16)
.
September 10 –
United States Marine Corps
Lieutenant
Lawson H. Sanderson
sets a new world airspeed record of 238 mph (383 km/h) in a
Navy-Wright NW
.
[26]
September 28
The 1923
Schneider Trophy
race flown at
Cowes
in the
United Kingdom
. David Rittenhouse of the
United States
wins in a
Curtiss CR-3
at an average speed of 285.5 km/h (177.4 mph).
The
United States Army
blimp
OB-1
is destroyed in a crash at
Highland
,
Illinois
.
[27]
October
October 6
Curtiss R2Cs
win first and second place in the
Pulitzer Trophy Race
, the winning aircraft setting a new airspeed record of 243.6 mph (392.0 km/h).
Czech Airlines
is founded by the government of
Czechoslovakia
as CSA
Československé státní aerolinie
("Czechoslovak State Airlines"), commencing operations on October 29 with a Prague Kbely–Bratislava flight.
[28]
October 8–13 – The
Daily Mail
sponsors the Motor Glider Competition at
Lympne Aerodrome
in
Lympne
,
England
, the first of the three
light airplane trials
held there. The contest rewards the most economical aircraft as well as the highest speed, highest altitude, and greatest endurance.
Bert Hinkler
is among the prize-winners. Record-setting French pilot
Alexis Maneyrol
dies in the crash of his
Peyret Monoplane
on the final day.
[29]
[30]
October 10 – The
United States Navy
's first U.S.-built rigid
airship
, ZR-1. is christened and commissioned and receives her name:
USS
Shenandoah
(ZR-1)
.
[24]
October 13 – Flying over Lympne Aerodrome during the light aircraft trials there, an
Avro 558
sets an altitude record for a light aircraft of its class, reaching 13,850 feet (4,220 meters).
October 23 –
General
Pier Ruggero Piccio
becomes the first Commandant General of the
Regia Aeronautica
(Italian Royal Air Force). When he leaves the position in 1925, the position will be renamed Chief of Air Staff.
October 30 – Flying the
Nieuport-Delage NiD 40R
, the French pilot
Joseph Sadi-Lecointe
sets a new world altitude record of 11,145 meters (36,565 feet). The record will stand until 1927.
[25]
October 31 – The Italian armed forces are ordered to test their efficiency by getting all of their airplanes into the air and flying them for one hour; 420 aircraft pass the test.
[5]
November
During a speech at
Centocelle Airport
in
Rome
, Italian
Prime Minister
Benito Mussolini
says, "As head of the government with the enormous responsibility of the existence, independence, freedom, and well-being of the Italian people, I am obliged not to believe in universal peace, and still less in perpetual peace. No one knows whether the war of tomorrow will be exclusively an aerial or a land or a naval war. For me, it is enough to ponder on what others are doing. If others are arming in the skies, then we must arm in the skies."
[31]
The
French Air Force
has a force of 296 bombers and 300 fighters. Other than
Italy
,
France
is the only European continental power building a substantial air force.
[31]
November 1 – The
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
buys the rights to manufacture
Luftschiffbau Zeppelin
dirigibles
in the
United States
.
[32]
November 2 – Flying a Curtiss R2C-1, U.S. Navy
Lieutenant
H. J. Rowe sets a new world airspeed record of 259.16 mph (417.08 km/h).
November 4 – Flying a Curtiss R2C-1, U.S. Navy Lieutenant
Alford J. Williams
sets a new world airspeed record of 266.6 mph (429.1 km/h).
[33]
November 18 – During an
air show
at
Kelly Field
,
Texas
, the first
aerial refueling
-related fatality in history occurs when the fuel hose becomes entangled in the right
wings
of both the refueler and the receiver aircraft. The
United States Army Air Service
pilot of the refueler,
Lieutenant
P. T. Wagner, dies in the ensuing crash of
DH-4B
23-444
.
[34]
December
December 21 – The French dirigible
Dixmude
explodes over the
Mediterranean Sea
during a flight from
Cuers-Pierrefeu
,
France
, to
French Algeria
after being struck by lightning. Her entire crew of 52 perishes.
[35]
First flights
Avia BH-9
[36]
Avro 558
Avro 560
Dayton-Wright PS-1
[37]
Engineering Division TP-1
Farman F.120 Jabiru
Grigorovich M-24
Loening OL
Piaggio P.2
Piaggio P.3
January
Curtiss XPW-8, prototype of the
Curtiss PW-8
[38]
Mitsubishi 2MT, also known as
Mitsubishi B1M
January 9 or 17 (sources differ) –
Cierva C.4
, first successful
autogiro
flight
January 19 –
Armstrong Whitworth Wolf
January 30 –
Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk M.F.7
March
Aero A.18
Hawker Woodcock
April
April 29 – Boeing XPW-9, first prototype of the
Boeing PW-9
and
Boeing FB-1
[39]
May
Armstrong Whitworth Siskin III
[40]
Gloster Grebe
May 9 –
Blériot 115
June
June 2 –
Boeing XPW-9
June 3 –
Vickers Venture
J7277
June 12 –
Junkers J 21
(also known as T 21 and H 21)
June 28 –
Armstrong Whitworth Awana
July
Gerhardt Cycleplane
July 1 –
Nieuport-Delage NiD 40R
July 30 –
de Havilland DH.50
August
August 2 –
Wright F2W
[41]
August 21 –
ANEC I
August 22 –
Barling XNBL
August 23 – Polikarpov IL-400, prototype of the
Polikarpov I-1
September
September 4 –
USS
Shenandoah
(ZR-1)
September 9 –
Curtiss R2C-1
[42]
September 7 –
Handley Page Type S
September 14 –
Junkers T 23
October
October 2 –
de Havilland Humming Bird
October 23 –
Handley Page Hyderabad
November
November 30 –
Junkers J 22
(also known as T 22)
Entered service
Mitsubishi 1MF
with
Imperial Japanese Navy
Retirements
Airco DH.10 Amiens
by the
Royal Air Force
Notes
^
Angelucci, Enzo,
The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present
, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 202.
^
Donald, David, ed.,
The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft
, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997,
ISBN
0-7607-0592-5
, p. 186.
^
Daniel, Clifton,
Chronicle of the 20th Century
, Mount Kisco, New York: Chronicle Publications, 1987,
ISBN
0-942191-01-3
, p. 298.
^
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
^
a
b
c
Gooch, John,
Mussolini and His Generals: The Armed Forces and Fascist Foreign Policy, 1922-1940
, Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 2007,
ISBN
978-0-521-85602-7
, p. 54.
^
Layman, R.D.,
Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1849-1922
, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1989,
ISBN
0-87021-210-9
, p. 85.
^
Daniel, Clifton,
Chronicle of the 20th Century
, Mount Kisco, New York: Chronicle Publications, 1987,
ISBN
0-942191-01-3
, p. 300.
^
a
b
Scheina, Robert L.,
Latin America: A Naval History 1810-1987
, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1987,
ISBN
0-87021-295-8
, p. 199.
^
Layman, R.D.,
Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1849-1922
, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1989,
ISBN
0-87021-210-9
, p. 90.
^
Sturtivant, Ray,
British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990
, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990,
ISBN
0-87021-026-2
, p. 10.
^
Sturtivant, Ray
(1990).
British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990
. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 215.
ISBN
0-87021-026-2
.
^
Daniel, Clifton (1987).
Chronicle of the 20th Century
. Mount Kisco, New York: Chronicle Publications. p. 302.
ISBN
0-942191-01-3
.
^
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
^
Scheina, Robert L. (1987).
Latin America: A Naval History 1810-1987
. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 193–194.
ISBN
0-87021-295-8
.
^
Angelucci, Enzo (1987).
The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present
. New York: Orion Books. p. 94.
^
U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission: Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation
Archived
2011-06-06 at the
Wayback Machine
.
^
Crosby, Francis,
The Complete Guide to Fighters & Bombers of the World: An Illustrated History of the World
'
s Greatest Military Aircraft, From the Pioneering Days of Air Fighting in World War I Through the Jet Fighters and Stealth Bombers of the Present Day,
London: Hermes House, 2006,
ISBN
9781846810008
, p. 46.
^
Gooch, John,
Mussolini and His Generals: The Armed Forces and Fascist Foreign Policy, 1922-1940
, Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 2007,
ISBN
978-0-521-85602-7
, p. 50.
^
Gooch, John,
Mussolini and His Generals: The Armed Forces and Fascist Foreign Policy, 1922-1940
, Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 2007,
ISBN
978-0-521-85602-7
, p. 56.
^
Layman, R.D.,
Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1849-1922
, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1989,
ISBN
0-87021-210-9
, p. 122.
^
afleetingpeace.org The Air League Challenge Cup
^
afleetingpeace.org Air League Challenge Cup - 1921
^
Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
^
a
b
Hayward, John T. (August 1978). "Comment and Discussion".
United States Naval Institute Proceedings
.
^
a
b
Donald, David, ed.,
The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft
, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997,
ISBN
0-7607-0592-5
, p. 688.
^
Daniel, Clifton,
Chronicle of the 20th Century
, Mount Kisco, New York: Chronicle Publications, 1987,
ISBN
0-942191-01-3
, p. 304.
^
"1923 US Army Air Service Accident Reports"
.
^
"History"
. CSA Czech Airlines. 2012
. Retrieved
2016-08-04
.
^
"The Shuttleworth Aircraft Collection"
. Archived from
the original
on 2012-03-13
. Retrieved
2012-03-27
.
^
Hastingleigh, Kent: Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines: 1923
^
a
b
Gooch, John,
Mussolini and His Generals: The Armed Forces and Fascist Foreign Policy, 1922-1940
, Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 2007,
ISBN
978-0-521-85602-7
, p. 55.
^
Daniel, Clifton,
Chronicle of the 20th Century
, Mount Kisco, New York: Chronicle Publications, 1987,
ISBN
0-942191-01-3
, p. 306.
^
Angelucci, Enzo,
The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present
, New York: Orion Books, 1987,
ISBN
0-517-56588-9
, p. 123.
^
aviationarchaeology.com 1923 US Army Air Service Accident Reports
^
"Avalanche Press"
.
^
Donald, David, ed.,
The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft
, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997,
ISBN
0-7607-0592-5
, p. 49.
^
Angelucci, Enzo,
The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present
, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 181.
^
Angelucci, Enzo,
The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present
, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 126.
^
Angelucci, Enzo,
The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present
, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 68.
^
Donald, David, ed.,
The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft
, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997,
ISBN
0-7607-0592-5
, p. 63.
^
Angelucci, Enzo,
The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present
, New York: Orion Books, 1987,
ISBN
0-517-56588-9
, p. 461.
^
Angelucci, Enzo,
The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present
, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 123.
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Timelines in aviation
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See also:
Timeline of spaceflight
,
Category:Spaceflight timelines
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