Athroniaeth

Athroniaeth
Enghraifft o'r canlynoldisgyblaeth academaidd, pwnc gradd, cangen o wyddoniaeth, maes gwaith, Genre Edit this on Wikidata
Mathsystem gwybodaeth Edit this on Wikidata
Rhan odyniaethau Edit this on Wikidata
Yn cynnwysOntoleg, metaffiseg, epistemoleg, athroniaeth gwyddoniaeth, athroniaeth foesol, athroniaeth rhesymeg, estheteg, athroniaeth wleidyddol, moeseg, rhesymeg, philosophy of language, Athroniaeth y meddwl, athroniaeth crefydd, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of history Edit this on Wikidata
Tudalen Comin Ffeiliau perthnasol ar Gomin Wicimedia
Edward Herbert neu'r 'Barwn Herbert o Cherbury. "Tad athroniaeth yng Nghymru."

Astudiaeth o sut y dylem fyw (moeseg), sut mae pethau'n bodoli (metaffiseg), natur gwybod (epistemoleg), a rhesymeg yw athroniaeth.

Mae athroniaeth yn astudiaeth o broblemau cyffredinol a gwaelodol sy'n ymwneud â bodolaeth, gwybodaeth, gwerthoedd, rheswm ac iaith.[1][2]

Gellir gwahaniaethu rhwng athroniaeth a dulliau eraill sy'n ceisio ateb y cwestiynau hyn (e.e. cyfriniaeth, mytholeg neu'r celfyddydau) drwy ei dull systematig, gwyddonol a'i dibyniaeth ar ddadleuon rhesymegol.[3]

Mae llawer o Gymry wedi ymhel â chwestiynau mawr crefydd yn hytrach nag athroniaeth fel y cyfryw, a bu perthynas agos rhwng diwinyddiaeth ac athroniaeth yng Nghymru ers sawl canrif. Yr athronydd cyntaf y gwyddom amdano yng Nghymru oedd Edward Herbert (1583-1648), a gellid dadlau mai ystyriaethau crefyddol a chyfrinol oedd y tu ôl i'r hyn a ysgrifennai Morgan Llwyd (1619-1659) am yr hunan.

Y gair gwreiddiol am athroniaeth yn y Gorllewin oedd y gair Groeg φιλοσοφία (philosophia), sy'n golygu "cariad at wybodaeth".[4][5]

Gwybodaeth a gwirionedd

Yn ei ystyr athronyddol, y corff o ffeithiau, dealltwriaeth a medrau sydd gan berson neu grŵp yw gwybodaeth. Epistemoleg yw astudiaeth gwybodaeth.

Realiti

Prif: Realiti

Y cyflwr o fod yn real, hynny yw pethau fel y maent yn wirioneddol fod yn hytrach nag fel y dymunir iddynt fod, yw realiti.

Yr hunan

Prif: Hunan

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Metaffiseg

Prif: Metaffiseg

Cangen o athroniaeth sy'n ymwneud ag egwyddorion sylfaenol yw metaffiseg. Ei nod yw cael gwybod am wir ystyr pethau a'u hanfod, ac felly mae'n astudio yn bennaf cysyniadau haniaethol, hynny yw pethau nad oes modd eu profi'n ddiriaethol.

Athroniaeth gymhwysol a rhyngddisgyblaethol

Athroniaeth wleidyddol

Athroniaeth sy'n ymwneud â chysyniadau a dadleuon gwleidyddol yw athroniaeth wleidyddol. Mae'n astudio a thrafod pynciau megis rhyddid, cyfiawnder, hawliau a dyletswyddau, rhwymedigaethau, y gyfraith, eiddo, grym, awdurdod, systemau gwleidyddol, a natur llywodraeth, yn enwedig ei phwrpas, ei swyddogaethau a'i chyfreithlondeb.

Athroniaeth crefydd a diwinyddiaeth

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Athroniaeth y gwyddorau a rhesymeg

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Estheteg

Prif: Estheteg

Cangen o athroniaeth yw estheteg sy'n ymwneud â natur prydferthwch, celfyddyd, a chwaeth. Nod estheteg yw i ddarparu meini prawf o ddelfrydau ar gyfer astudiaeth feirniadol o'r celfyddydau.

Moeseg

Prif: Moeseg

Astudiaeth athronyddol maes moesoldeb, sef y cwestiwn mawr o "sut y dylem fyw", yw moeseg. Gellir rhannu hanes moeseg yn y Gorllewin yn sawl rhan, gan gychwyn gyda Groegiaid yr Henfyd a gwaith y Soffyddion fel Protagoras ac wedyn athronwyr mawr fel Socrates, Platon ac Aristotlys. Ar seiliau gwaith y Groegiaid ond dan ddylanwad ac ysbrydoliaeth amlwg y Testament Newydd, datblygodd moeseg Gristnogol. Un o foesegwyr mawr yr Oesoedd Canol oedd Thomas Aquinas a ddilynodd Aristotlys mewn sawl maes ond a roddodd y pwyslais ar y dyletswydd i ufuddhau i ddeddfau Duw. Yn y Cyfnod Modern newidiodd cyfeiriad moeseg a datblygodd Naturiolaeth Foesegol, a welir yng ngwaith Thomas Hobbes, er enghraifft. Ond daeth syniadau eraill i'r amlwg, rhai ohonynt yn wrthwynebus i syniadaeth Hobbes, a chafwyd sawl athroniaeth moes yn cynnwys Iwtilitariaeth, athroniaeth Immanuel Kant a moeseg ôl-Kantaidd, sy'n ymrannu'n sawl ffrwd.

Ethos bywyd yr unigolyn yw moeseg; moesoldeb yw'r agweddau sy'n ymwneud â phobl eraill a chymdeithas oll, megis dyletswyddau ac iawnderau. Delfrydau'r ddamcaniaeth foesol nodweddiadol yw cyffredinoliaeth ac amhleidioldeb, ac yn aml bydd y damcaniaethwr normadol yn llunio egwyddorion a safonau ymddygiad er mwyn byw'n moesegol. Mae rhai'n gweld y reddf ddynol a synnwyr cyffredin yn sylfeini moeseg. Hyd yn oedd mewn damcaniaethau sy'n honni eu bod yn hollgyffredinol, maent yn "feysydd ffrwydron" moesegol sy'n llawn cyfyng-gyngor a dilemâu sy'n ddadleuon cymhleth o egwyddorion, cafeatau, amodau arbennig, ac anghysondebau.

Hanes

Athroniaeth y Gorllewin

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Athroniaeth India

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Athroniaeth Dwyrain Asia

Conffiwsiws; darlun gan E. T. C. Werner.

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Athroniaeth Affrica

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Llinell amser

ProclusIamblichus o SyriaPorphyryPlotinusSextus EmpiricusMarcus AureliusPtolemiEpictetusSeneca'r IeuafPhiloLucretiusCiceroCarneadesEratosthenesChrysippusArchimedesAristarchus o SamosTimon (athronydd)EuclidZeno o CitiumEpicurusStrato o LampsacusPyrrhoTheophrastusAristotelesDiogenes o SinopePlatonXenophonAristippusAntisthenesSocratesDemocritusMelissus o SamosLeucippusPhilolausGorgiasProtagorasZeno o EleaEmpedoclesAnaxagorasParmenidesHeraclitusXenophanesPythagorasAnaximenes o MiletusAnaximandrosThales

Rhai athronwyr enwog

Rhai athronwyr o Gymru

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Jenny Teichmann and Katherine C. Evans, Philosophy: A Beginner's Guide (Blackwell Publishing, 1999), tud. 1: "Philosophy is a study of problems which are ultimate, abstract and very general. These problems are concerned with the nature of existence, knowledge, morality, reason and human purpose."
  2. A.C. Grayling, Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject (Oxford University Press, 1998), tud. 1: "The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value."
  3. Anthony Quinton a T. Honderich (gol.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 1995), tud. 666: "Philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value). Each of the three elements in this list has a non-philosophical counterpart, from which it is distinguished by its explicitly rational and critical way of proceeding and by its systematic nature. Everyone has some general conception of the nature of the world in which they live and of their place in it. Metaphysics replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole. Everyone has occasion to doubt and question beliefs, their own or those of others, with more or less success and without any theory of what they are doing. Epistemology seeks by argument to make explicit the rules of correct belief formation. Everyone governs their conduct by directing it to desired or valued ends. Ethics, or moral philosophy, in its most inclusive sense, seeks to articulate, in rationally systematic form, the rules or principles involved."
  4. Philosophia, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus
  5. Online Etymology Dictionary

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