Списък на организмите по брой на хромозомите

Списъкът на организмите според броя на хромозомите описва плоидията (броя на хромозомите в клетките на организма). Това число, заедно с визуалния вид на хромозомата, е известно като кариотип,[1][2][3] и може да бъде намерено чрез разглеждане на хромозомите през микроскоп. Обръща се внимание на тяхната дължина, позицията на центромерите, модела на ленти, всякакви разлики между половите хромозоми и всякакви други физически характеристики.[4] Подготовката и изследването на кариотипове е част от цитогенетиката.

  Животни
  Растения
  Други Еукариоти
Организъм
(Научно име) 		Брой хромозоми Изображение Кариотип Бележки Източник
Myrmecia pilosula 2/1 2 за женските, мъжките са хапроидни с 1 хромозома. Най-малкият възможен бро хромозоми. Други видове мравки имат повече хромозоми.[5] [5]
Tetranychidae 4 – 14 В семейство Tetranychidae мъжките са хаплоидни, а женските – диплоидни.[6] [6]
Cricotopus sylvestris 4 [7]
Oikopleura dioica 6 [8]
Aedes aegypti 6 Наборът 2n=6 е постоянен в семейството Culicidae, с изключение на Chagasia bathana, с 2n=8.[9] [9]
Индийски мунтджак
(Muntiacus muntjak) 		6/7 2n = 6 за женските и 7 за мъжките. Видът е с най-ниския диплоиден набор в бозайниците.[10] [11]
Руняка (Hieracium) 8
Fruit fly
(Drosophila melanogaster) 		8 6 автозоми и 2 полови хромозоми [12]
Macrostomum lignano 8 [13]
Кладенчов мъх (Marchantia polymorpha) 9 Обикновено хапроиден с преобладаващ гаметофитен период. 8 автозоми и 1 полова. Половите хромозоми при мъховете са UV. U е за женски, а V за мъжки. n = 9 е обичайно за много Marchantiales. Някои видове са ди- и триплоиди. [14]
Талов кресон
(Arabidopsis thaliana) 		10
Wallabia bicolor 10/11 11 за мъжки, 10 за женски [15]
Австралийска маргаритка
(Brachyscome dichromosomatica) 		12 Могат да имат повече B от A хромозоми, 2n=4. [16]
Нематоди
(Caenorhabditis elegans) 		12/11 12 за хемафродити, 11 за мъжки
Спанак
(Spinacia oleracea) 		12 [17]
Бакла
(Vicia faba) 		12 [18]
Scathophaga stercoraria 12 10 автозоми и 2 полови. Мъжките са XY, а женските – XX. Половите хромозоми са най-големите, заемайки 30% от общия диплоиден набор на женските и 25% в мъжките.[19] [19]
Слузеста плесен
(Dictyostelium discoideum) 		12 [20]
Краставица
(Cucumis sativus) 		14 [21]
Тасманийски дявол
(Sarcophilus harrisii) 		14
Ръж
(Secale cereale) 		14 [22]
Грах
(Pisum sativum) 		14 [22]
Ечемик
(Hordeum vulgare) 		14 [23]
Aloe vera 14 Диплоиден набор 2n = 14 с четири двойки дълги акроцентрични хромозоми от 14.4 μm до 17.9 μm и три двойки субметацентрични от 4.6 μm до 5.4 μm.[24] [24]
Коала
(Phascolarctos cinereus) 		16
Кенгуру 16 Заедно с други членове на семейство Macropus, но не и червено кенгуру [25]
Botryllus schlosseri 16 [26]
Schistosoma mansoni 16 2n=16. 7 автозоми и ZW полови хромозоми.[27] [27]
Зимен лук
(Allium fistulosum) 		16 [28]
Чесън
(Allium sativum) 		16 [28]
Крастов кърлеж
(Sarcoptes scabiei) 		17/18 17 или 18 хромозоми. Причината за това е неизвестна, но верятно е XO определяне на пола, където при мъжките (2n=17) липса полова хромозома и затова женските са 2n=18.[29] [29]
Репичка
(Raphanus sativus) 		18 [22]
Морков
(Daucus carota) 		18 Семейство Daucus включва около 25 вида. D. carota има 9 хромозоми двойки (2n = 2x = 18). D. capillifolius, D. sahariensis и D. syrticus са с 2n = 18, whereas D. muricatus (2n = 20) аи D. pusillus (2n = 22) са с повече хромозоми. Известен е и малък брой полиплоиди, D. glochidiatus (2n = 4x = 44) и D. montanus (2n = 6x = 66).[30] [30]
Зеле
(Brassica oleracea) 		18 Broccoli, cabbage, kale, kohlrabi, brussels sprouts, and cauliflower are all the same species and have the same chromosome number.[22] [22]
Цитруси
(Citrus) 		18 [31] [32]
Маракуя
(Passiflora edulis) 		18 [33]
Setaria viridis
(Setaria viridis) 		18 [34]
Царевица
(Zea mays) 		20 [22]
Канабис
(Cannabis sativa) 		20
Xenopus tropicalis 20 [35]
Cephalotus follicularis 20 [36]
Какаово дърво
(Theobroma cacao) 		20 [37]
Евкалипт
(Eucalyptus) 		22 Въпреки че нкои видове са с друг набор, 2n = 22 е присъщ на 135 (33.5%) вида от семейство Eucalyptus.[38] [39]
Вирджински опосум
(Didelphis virginiana) 		22 [40]
Боб
(Phaseolus sp.) 		22 Всички видове от семейство Бобови имат еднакъв набор.[22] [22]
Охлюв 24
Пъпеш
(Cucumis melo) 		24 [41]
Ориз
(Oryza sativa) 		24 [22]
Solanum elaeagnifolium 24 [42]
Сладък кестен
(Castanea sativa) 		24 [43]
Домат
(Solanum lycopersicum) 		24 [44]
Обикновен бук
(Fagus sylvatica) 		24 [45]
Червено кучешко грозде
(Solanum dulcamara) 		24 [46][47]
Корков дъб
(Quercus suber) 		24 [48]
Зелена водна жаба
(Pelophylax kl. esculentus) 		26 Фертилен хибрид на Жаба на Лесона и Голяма водна жаба.[49] [50]
Аксолотъл
(Ambystoma mexicanum) 		28 [51]
Креватна дървеница
(Cimex lectularius) 		29 – 47 26 автозоми и променлив брой полови хромозоми от три (X1X2Y) до 21 (X1X2Y+18 допълнителни X хромозоми).[52] [52]
Многоножки броненосци
(Arthrosphaera magna attems) 		30 [53]
Жираф
(Giraffa camelopardalis) 		30 [54]
Американска норка
(Neogale vison) 		30
Шамфъстък
(Pistacia vera) 		30 [55]
Японска копринена буба
Antheraea yamamai 		31
[56]
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 32
Обикновена медоносна пчела
(Apis mellifera) 		32/16 32 за женските (2n = 32), мъжките са халоиди (1n =16).[57] [57]
Американски язовец
(Taxidea taxus) 		32
Алфалфа
(Medicago sativa) 		32 Питомната алфалфа е тетраплоид, 2n=4x=32. Дивите са 2n=16.[22]:с. 165 [22]
Червена лисица
(Vulpes vulpes) 		34 Плюс 0 – 8 B хромозоми. [58]
Слънчоглед
(Helianthus annuus) 		34 [59]
Бодливо свинче
(Erethizon dorsatum) 		34 [60]
Артишок
(Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus) 		34 [61]
Жъта мангуста
(Cynictis penicillata) 		36
Тибетска лисица
(Vulpes ferrilata) 		36
Морска звезда
(Asteroidea) 		36
Червена панда
(Ailurus fulgens) 		36
Сурикат
(Suricata suricatta) 		36
Маниока
(Manihot esculenta) 		36 [62]
Дългоноса кузиманзе
(Crossarchus obscurus) 		36
Дъждовен червей
(Lumbricus terrestris) 		36
Обикновена ноктеста жаба
(Xenopus laevis) 		36 [35]
Алдрованда
(Aldrovanda vesiculosa) 		38 [36]
Тигър
(Panthera tigris) 		38
Видра
(Enhydra lutris) 		38
Самур
(Martes zibellina) 		38
Американски енот
(Procyon lotor) 		38 [63]
Златка
(Martes martes) 		38
Прасе
(Sus) 		38
Азиатска късоноктеста видра
(Aonyx cinerea) 		38
Лъв
(Panthera leo) 		38
Пекан
(Pekania pennanti) 		38 a type of marten
European mink
(Mustela lutreola) 		38
Коати 38
Домашна котка
(Felis catus) 		38
Белка
(Martes foina) 		38
Bogertophis rosaliae 38 [64]
Американска златка
(Martes americana) 		38
Bogertophis subocularis 40 [65]
Мишка
(Mus musculus) 		40 [66]
Манго
(Mangifera indica) 		40 [22]
Хиена
(Hyaenidae) 		40
Фретка
(Mustela furo) 		40
Черен пор
(Mustela putorius) 		40
Американски бобър
(Castor canadensis) 		40
Фъстък
(Arachis hypogaea) 		40 Култивираният е алотетраплоид (2n = 4x = 40). Най-блидките видове са диплоиди (2n = 2x = 20).[67] [67]
Росомаха
(Gulo gulo) 		42
Пшеница
(Triticum aestivum) 		42 Хексаплоиди с 2n=6x=42. Твърдата пшеница, Triticum turgidum var. durum, е тетраплоид с 2n=4x=28.[22] [22]
Макак резус
(Macaca mulatta) 		42 [68]
Плъх
(Rattus norvegicus) 		42 [69]
Овес
(Avena sativa) 		42 Хексаплоид, 2n=6x=42. Култивирани са и ди- и тетраплоиди.[22] [22]
Голяма панда
(Ailuropoda melanoleuca) 		42
Фоса
(Cryptoprocta ferox) 		42
Заек подземник
(Oryctolagus cuniculus) 		44
Европейски язовец
(Meles meles) 		44
Ушата медуза
(Aurelia aurita) 		44 [70]
Делфин
(Delphinidae) 		44
Кафе
(Coffea arabica) 		44 Out of the 103 species in the genus Coffea, arabica coffee is the only tetraploid species (2n = 4x = 44), the remaining species being diploid with 2n = 2x = 22.[71]
Китайски мунтжак
(Muntiacus reevesi) 		46
Човек
(Homo sapiens) 		46 44 автозоми и 2 полови [72]
Антилопа нилгау
(Boselaphus tragocamelus) 		46 [73]
Parhyale hawaiensis 46 [74]
Воден бивол
(Bubalus bubalis) 		48
Тютюн
(Nicotiana tabacum) 		48 Култивираният N. tabacum е амфидиплоид (2n=4x=48), хибрид на N. sylvestris (2n=2x=24, майчин донор) и N. tomentosiformis (2n=2x=24, бащин донор) преди 200 000 години.[75] [75]
Картоф
(Solanum tuberosum) 		48 Картофът, Solanum tuberosum, е тетраплоид (2n = 4x = 48). Други видове са ди- (2n = 2x = 24), три- (2n = 3x = 36), тетра- (2n = 4x = 48), или пинтаплоиди (2n = 5x = 60).[76] Wild relatives mostly have 2n=24.[22] [76]
Орангетан
(Pongo) 		48
Зайци
(Lepus) 		48 [77][78]
Горила
(Gorilla) 		48
Еленова мишка
(Peromyscus maniculatus) 		48
Шимпанзе
(Pan troglodytes) 		48 [79]
Европейски бобър
(Castor fiber) 		48
Данио
(Danio rerio) 		50 [80]
Европейски таралежи
Erinaceus 		48 [81]
Четирипръст таралеж
Atelerix 		48 [82]
Воден бивол (Riverine)
(Bubalus bubalis) 		50
Ивичест скункс
(Mephitis mephitis) 		50
Ананас
(Ananas comosus) 		50 [22]
Лисица джудже
(Vulpes macrotis) 		50
Очилата мечка
(Tremarctos ornatus) 		52
Птицечовка
(Ornithorhynchus anatinus) 		52 Ten sex chromosomes. Males have X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3X4Y4X5Y5, женските have X1X1X2X2X3X3X4X4X5X5.[83] [84]
(Gossypium hirsutum) 52 Култивираните, G. hirsutum, са алотетраплоиди 2n=4x=52). Видът произвежда 90% от светвния памук. В семейство Gossypium 45 вида са диплоиди (2n = 2x = 26)и 5 са алотетраплоиди (2n = 4x = 52).[85] [85]
Овца
(Ovis aries) 		54
Дамани
(Hyracoidea) 		54 Даманите се смятат за най-близките роднини на слоновете[86] но Сирените са открити за по-близки родинни. [87]
Енотовидно куче
(Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides) 		54 TНаборът е за N. p. procyonoides, 2n=54+B(0–4). N. p. viverrinus е с 2n=38+B(0–8).[88][89] [88]
Капуцин
(Cebinae) 		54 [90]
Копринена буба
(Bombyx mori) 		56 Набор на B. mori (2n=56), който произвежда над 99% от световната коприна.[91] Други видове се различават по хромозомния набор (Samia cynthia с 2n=25–28,[92] Antheraea pernyi и 2n=98.[93]) [94]
Ягода
(Fragaria × ananassa) 		56 Октаплоид, основно култивиран е Fragaria × ananassa (2n = 8x = 56).[95] [95]
Гаур
(Bos gaurus) 		56
Слон
(Elephantidae) 		56
†Вълнест мамут
(Mammuthus primigenius) 		58 изчезнал, тъкан от замръзнала тъкан
Як
(Bos grunniens) 		60
Коза
(Capra hircus) 		60
Домашно говедо
(Bos taurus) 		60
Бизон
(Bison bison) 		60
Черна антилопа
(Hippotragus niger) 		60 [96]
Бенгалска лисица
(Vulpes bengalensis) 		60
Гъботворка
(Lymantria dispar dispar) 		62
Магаре
(Equus asinus) 		62
Червена ара
(Ara macao) 		62 – 64 [97]
Муле 63 фертилно, от кон и магаре
Морско свинче
(Cavia porcellus) 		64
Петнист скункс
(Spilogale x) 		64
Кон
(Equus caballus) 		64
Фенек
(Vulpes zerda) 		64
Ехидна
(Tachyglossidae) 		63/64 63 (X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3X4Y4X5, мъжки) и 64 (X1X1X2X2X3X3X4X4X5X5, женски)[98]
Чинчила
(Chinchilla lanigera) 		64 [60]
Деветопоясен броненосец
(Dasypus novemcinctus) 		64 [99]
Сива лисица
(Urocyon cinereoargenteus) 		66
Благороден елен
(Cervus elaphus) 		68
Уапити
(Cervus canadensis) 		68
Rupornis magnirostris 68 [100]
Белоопашат елен
(Odocoileus virginianus) 		70
Беладона
(Solanum nigrum) 		72 [101]
Bambusa chungii 64 – 72 [102]
Дългоуха лисица
(Otocyon megalotis) 		72
Малайска мечка
(Helarctos malayanus) 		74
Бърнеста мечка
(Melursus ursinus) 		74
Бяла мечка
(Ursus maritimus) 		74
Кафява мечка
(Ursus arctos) 		74
Хималайска мечка
(Ursus thibetanus) 		74
Американска черна мечка
(Ursus americanus) 		74
Храстово куче
(Speothos venaticus) 		74
Гривест вълк
(Chrysocyon brachyurus) 		76
Сив вълк
(Canis lupus) 		78
Златист чакал
(Canis aureus) 		78
Гълъбови
(Columbidae) 		78 [103]
Куче
(Canis familiaris) 		78 [104][105][106]
Динго
(Canis familiaris) 		78
Азиатско диво куче
(Cuon alpinus) 		78
Койот
(Canis latrans) 		78
Кокошка
(Gallus gallus domesticus) 		78
Непентес
(Nepenthes rafflesiana) 		78 [36]
Пуйка
(Meleagris) 		80 [107]
Захарна тръстика
(Saccharum officinarum) 		80 This is for S. officinarum (octoploid, 2n = 8× = 80).[108] About 70% of the world's sugar comes from this species.[109] Other species in the genus Saccharum, collectively known as sugarcane, have chromosome numbers in the range 2n=40–128.[110] [108]
Гълъб
(Columbidae) 		80 [111]
Синя сврака
(Cyanopica cyanus) 		80 [112]
Голяма бяла акула
(Carcharodon carcharias) 		82 [113]
Кървавочервен здравец
(Geranium sanguineum) 		84 [114]
Botrychium 90
Sceptridium 90
Ichthyomys pittieri 92 Смятан за най-викокия брой при бозайниците, заедно с Anotomys leander. [115]
Скарида
(Penaeus semisulcatus) 		86 – 92 [116]
Anotomys leander 92 [115]
Kamraj (fern)
(Helminthostachys zeylanica) 		94
Златиста каракуда
(Carassius carassius) 		100 [117]
Tympanoctomys barrerae 102 Най-висок брой при бозайниците, смятан за тетраплоид[118] или алотетраплоид.[119] [120]
Clarias batrachus 104 [121]
Веслонос
(Polyodon spathula) 		120 [122]
Gymnocarpium robertianum 160 Тетраплоид (2n = 4x = 160) [123]
Същински боабаб
(Adansonia digitata) 		168 Известно като дървото на живота, тетраплоид (2n = 4x = 168) [124]
Миногови
(Petromyzontidae) 		174 [125]
Botrypus virginianus 184 [126]
Камчатски рак
(Paralithodes camtschaticus) 		208
Полски хвощ
(Equisetum arvense) 		216
Agrodiaetus пеперуди
(Agrodiaetus shahrami) 		268 Един от най-високите хромозомни набори при животните. [127]
Morus nigra 308 Най-висока полиплоидия в растенията, 22-плоид (2n = 22x = 308)[128] [129]
Атласка синя пеперуда
(Polyommatus atlantica) 		448 – 452 2n = Шаблон:Circa–452. Най-голям брой хромозоми за неполиплоиден еукариот.[130] [130]
Ophioglossum reticulatum 1260 n=120–720 с честа полиплоидия[131] Ophioglossum reticulatum n=720 е херсаплоид, а с 2n=1260 е декаплоид[132]
Tetrahymena thermophila 10 (in micronucleus) 50x = 12,500 (в макроядро без минихромозоми)
10,000x = 10,000 (макроядро и минихромозоми)[133]
style="background:lightblue;"Oxytricha trifallax 16,000[134] Едноядрени нанохромозоми, амфилоид. MAC хромозоми × 1900 плоидия = 2.964 × 107 хромозоми [135][136][137]

Източници

  1. ↑ Concise Oxford Dictionary
  2. ↑ The chromosomes. 6th. London, Chapman & Hall, 1973. с. 28.
  3. ↑ Chapter XII: The Karyotype // Variation and evolution in plants. Columbia University Press, 1950.
  4. ↑ A dictionary of genetics. 7th. Oxford University Press, 2006. с. 242.
  5. ↑ а б Myrmecia pilosula, an Ant with Only One Pair of Chromosomes // Science 231 (4743). March 1986. DOI:10.1126/science.231.4743.1278. с. 1278.
  6. ↑ а б Minimal chromosome number in false spider mites (Tenuipalpidae) // Experientia 28 (6). 1972. DOI:10.1007/BF01944992. с. 707.
  7. ↑ Cytotaxonomical Diagnostics of Species from the Genus Cricotopus (Chironomidae, Diptera) // Caryologia 29 (3). 1976. DOI:10.1080/00087114.1976.10796669. с. 291–306.
  8. ↑ Untersuchungen über die Gehäusebildung bei Appendicularien (Oikopleura dioica Fol) // Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere 41 (1). 1952. DOI:10.1007/BF00407623. с. 1–53.
  9. ↑ а б Advances in Genetics, Volume 41 (Advances in Genetics). Boston, Academic Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-12-017641-0. с. 2.
  10. ↑ Rapid and parallel chromosomal number reductions in muntjac deer inferred from mitochondrial DNA phylogeny // Molecular Biology and Evolution 17 (9). September 2000. DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026416. с. 1326–33.
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