Variations for Orchestra (Schoenberg)

Variations for Orchestra
by Arnold Schoenberg
Arnold Schoenberg in 1927 by Man Ray
Native name	German: Variationen für Orchester
Style	Twelve-tone technique
Composed	1926 (1926) – 1928 (1928): Germany
Movements	12 sections
Premiere
Date	December 1928
Location	Berlin
Conductor	Wilhelm Furtwängler
Performers	Berlin Philharmonic

Variations for Orchestra, Op. 31 (1926–28) is an orchestral set of variations on a theme, composed by Arnold Schoenberg and is his first twelve-tone composition for a large ensemble. Premiered in December 1928 by the Berlin Philharmonic conducted by Wilhelm Furtwängler, it was greeted by a tumultuous scandal.^[1]

Sections

Introduction
Theme
Variation I: Moderato
Variation II: Adagio
Variation III: Mässig
Variation IV: Walzer-tempo
Variation V: Bewegt
Variation VI: Andante
Variation VII: Langsam
Variation VIII: Sehr rasch
Variation IX: L'istesso Tempo
Finale

Music

The theme of the piece is stated in measures 34–57.^[2] The orchestration includes a flexatone.^[3] The piece features the BACH motif (B♭–A–C–B♮).^[4]^[5] The tone row in its four permutations (labeled Prime, Retrograde, Inversion, and Retrograde Inversion) are shown below.

${ #(set-global-staff-size 17) \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \override Score.SpacingSpanner.strict-note-spacing = ##t \set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 3/1) \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \relative c'' { \time 12/1 bes1^\markup { P } e, fis dis f a d cis g aes b c c^\markup { R } b aes g cis d a f dis fis e bes' } \new Staff { \relative c'' { bes1^\markup { I } e d f dis b fis g cis c a aes aes^\markup { RI } a c cis g fis b dis f d e bes } } >> }$

Schoenberg opened a lecture on the composition with the following tyranny of the majority defense of less common aesthetics: "Far be it from me to question the rights of the majority. But one thing is certain: somewhere there is a limit to the power of the majority; it occurs, in fact, wherever the essential step is one that cannot be taken by all and sundry."^[6]

The piece has been arranged for two pianos by Charles Wuorinen and this arrangement was set to a ballet, Schoenberg Variations (1996), by Richard Tanner of the New York City Ballet.^[7]

Sources

^ Frisch, Walter (1999). Schoenberg and His World, p. 270. ISBN 978-0691048611.
^ Ennulat, Egbert M. (ed.) (1991). Arnold Schönberg Correspondence, pp. 216, 231. ISBN 978-0810824522.
^ Daniels, David (2005). Orchestral Music: A Handbook, p. 335. ISBN 978-1461664253.
^ Hoffer, Charles (2010). Music Listening Today, p. 271. ISBN 978-0495916147.
^ Stein, Erwin (ed.). 1987. Arnold Schoenberg letters, p. 206. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06009-8
^ Schoenberg, Arnold (March 22, 1931). "Variations for Orchestra, Opus 31: Frankfurt Radio Talk", reprinted in Schoenberg, Nuria (ed) (1988). Arnold Schoenberg Self Portrait, p. 41. Cited in Frisch (1999), p. 99.
^ Feisst, Sabine (2011). Schoenberg's New World: The American Years, p. 240. ISBN 978-0195372380.

v t e Arnold Schoenberg
List of compositions
Opera	Erwartung, Op. 17 Die glückliche Hand, Op. 18 Moses und Aron (1930–32) Von heute auf morgen, Op. 32
Orchestral	Pelleas und Melisande, Op. 5 Chamber Symphony No. 1, Op. 9 Five Pieces for Orchestra, Op. 16 Variations for Orchestra, Op. 31 Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene, Op. 34 Chamber Symphony No. 2, Op. 38
Concertante	Violin Concerto, Op. 36 Piano Concerto, Op. 42 Concerto for String Quartet and Orchestra (1933)
Chamber	String quartets (Opp. 7, 10, 30, 37) Verklärte Nacht, Op. 4 Wind Quintet, Op. 26
Instrumental	Drei Klavierstücke, Op. 11 Sechs kleine Klavierstücke, Op. 19 Fünf Klavierstücke, Op. 23 Suite for Piano, Op. 25 Zwei Klavierstücke, Op. 33
Choral	Gurre-Lieder (1900–1911) Die Jakobsleiter (1917–22) Prelude to Genesis Suite, Op. 44 A Survivor from Warsaw, Op. 46
Vocal	Zwei Gesänge, Op. 1 Vier Lieder, Op. 2 Das Buch der hängenden Gärten, Op. 15 Herzgewächse, Op. 20 Pierrot lunaire, Op. 21 Four Orchestral Songs, Op. 22
Family	Gertrud (Second wife) Eric Randol Marlena (Grandchildren) Claude-Michel (Grandnephew) Rudolf Kolisch Luigi Nono (Relatives by marriage)
Related	Arnold Schönberg Complete Edition 6-20 6-Z44 Atonality Developing variation Expressionist music Second Viennese School Schönberg Family Sprechstimme Students Twelve-tone technique
Category

Second Viennese School

Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951)

Vocal	Vier Lieder, Op. 2 (1899-1900) Das Buch der hängenden Gärten, Op. 15 (1907-1909) Herzgewächse, Op. 20 (1911) Pierrot lunaire, Op. 21 (1912) Vier Lieder, Op. 22 (1913-1916)
Chamber	Verklärte Nacht, Op. 4 (1899, 1916-1917 and 1943 arr. for str. orch.) String Quartet No. 1, Op. 7 (1904-1905) String Quartet No. 2 (with soprano), Op. 10 (1907-1908, 1919 and 1929 arr. for str. orch.) Wind Quintet, Op. 26 (1923-1924) Suite, Op. 29 (1925–1926) String Quartet No. 3, Op. 30 (1927) String Quartet No. 4, Op. 37 (1936)
Choral	Gurre-Lieder, Op. (1900-1903, orch. 1910-1911) Die Jakobsleiter (1914–1922, rev. 1944) "Prelude" to Genesis Suite (1945) A Survivor from Warsaw, Op. 46 (1947)
Orchestral	Pelleas und Melisande, Op. 5 (1902-1903, rev. 1920) Chamber Symphony No. 1, Op. 9 (1906) Fünf Orchesterstücke, Op. 16 (1909, rev. 1922) Variations for orchestra, Op. 31 (1926-1928) Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene, Op. 34 (1929-1930) Chamber Symphony No. 2, Op. 38 (1906–1940) and Op. 38b (arr. for 2pf, 1941-1942)
Instrumental	Drei Klavierstücke, Op. 11 (1909) Sechs kleine Klavierstücke, Op. 19 (1911) Fünf Klavierstücke, Op. 23 (1920-1923) Suite für Klavier, Op. 25 (1921-1923) Klavierstücke, Op. 33a (1928-1929) and Op. 33b (1931)
Opera	Erwartung, Op. 17 (1909) Die glückliche Hand, Op. 18 (1910-1913) Von heute auf morgen, Op. 32 (1928-1929) Moses und Aron (1930–32, compl. Kocsis 2010)
Concertante	Violin Concerto, Op. 36 (1934-1936) Piano Concerto, Op. 42 (1942)
Text	Harmonielehre (1910-1911, rev. 1921)
Drama	Der biblische Weg (1922-1927)

Anton Webern (1883-1945)

Langsamer Satz (1905)
Passacaglia, Op. 1 (1908)
Symphony, Op. 21 (1927-1928)
Concerto for Nine Instruments, Op. 24 (1931-1934)
Variations for piano, Op. 27 (1935-1936)
String Quartet, Op. 28 (1937–38)

Alban Berg (1885-1935)

"Schließe mir die Augen beide" (first setting, 1907)
Seven Early Songs (1905-1908, orch. 1928)
Piano Sonata, Op. 1 (1907-1908, rev. 1920)
String Quartet, Op. 3 (1910, rev. 1924)
Altenberg Lieder, Op. 4 (1911-1912, iv rearr. 1917)
Three Orchestral Pieces, Op. 6 (1913-1915, rev. 1929)
Wozzeck, Op. 7 (1914-1922)
Kammerkonzert (1923-1935; ii "Adagio" arr. for cl, vl, pf 1935)
"Schließe mir die Augen beide" (second setting, 1925)
Lyric Suite (1925-1926 for string quartet, 1928 ii-iv arr. for str. orch.)
Lulu (1928-1935, orch. compl. Cerha 1962-1978)
Der Wein (1929)
Violin Concerto (1935, rev. ed. Douglas Jarman 1996)

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