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A V-type (volcanic-type) asteroid, or Vestoid, is an asteroid whose spectral type is that of 4 Vesta. Approximately 6% of main-belt asteroids are vestoids,^{[citation needed]} with Vesta being by far the largest of them. They are relatively bright, and rather similar to the more common S-type asteroid, which are also made up of stony irons and ordinary chondrites, with V-types containing more pyroxene than S-types.

A large proportion of vestoids have orbital elements similar to those of Vesta, either close enough to be part of the Vesta family, or having similar eccentricities and inclinations but with a semi-major axis lying between about 2.18 AU and the 3:1 Kirkwood gap at 2.50 AU. This suggests that they originated as fragments of Vesta's crust. There seem to be two populations of Vestoids, one created 2 billion years ago and the other 1 billion years ago, coming respectively from the enormous southern-hemisphere craters Veneneia and Rheasilvia.^[1]^[2] Fragments that ended up in the 3:1 Jupiter resonance were perturbed out of the Kirkwood gap and some fragments eventually hit the earth as HED meteorites.

The electromagnetic spectrum has a very strong absorption feature longward of 0.75 μm, another feature around 1 μm and is very red shortwards of 0.7 μm. The visible wavelength spectrum of the V-type asteroids (including 4 Vesta itself) is similar to the spectra of basaltic achondrite HED meteorites.

A J-type has been suggested for asteroids having a particularly strong 1 μm absorption band similar to diogenite meteorites,^[3] likely being derived from deeper parts of the crust of 4 Vesta.

Distribution

The vast majority of V-type asteroids are members of the Vesta family along with Vesta itself. There are some Mars-crossers such as 9969 Braille, and some Near-Earth objects like 3908 Nyx.

There is also a scattered group of objects in the general vicinity of the Vesta family but not part of it. These include:^[4]

809 Lundia — Orbits within the Flora family region
956 Elisa
1459 Magnya — Orbits in the outer asteroid belt, too far from Vesta to be genetically related.^{[citation needed]} May be the remains of a different ancient differentiated body that was shattered long ago.
2113 Ehrdni
2442 Corbett
2566 Kirghizia
2579 Spartacus — Contains a significant portion of olivine, which may indicate origin deeper within Vestoid than other V-types.
2640 Hallstrom
2653 Principia
2704 Julian Loewe
2763 Jeans
2795 Lepage
2851 Harbin
2912 Lapalma
3849 Incidentia
3850 Peltier — Orbits within the Flora family region
3869 Norton
4188 Kitezh
4278 Harvey — Member of Baptistina family.
4434 Nikulin
4796 Lewis
4977 Rauthgundis
5379 Abehiroshi

V-type near-Earth asteroids

V-type NEAS (or V-NEAs) are near-Earth asteroids with a V spectral type. Impacts of V-NEAs on the Earth, according to the known sample (data taken in 2016), occur once in about 12 million years and have the potential to cause disastrous effects on regional to global scale, producing craters as large as 30 km in diameter and releasing kinetic energy of as much as 3 Mt. This energy is almost 6 million times greater than the energy released during the Chelyabinsk event in 2013. Venus, Mars and the Moon will experience impacts with V-NEAs every 22 Myr, 125 Myr and 168 Myr, respectively. Two craters with confirmed basaltic impactor which fits with the impact rate found from V-type NEAs are the Strangways crater (24 km diameter) in Australia, the Nicholson crater (12.5 km diameter) in Canada. Some V-NEAs have orbits similar to that of the Bunburra Rockhole meteorite.^[5]

References

^ "Two craters that launched 1000 meteorites". New Scientist. May 11, 2012.
^ S. J. Bus & R. P. Binzel (2002). "Phase II of the Small Main-belt Asteroid Spectroscopy Survey: A feature-based taxonomy". Icarus. 158 (1): 146. Bibcode:2002Icar..158..146B. doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6856. S2CID 4880578.
^ R. P. Binzel & S. Xu (1993). "Chips off of asteroid 4 Vesta: Evidence for the parent body of basaltic achondrite meteorites". Science. 260 (5105): 186–91. Bibcode:1993Sci...260..186B. doi:10.1126/science.260.5105.186. PMID 17807177.
^ V. Carruba; et al. (2005). "On the V-type asteroids outside the Vesta family". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 441 (2): 819–829. arXiv:astro-ph/0506656. Bibcode:2005A&A...441..819C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053355.
^ Galiazzo, M. A.; Silber, E. A.; Bancelin, D.; et al. (2016). "V-type Near-Earth asteroids: dynamics, close encounters and impacts with terrestrial planets". Astronomische Nachrichten. 338 (4): 375–384. arXiv:1610.04786. Bibcode:2017AN....338..375G. doi:10.1002/asna.201613273.